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1

Human factors influencing the reliability and safety of vehicles, Kenya case study

Kamwara Eric, Szpytko Janusz

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

107--113

EN

This paper investigates how human decisions and actions in maintenance practices influence the reliability and safety of vehicles in the Kenyan transportation sector. It specifically addresses several human factors that play a crucial role in influencing the reliability and safety of vehicles. Neglecting the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule, employing inadequately skilled maintenance personnel, utilizing substandard replacement parts, and exhibiting poor driving habits emerge as key contributors to the compromised reliability and safety within the country's road transportation sector. The research underscores the substantial implications of these human factors, shedding light on their profound influence on the overall condition and security of vehicles in the Kenyan transportation landscape. This paper aims to contribute valuable insights for improving maintenance practices and fostering a safer and more reliable environment within the country's transportation sector, ultimately promoting enhanced safety standards and operational efficiency.

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu decyzji i działania człowieka w zakresie procesu obsługiwania na niezawodność i bezpieczeństwo pojazdów w kenijskim sektorze transportu drogowego. Zaniedbanie zalecanego przez producenta harmonogramu konserwacji, zatrudnianie niewystarczająco wykwalifikowanego personelu konserwacyjnego, wykorzystywanie części zamiennych poniżej akceptowalnego standardu i wykazywanie złych nawyków jazdy przez kierowców, to kluczowe czynniki przyczyniające się do obniżonej nie-zawodności i bezpieczeństwa w sektorze transportu drogowego w kraju. Mają one istotny wpływ na ogólny stan i bezpieczeństwo pojazdów w kenijskim krajobrazie transportowym. W artykule dokonano analizy istniejących praktyk w zakresie eksploatacji wybranej klasy środków transportu i sformułowano uwagi ukierunkowane na możliwość poprawy praktyk w zakresie użytkowania i obsługiwania, z ukierunkowaniem na poprawę bezpieczeństwa i wydajności operacyjnej.

2

Managing selected areas of preparation military personnel for their assigned roles in the state

Sylwestrzak Bartosz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 170

531--549

EN

Purpose: The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to identify the research gap in the management of the process of competence preparation of soldiers in the context of their social roles and expectations of citizens. To achieve this goal, the first part of the paper explains the concepts of professional training and activities that shape a professional serviceman. The second part of the paper is devoted to social competence vs. emotional intelligence in the management of military personnel. The third part analyzes the results of a study of the extent to which military personnel fulfill the roles assigned to this formation in society. Design/methodology/approach: The research presented in this study is based on the analysis of the literature and critical review of selected areas of professional preparation of military personnel. The literature study also took into account secondary sources, which were research communications in the subject area. Using methods of logical deduction and inference, conclusions and recommendations were derived, which are presented in the final part of the article. The combination of different research methods made it possible to obtain a broader context of the phenomenon under study and ensured a higher quality of the research conducted. Personal experience regarding the training of military personnel was also used, as the author is professionally involved in the academic training of military personnel, as discussed in this paper. Findings: The dynamics and high level of complexity in the modern world of VUCA, moreover the expectations of societies force the continuous improvement of the process of competence preparation of military personnel. Studies indicate that the profession of a soldier is oriented towards fulfilling the basic needs of the other which are the needs for security and protection of private property and more broadly of society as a whole. In the research, those interviewed presented that they feel a moral responsibility to fulfill their role primarily to society and their own conscience. This is confirmed by the awareness of military personnel as to their choice of vocation in their professional life and service, as well as the properly conducted process of professional development of cadres and the correct direction of competence development. However, in areas such as the opinions of subordinates, one can find opinions suggesting demonstrated deficiencies in social behavior, especially in superiors, which should be monitored in professional development and supplemented as necessary. Research limitations/implications: Continuous changes in the sphere of security, customs, trends and in the structure of societies result in the emergence of new expectations and needs addressed to military personnel. This is a contribution to continuing research on the directions of development in the field of competence development in a dynamically changing environment. Practical implications: The recommendations developed on the basis of the research is the identified need to develop professional competence in the emotional intelligence (competence) of military personnel, especially in the cognitive and social aspects, ensuring the adaptation of soldiers to function under threat conditions. This should result in the expansion of the periodic evaluation questionnaires, to which soldiers are subjected, with indicators and measures relating to the individual assessment of competence preparation in relation to social and emotional competence, and the preparation of a program to improve the diagnosed shortcomings in this area. Originality/value: Based on the conducted research, the article proposes original system solutions for managing the competence development of military personnel in their roles in society.

