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1

Improved competitive neural network for classification of human postures based on data from RGB-D sensors postures based on data from RGB-D sensors

Dutta Vibekananda, Cydejko Jakub, Zielińska Teresa

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2023

|

Vol. 17, No. 3

15--29

EN

The cognitive goal of this paper is to assess whether marker-less motion capture systems provide sufficient data to recognize human postures in the side view. The research goal is to develop a new posture classification method that allows for analysing human activities using data recorded by RGB‐D sensors. The method is insensitive to recorded activity duration and gives satisfactory results for the sagittal plane. An improved competitive Neural Network (cNN) was used. The method of pre- processing the data is first discussed. Then, a method for classifying human postures is presented. Finally, classification quality using various distance metrics is assessed. The data sets covering the selection of human activities have been created. Postures typical for these activities have been identified using the classifying neural network. The classification quality obtained using the proposed cNN network and two other popular neural networks were compared. The results confirmed the advantage of cNN network. The developed method makes it possible to recognize human postures by observing movement in the sagittal plane.

2

Groundwater quality and risk of pollution from natural, human and urban transport activities in the drini basin

Beqaj Blerina, Çobani Entela

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2021

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z. 111

5--13

EN

Groundwater quality study was conducted in the Drini basin situated in the northern part of the Albanian territory. The objective of this study was to identify the quality of groundwater in four different well-defined monitoring sites. Groundwater is vital for the population and is considered to be subject to continuous exploitation with high growth intensity, and permanent risk of pollution from natural and human activities. Contamination of groundwater occurs when synthetic products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and return it unsafe and unfit for human use. Groundwater monitoring was carried out according to a network, which aimed to include mainly the most intensive areas of exploitation and distribution in the aquifer. Samples were collected in two different months of June and October in four monitoring drilling sites and were analysed for those key indicators defined by the rules and procedures for the drafting and implementation of the national programme of environmental monitoring in Albania. The study results reveal that geological formation, human activities as well as environmental conditions affect groundwater quality. Complete chemical analysis revealed that the groundwater in this area results in medium hardness, has good physico-chemical properties, local pollution is encountered, and there is no massive pollution of the basin. They are waters with low mineralisation. Further, they are neutral waters, which meet the allowed norm for drinking water. The pollution displayed is occasional, as the presence of NH4+ and NO2- are isolated cases, manifested mainly by the non-application of areas of strictness and sanitary protection around the drill and the small cover of the subaxillary layer. The analysis performed for microelements shows that the content of some heavy metals is below the maximum allowed amount; this demands serious future attention to the density of the network and the monitoring frequency in this basin. The risk of pollution in the Drini basin is high due to the small protective cover, especially in the source of Dobrac. Intensive exploitation can lead to the mixing of fresh water with water with high mineralisation. The concentration of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Na+, K+ and Cl− in the water samples known as the major pollutants from the urban transport sector, has shown that the values are within the water quality standard. The low concentration of these pollutants was due to the distance of the drilling sites from the roads in these areas.

3

Reconstruction of atmospheric lead and heavy metal pollution in the Otrębowskie Brzegi peatland (S Poland)

Pawełczyk Fatima, Bloom Karolina, Jucha Witold, Michczyński Adam, Okupny Daniel, Sikorski Jarosław, Tomkowiak Julita, Zając Ewelina, Fagel Nathalie

Geological Quarterly

|

2019

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Vol. 63, No. 3

568--585

EN

We reconstruct palaeoenvironmental changes since the Late Holocene in the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin, with an emphasis on anthropogenic influence (Walker et al., 2018). This reconstruction employs multiproxy analyses of the Otrębowskie Brzegi poor fen. We combined radiocarbon and 210Pb dating with elemental geochemistry, stable lead isotopes, and palaeobotanical analyses. The core we investigated covers a period from 4200 ± 100 BC to the present, with a peat accumulation rate varying between 0.001 and 0.243 cm y-1. Heavy metal concentrations, Pb isotopic ratios, and a palynological analysis revealed a significant impact of human activities in the past. The highest concentration and accumulation rate of Pb, were found around 1950 AD. The 206Pb/207Pb quotient ranged between 1.168 and 1.223, with average value around 1.198. Most of the interpretation was based on Pb and its stable isotopes; however, other elements were also important indicators of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Our results revealed similarities between the geochemical composition of the peatland studied and other peatlands from the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin.