3

Approach to understanding navigators’ ergonomic needs based on the Kano model

Stopa Michał

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 73 (145)

64--72

EN

In recent years, a significant emphasis has been placed on the technological side of shipping. However, humans remain the operator of the vessel and the ones to make the final decision. With the increasing problem of fatigue, a properly designed bridge might offer great support for navigators. This includes the implementation of ergonomics in the workplace. This paper aims to better understand the needs of end-user operators and determine if there is still a need for improvement in bridge ergonomic design. To reach this goal, a custom-designed questionnaire survey of 200 professional navigators is performed. The Kano model is used to analyze the seamen’s wants and needs, but also expectations based on their satisfaction with proposed ergonomic solutions. The research results suggest that there is still room for improvement in this area, which is not only a matter of comfort or health but also safety.

4

Seeking the best practices of assessment in maritime simulator training

Tusher H. M., Nazir S., Ghosh S., Rusli R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

105--114

EN

Simulator-based training has become an integral part of Maritime education, and its effectiveness hinges on the use of appropriate assessment protocols. Despite the existence of several subjective and objective assessment techniques, instructors face difficulties in selecting and implementing the best practices that fit different learning contexts. The contextualized utility of the available assessment techniques further complicates the contexts. This study adopts a systematic literature review approach to comprehensively analyse available assessment techniques employed in maritime simulator training and to elicit their relationship with the desired learning outcomes. The study also presents a nuanced understanding of the advantages and limitations of the identified assessment techniques. Further, the state-of-the-art of assessment methods is discussed along with a few proposals for the future considering both research and practical implications. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable guidance to maritime instructors in selecting and implementing appropriate assessment techniques that align with desired learning outcomes in simulator training.

5

Quantitative analysis of aviation incidents: A comprehensive study on bird strikes and safety improvement opportunities

Kobaszyńska-Twardowska Anna, Łukasiewicz Jędrzej, Łopatka Paweł

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2023

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Vol. 8, No. 2

229--238

EN

Safety in aviation has various connotations. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), it is a state in which the possibility of harm to people and property is minimised and maintained within a continuous process of identifying threats and managing safety risks at an acceptable level or below an acceptable level. Actions related to threat identification can be reactive, proactive, or predictive. Reactive actions aim to verify what happened, why, and how to prevent it from recurring. For this purpose, incidents that occurred in the past are analysed. By Polish law, the Commission for Investigating Aviation Accidents investigates accidents and serious incidents, while incidents mostly fall under the responsibility of the aviation organisation in which the incident occurred. Therefore, this article aims to identify threats causing incidents. Three thousand two hundred aviation incidents reported between 2017 and 2022 to the Civil Aviation Office as part of the mandatory and voluntary event reporting system were analysed. The identified causes, due to the diversity of their description, were divided into four groups. The first group consists of human factors, representing inadequate actions by pilots, crews, or individuals who caused a situation of danger. The second group comprises errors in the operation of technical objects, including aircraft. This group also includes situations where foreign objects violate airspace or minimum conditions are breached. The next group includes environmental causes such as wild animals, birds, and weather conditions. The last group consists of procedures related to flight phases.

6

An aviation accident report data-driven approach to scenario design for a centrifuge-based dynamic flight simulator

Lewkowicz Rafał

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 4

161--189

EN

The use of flight simulators in investigating an aviation incident or accident related to human errors has been identified as an important part of a strategy to improve safety. This study aimed to replicate a real flight of the MiG-29 aircraft using a centrifuge-based dynamic flight simulator and to determine the simulator’s accuracy in recreating in-flight aircraft performance. A 60-second recording of the real flight of the MiG-29 aircraft, captured by the flight data recorder, was chosen for replication in the HTC-07 human training centrifuge simulator. To evaluate how accurately the simulator replicates the performance of the aircraft, the linear accelerations and angular velocities acting on a pilot during the real flight were compared with those during the replication of that flight in the simulator. The fit of these parameters was assessed using the root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) and the correlation coefficient (r). The highest replication accuracy was achieved for the vertical component of the linear acceleration (RMSPE=2068; r=0.98), while the worst result was obtained for the longitudinal component (RMSPE=14205; r=0.31). Inaccuracies were much more pronounced for the angular velocity. The roll angular velocity had the lowest replication error (RMSPE=12640). However, its correlation with the recorded velocity during the real flight was very weak (r=-0.02). Despite some inaccuracies in replicating other components of the acceleration and angular velocity vectors, the HTC-07 simulator seems valuable for investigating aviation incidents or accidents related to human factors.

PL

Wykorzystanie symulatorów lotu w badaniach incydentu lub wypadku lotniczego, którego przyczyną mógł być błąd ludzki, zostało uznane za ważną część strategii poprawy bezpieczeństwa lotów. Celem tego badania było odtworzenie rzeczywistego lotu samolotu MiG-29 w dynamicznym symulatorze lotu opartym na wirówce przeciążeniowej oraz ocena, czy symulator ten może dokładnie odtworzyć osiągi samolotu podczas lotu. Do odtworzenia w wirówce przeciążeniowej – symulatorze HTC-07 wybrano 60-sekundowe nagranie rzeczywistego lotu samolotu MiG-29, zarejestrowane przez pokładowy rejestrator danych lotu. W celu oceny, jak dokładnie symulator odtwarza osiągi samolotu porównano przyspieszenia liniowe i prędkości kątowe działające na pilota podczas rzeczywistego lotu z przyspieszeniami działającymi podczas replikacji tego lotu w symulatorze. Dopasowanie tych parametrów oceniono za pomocą średniokwadratowego błędu procentowego (RMSPE) oraz współczynnika korelacji (r). Największą dokładność replikacji osiągnęła składowa pionowa przyspieszenia liniowego (RMSPE = 2068; r = 0,98), podczas gdy najgorszy wynik miała składowa podłużna (RMSPE = 14205; r = 0,31). Niedokładności były znacznie bardziej widoczne w przypadku prędkości kątowej. Prędkość kątowa przechyłu miała najniższy błąd replikacji (RMSPE = 12640), jednak jej korelacja z zarejestrowaną prędkością podczas rzeczywistego lotu była bardzo słaba (r = -0,02). Pomimo niedokładności w odtwarzaniu pozostałych składowych wektorów przyspieszenia i prędkości kątowej, symulator HTC-07 wydaje się cennym narzędziem do badania incydentów lub wypadków lotniczych związanych z czynnikiem ludzkim.

7

Depression in work environment - its causes, symptoms and prevention

Gembalska-Kwiecień Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 155

71--82

EN

Purpose: This paper addresses the problem of depression. Depression is one of the most common mental health problems faced by employees, regardless of their position. WHO research indicates that various forms of depression will become, along with cardiovascular diseases, the most frequent health condition of people in developed regions of the world. Treatment in most cases restores health, yet it is highly disturbing that half of the patients do not undergo treatment for various reasons, thus depriving themselves of the chance to return to normal life and work. The purpose of this paper is to highlight this very important problem. Design/methodology/approach: Literature research of the subject was carried out. Findings: The risk of incidence of depression at work can and should be minimized. First of all, overall physical and mental health of employees should be taken care of. Therefore, we should take care of healthy sleep, healthy diet, practice sports and tourism, and find time to develop our passions and interests outside of work. Of course, the key issue here is the work environment. It is important for the employee to follow the basic rules of hygiene at mental or physical work. That is, not to burn the candle at both ends, not to overwork, not to set excessive, and thus often unrealistic goals to achieve, use rational breaks at work and, above all, take care of good relations with our colleagues. Also, report problems with professional work on an ongoing basis. Practical implications: The issues discussed in this paper significantly affect the improvement of methods related to work environment management and the desired shaping of attitudes and behavior of employees regarding the approach to the issue of depression, a problem related to work environment that has been downplayed so far. Originality/value: A holistic approach to depression. Defining it as an interdisciplinary problem. It should be handled by doctors of various specialties, especially psychiatrists, of course, but also general practitioners, neurologists, gastroenterologists, cardiologists and many other physicians. It also requires the attention of non-medical specialists.

8

Conflict in work environment - its causes, prevention, methods of solving

Gembalska-Kwiecień Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 155

59--70

EN

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Organization and Management, Institute of Economics and Informatics, Zabrze; Anna.Gembalska-Kwiecien@polsl.pl, ORCID: 0000-0001-9275-0447 Purpose: This paper attempts to present the essence of the problem of conflicts in the work environment, as well as their most important causes and methods of solving them. Attention was also drawn to the possibility of creative resolution of the disputed issues. The essence of conflict is problematic, due to various definitions and concepts assigned to the term. In the presented paper, conflict will be defined in a way that enables consideration of its constructive, as well as functional aspects. Design/methodology/approach: Empirical research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire addressed to employees. Literature research of the subject was carried out. Findings: When several or a dozen or so people are to cooperate, conflicts are inevitable and even useful, they occur in all teams, regardless of their nature. Teams that are aware that constructive conflicts are needed and are prepared to resolve them work effectively, even when difficult or crisis situations arise. Members of such teams are not surprised by them, they know how to act in such situations and what behaviors of other participants of the conflict they can expect. Therefore, constructive conflicts do not deteriorate employees' efficiency, atmosphere or relations in the team. Practical implications: The issues discussed in this paper significantly affect the improvement of methods related to work environment management and the desired shaping of attitudes and behavior of employees regarding a constructive approach to the issue of conflict at work. Originality/value In company management, the greatest attention should be paid to people as the subjects of all activities. Therefore, it is worth considering and asking the question what to do in a conflict situation, what actions to take, so that the conflict is not only a destructive phenomenon, but so that by searching for its multifaceted solutions, it becomes an instrument of organizational innovation and can lead to constructive solutions and creative changes in the company.

9

The impact of the human factor on the functioning of the quality management system in the enterprise

Sroka Mariusz

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 72 (144)

175--182

EN

This article analyzes the expectations of the management board and managerial staff as opposed to the expectations and concerns of regular employees of the company. Communication between the decision-making and executive groups is presented as one of the key elements determining the proper operation of the quality management system in the enterprise. In the practical part, the results of the research covering the management and regular employees were presented and compared. The research is aimed at diagnosing the quality of information flow in the enterprise based on the quality management system in the assessment of both surveyed groups, determining the perception of the importance and scale of participation in the proposed corrective actions among the surveyed groups of respondents, and diagnosing the level of informing rank-and-file employees about the goals and importance of conducting internal and external audits. The research also covered the role of lower-level employees in the effective functioning of the company’s quality management system. An attempt was made to analyze the degree of participation of regular employees in the functioning of the quality management system in the enterprise. The article ends with the conclusions and proposals for future research.

10

The synergy between technology and soldiers in warfare : the Russian armed forces image during the war in Ukraine

Śliwa Zdzisław

Wiedza Obronna

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2022

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nr 4

53--70

EN

The technology has impacted all the domains of human life and one of them are military affairs. The combination of sophisticated technologies and human capacities has created new qualities based on training and education allowing to achieve advantage over less developed nations. On the contemporary battlefield this combination of people and modern weapons could cause success or lead to failure if not achieved. The range of emerging military technologies is very wide including reducing dependency on people enhancing combat efficiency. However, the technological culture of societies matters to ensure that qualified personnel could operate such a variety of systems. This is related to the values of a society and respect for other people and nations facilitating understanding and following the rules and laws, which are recognized in democratic and civilized societies. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated the importance of synergy between technology and soldiers especially when comparing the Ukrainian and Russian armed forces. There is a different perception of those armed forces based on their performance during war. The paper will focus on the Russian way of conducting aggression against sovereign Ukraine to discuss two aspects of the Russian Federation’s armed forces: technology and the human factor. The paper will use official documents and data within primary and secondary research allowing analysing and synthesising specific aspects of Russian efficiency during war.

11

EEG based workload and stress assessment during remote ship operations

Kari R., Gausdal A. H., Steinert M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

295--305

EN

Autonomous and remotely controlled ships present new types of human factor challenges. An investigation of the underlying human factors in such operations is therefore necessary to mitigate safety hazards while improving operational efficiency. More tests are needed to identify operators’ levels of control, workload and stress. The aim of this study is to assess how increases in mental workload influence the stress levels of Shore Control Centre (SCC) operators during remote ship operations. Nine experiments were performed to investigate the stress levels of SCC operators during human-human and human-machine interactions. Data on the brain signals of human operators were collected directly by electroencephalography (EEG) and subjectively by the NASA task load index (TLX). The results show that the beta and gamma band powers of the EEG recordings were highly correlated with subjective levels of workload and stress during remote ship operations. They also show that there was a significant change in stress levels when workload increased, when ships were operating in harsh weather, and when the number of ships each SCC operator is responsible for was increased. Furthermore, no significant change in stress was identified when SCC operators established very high frequency (VHF) communication or when there was a risk of accident.

12

Metoda oceny ryzyka wystąpienia sytuacji potencjalnie wypadkowej na rusztowaniu

Błazik-Borowa Ewa, Czarnocki Krzysztof, Czarnigowska Agata, Szer Iwona, Szer Jacek, Hoła Bożena

Przegląd Budowlany

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2022

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R. 93, nr 7-8

42--50

PL

W pracy przedstawiono metodę oceny ryzyka wystąpienia sytuacji potencjalnie wypadkowej na rusztowaniu. Metoda składa się z zestawu badań, które są niezbędne do oceny pracy na rusztowaniu w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa, i modelu ORWKIZ, który określa sposób wyznaczenia grupy zagrożenia, jakie występuje na rusztowaniu. Model uwzględnia czynniki prawno-społeczno-ekonomiczne, czynniki środowiskowe, czynniki organizacyjne, czynniki techniczne i czynniki ludzkie. Badanie bezpieczeństwa pracy na rusztowaniach w Polsce wykazało, że na prawie 90% rusztowań występuje wysokie zagrożenie wystąpienia sytuacji niebezpiecznej, a tym samym wypadkiem. Grupą czynników, które najbardziej się do tego przyczyniają, są czynniki środowiskowe.

EN

The paper presents a method for assessing the risk of adverse events related with the work on scaffoldings. The method involves collecting input directly on site, and feeding it into a purpose-built model (ORKWIZ) to determine the level of risk. The model accounts for factors related with legal, social, economic, environmental, organizational, technical and behavioural aspects of work. The method applied to the analysis of a large sample of Polish construction sites with scaffoldings indicated that almost 90% of scaffoldings posed a considerable hazard. The factors that contributed the most to the scale of risk are the environmental factors.

13

Tygiel kulturowy a zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem produktu

Małkowska Joanna, Grela Edyta, Hajduk-Stelmachowicz Marzena

Problemy Jakości

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2022

|

R. 54, nr 2

16--24

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present how the cultural melting pot, ubiquitous in international corporations, contributes to building and ensuring a safety culture in the company. By organization, we mean a company with an aviation profile, on the basis of which the analysis was based, and where the product safety is understood as ensuring the safety of the aircraft flight. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the observation method which was based on the practical experience of the authors in implementing the Safety Management System. The publications and statistics related to the above system were analysed, the conclusions were presented in a comparative analysis. Findings/conclusions: The research evaluation showed that the awareness of the influence of cultures on ensuring the quality of products and services also translates into ensuring human safety. The combination of the cultural aspects with ensuring product safety is a signpost for the effective implementation of the Safety Management System in organizations. Despite many cultural differences, between employees, the organization should provide a work environment that aims at ensuring product safety as much as possible. The meaning of the word safety should be unambiguous for all employees across the organization. Research limitations: The research may be limited by focusing on an arbitrarily selected group of countries for analysis. The article compares the cultural aspects as well as the product quality management process characteristic of two countries: Poland and Singapore. In the future, to better understand the phenomenon of cultural impact on product safety, a larger number of countries, characterized by a diverse culture, should be analysed. Practical application: The applied methodology of implementing the Safety Management System, based on the analysis of the cultural aspects, can be used by industries whose priority is to ensure product safety – such as, for example, aviation or medicine. Originality/value: The aspect of cultural impact on ensuring product safety presented in the article may be an example of building foundations for the implementation of the Safety Management System in an organization.

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, jak tygiel kulturowy, wszechobecny w międzynarodowych korporacjach, przyczynia się do zbudowania i zapewnienia kultury bezpieczeństwa w organizacji. Poprzez organizację rozumiemy firmę o profilu lotniczym, na bazie której została oparta analiza, a gdzie bezpieczeństwo produktu rozumiane jest jako zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa lotu statku powietrznego. Projekt badania/metodyka badawcza/koncepcja: W artykule użyto metody obserwacji, która została oparta na doświadczeniu praktycznym autorek przy wdrażaniu Systemu Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem (ang. Safety Management System). Przeanalizowano publikacje i statystyki związane z powyższym systemem, a wnioski z nich poddano analizie porównawczej. Wyniki/wnioski: Ocena badawcza ukazała, iż świadomość wpływu kultur na zapewnienie jakości produktów i usług przekłada się również na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa człowieka. Połączenie aspektów kulturowych z zapewnieniem bezpieczeństwa produktu stanowi drogowskaz do skutecznego wdrożenia Systemu Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem w organizacjach. Pomimo wielu różnic kulturowych pomiędzy pracownikami organizacja powinna zapewnić środowisko pracy dążące do jak największego zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa produktu. Znaczenie słowa bezpieczeństwo powinno być jednoznaczne dla wszystkich pracowników organizacji. Ograniczenia: Ograniczeniem badań może być skoncentrowanie się na wybranej arbitralnie grupie państw do analizy. W artykule porównane są bowiem aspekty kulturowe, a także proces zarządzania jakością produktu, charakterystyczne dla dwóch państw: Polski i Singapuru. W przyszłości w celu szerszego rozpoznania zjawiska wpływu kulturowego na bezpieczeństwo produktu należałoby poddać analizie większą liczbę państw charakteryzujących się zróżnicowaną kulturą. Zastosowanie praktyczne: Zastosowana metodyka wdrażania Systemu Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem, oparta na analizie aspektów kulturowych, może zostać wykorzystana przez branże, których priorytetem jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa produktu – takie jak np. lotnictwo czy medycyna. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Przedstawiony w artykule aspekt wpływu kulturowego na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa produktu może stanowić przykład w zakresie budowania podwalin do wdrożenia Systemu Zarządzania Bezpieczeństwem w organizacji

14

Analysis of Factors Influencing Developers' Sentiments in Commit Logs: Insights from Applying Sentiment Analysis

Kaur Rajdeep, Chahal Kuljit Kaur, Saini Munish

e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, nr 1

art. no. 220102

EN

Background: In the open source software paradigm, software development depends upon efforts of volunteer members that are geographically dispersed and collaborate with each other over the Internet. Communication artifacts like mailing lists, forums, and issue tracking systems are used by developers for communication. The way they express themselves through these communication channels greatly influences their productivity, efficiency of development activities, and survival of the project as well. Therefore, it is essential to understand affective state of developers’ contributions to make software engineering more effective. Aim: This study examined commit logs of seven GitHub projects to analyze developers’ sentiments. This study also investigated the relationship of developers’ sentiments in commit logs with team size of project, type of change activity, and contribution volume. Method: Sentiments of developers are calculated using SentiStrength-SE tool that is specialized in software engineering domain. Results: Our findings revealed that the majority of sentiments conveyed by developers in commit logs were neutral. Furthermore, we found that team size, change activity, and commit contribution volume influenced sentiments conveyed in commit logs. Conclusion: Our findings will help project managers to better understand developer sentiments while performing different software development tasks/activities. It will be beneficial in improving developer productivity and retention.

15

Identification of errors committed by Vessel Traffic Service operators

Kotkowska Diana, Marcjan Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 65 (137)

61--71

EN

This paper examines the factors affecting the performance of VTS operators. A general review of the human factor as a determinant of navigational safety is presented. The elementary nature of the system and its structure are defined, and the ability of a VTS operator to perform planned tasks within a specified timeframe and in a specific manner is analyzed. A reliability assessment scheme is proposed, which is based on the interpretation of factors affecting the VTS operator’s efficiency. The effective performance of VTS operators, along with the specific nature of the maritime environment and reliability of the vessel traffic management support, are key determinants in the process of ensuring the reliability and security of the entire system.

16

Analysis of ship accidents based on European statistical surveys

Zalewski Paweł, Posacka Katarzyna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 68 (140)

17--25

EN

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduces, adopts, and implements new instruments, such as conventions, resolutions, and guidelines, to prevent and minimize the number and severity of accidents involving ships at sea. The results of international maritime safety requirements introduced in recent years are presented in this paper. The impact of these regulations on ship safety improvement in European marine waters was determined via an analysis of accidents over a seven-year period of 2014–2020. The analysis was based on the classification of accidents by their severity, by the type of ship involved, and by the identified causes or contributing factors. Evident, still existing “weak points” of maritime safety monitoring are emphasized, such as low reporting of incidents and superficial identification of contributing factors. It is worth noting that the technological development of marine electronic systems introduced both positive effects and novel threats to the safety of navigation. An example is an uncritical overreliance on technology and information provided via electronic means and sensors. In this context the usage of integrated, digitized bridge systems in contemporary maritime vessels and future remote control systems was stressed.

17

Reducing a human factor in cruise ships accidents by Improving crew competences

Gundić A., Vujičić S., Maglić L., Grbić L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

415--421

EN

In recent decades, there has been noticed a continuous growth of passengers on cruise ships. Technical as well as technological development follow this growth side to side as far as construction, transport of passengers and strict legal regulations are concerned. However, recent maritime accidents, such as the Costa Concordia’s accident, question the level of maritime safety on cruise ships. Maritime accidents on cruise ships are almost entirely linked to human factor, directly or indirectly. Apart from the parameters affecting human factor, the literature mentions very frequently the importance of education, training and crew competences in the process of reducing the number of maritime accidents. However, very few researches have been done on competences that can affect strongly the level of maritime safety on cruise ships, i.e., that can reduce the effects of human factor on it. The purpose of this study was to find a connection between reducing the effects of human factor on accidents and the crew competences on cruise ships. The research lasted for two years and consisted of two phases. Qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis were used in both phases. Competences that are the essential part of obligatory programmes the crew members on cruise ships have to master, and that are prescribed by the STCW Convention were analysed in the first part of the research. The second part of the research analysed competences that are essential part of programmes resulting from the cruise companies’ demands. Cruise companies have defined and determined additional programmes and competences that seafarers, navigating on their ships, have to complete and develop. The aim of the research was to determine what type of competences the cruise companies look for through additional education programmes and to determine the amount of time needed to develop them.

18

Impact of the human factor on the security of information resources of enterprises during the Covid-19 pandemic

Kobis Paweł, Karyy Oleh

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2021

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Vol. 24, No. 2

210--227

EN

This article aims to determine the impact of the human factor on the security of information resources of enterprises during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theoretical section of the article describes the phenomenon of the human factor in the security of intangible resources, and isolates the most important mistakes noted in the literature made by employees, clients, and business partners, affecting the level of security of the information system of business entities. The empirical section of the article contains an analysis of selected, current research by recognised business intelligence companies around the world, providing for the impact of the human factor on information security, along with comparing them to data from before the Covid-19 pandemic. The presented research was conducted both among the IT staff as well as persons who on a daily basis manage information resources in enterprises. The data was acquired with the use of electronic questionnaires and through an analysis of data coming from particular security software produced or distributed by the authors of reports. The research results contain an applicable, critical analysis. It has been proven that the current Covid-19 pandemic affects the security of information resources, and that remote work practiced in modern enterprises carries an increased risk of errors in information management. The purpose of the article is to present how changing the way of working during the pandemic affects information security, and to show the problems which modern enterprises are facing.

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu czynnika ludzkiego na bezpieczeństwo zasobów informacyjnych przedsiębiorstw podczas pandemii Covid-19. W części teoretycznej artykułu opisano zjawisko czynnika ludzkiego w bezpieczeństwie zasobów niematerialnych oraz wyodrębniono najważniejsze błędy odnotowane w literaturze przez pracowników, klientów i partnerów biznesowych, wpływające na poziom bezpieczeństwa systemu informatycznego podmioty gospodarcze. Część empiryczna artykułu zawiera analizę wybranych, aktualnych badań uznanych wywiadowni gospodarczych na całym świecie, dotyczących wpływu czynnika ludzkiego na bezpieczeństwo informacji, wraz z porównaniem ich z danymi sprzed pandemii Covid-19. Prezentowane badanie zostało przeprowadzone zarówno wśród pracowników IT, jak i osób na co dzień zarządzających zasobami informacyjnymi w przedsiębiorstwach. Dane pozyskano za pomocą ankiet elektronicznych oraz poprzez analizę danych pochodzących z określonego oprogramowania zabezpieczającego produkowanego lub dystrybuowanego przez autorów raportów. Wyniki badań zawierają stosowną, krytyczną analizę. Udowodniono, że pandemia Covid-19 wpływa na bezpieczeństwo zasobów informacyjnych, a praca zdalna praktykowana w nowoczesnych przedsiębiorstwach niesie ze sobą zwiększone ryzyko błędów w zarządzaniu informacją. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, jak zmienia się sposób pracy w czasie pandemii wpływa na bezpieczeństwo informacji, a także pokazuje problemy, z jakimi borykają się współczesne przedsiębiorstwa.

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Human factor aspects in information security management in the traditional IT and cloud computing models

Kobis Paweł

Operations Research and Decisions

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2021

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Vol. 31, No. 1

61--76

EN

This paper attempts to classify the main areas of threats occurring in enterprises in the information management processes. Particular attention was paid to the effect of the human factor which is present in virtually every area of information security management. The author specifies the threats due to the IT techniques and technologies used and the models of information systems present in business entities. The empirical part of the paper presents and describes the research conducted by the author on information security in business organisations using the traditional IT model and the cloud computing model. The results obtained for both IT models are compared.

20

Impact of technical, organizational and human factors on accident rate of small-sized enterprises

Niciejewska Marta, Idzikowski Adam, Lestyánszka-Škurková Katarína

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2021

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nr 2 (29)

139--144

EN

The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of technical, organizational and human factors on accident rate in small-sized enterprises. The research was carried out using the authors’ questionnaire. The results were verified using the method of direct interview with elements of observation. The results were compared with the trends prevailing in enterprises of EU countries. The respondents, i.e. production company workers, indicate technical factors as those which most significantly affect the occurrence of accidents at work. However, the assessment of the factors changes with the age of the respondents. Older workers, more often than younger employees, indicate the ones related to man or work organization as the most important factors affecting accidents at work and, consequently, the level of occupational safety. The presented results are a part of a larger whole project the authors of this paper are working on.