4

Machine learning in SMED

Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz I.

Journal of Machine Engineering

|

2018

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Vol. 18, No. 2

31--40

EN

The paper discusses Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) and machine learning methods, such as neural networks and a decision tree. SMED is one of lean production methods for reducing waste in the manufacturing process, which helps to reorganize a conversion of the manufacturing process from current to the next product. SMED needs set-up activity analyses, which include activity classification, working time measurement and work improvement. The analyses presented in the article are focused on selecting the time measurement method useful from the SMED perspective. Time measurement methods and their comparison are presented in the paper. Machine learning methods are used to suggest the method of time measurement which should be applied in a particular case of workstation reorganization. A training set is developed and an example of classification is presented. Time and motion study is one of important methods of estimating machine changeover time. In the field of time study, researchers present the obtained results by using (linear) multi-linear regression models (MLR), and (non-linear) multi-layer perceptrons (MLP). The presented approach is particularly important for the enterprises which offer make-to-order products. Development of the SMED method can influence manufacturing cost reduction of customized products. In variety oriented manufacturing, SMED supports flexibility and adaptability of the manufacturing system.

5

Przyczyny zmian poziomu wód gruntowych na wybranych torfowiskach Słowińskiego Parku Narodowego

Chlost I., Cieśliński R.

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2018

|

Nr 4

122--127

PL

Artykuł przestawia zmiany poziomu wód gruntowych na wybranych torfowiskach Słowińskiego Parku Narodowego (SPN) w kontekście uwarunkowań geograficznych (w tym stosowanych zabiegów ochronnych). Do badań wytypowano dwa torfowiska wysokie: Żarnowska i Kluki. Postępowanie badawcze opierało się na wykonaniu zdjęć hydrograficznych w celu określenia typu i zasięgu zmian antropogenicznych w strukturę sieci hydrograficznej i obiegu wody oraz inwentaryzację urządzeń hydrotechnicznych. Przede wszystkim jednak skoncentrowano się na interpretacji zmian poziomu wód gruntowych na podstawie monitoringu prowadzonego przez SPN.

EN

The article presents groundwater level changes in selected peat bogs of the Słowiński National Park (SNP) in the context of geographical conditions (including the applied protective measures). Two raised peat bogs were selected for the study: Żarnowska and Kluki. The research consisted of taking hydrographic photographs in order to determine the type and scope of anthropogenic changes in the structure of the hydrographic network and water circulation patterns, as well as taking inventory of hydrotechnical structures. However, the authors focused mainly on interpretation of changes in the groundwater leveis based on the monitoring carried out by SNP.

6

The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on grain size distribution along the southeastern Baltic spits

Žilinskas G., Jarmalavičius D., Pupienis D.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 2

375--384

EN

The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of sand grain size along sandy beaches is assessed, based on study of three spits of the southeastern Baltic Sea: the Curonian, Vistula and the Hel. 330 sand samples were collected from the beach and foredune at 1 km intervals. Our findings show that although the three spits have some characteristics in common, e.g. a predominance of fine- and medium-grained marine sand on their beaches and foredunes, the grain size distribution patterns of the recent sediments along these spits differ significantly. The key factors determining the grain size distribution include the dominant hydrometeorological regime, anthropogenic activity and geological framework. Trends in the mean grain size differentiation along the Vistula and Curonian spits directly correlate with the direction of the longshore sediment transport: as the distance from sources of the longshore sediment transport increases, the size of sand particles, both on the beach and the foredune, decreases. By contrast, on the Hel Spit, this pattern is disturbed in areas of hydrotechnical construction and artificial beach nourishment. Sand differentiation along the beach can also be predetermined by the geological framework, particularly in lithologically anomalous sections, such as the Juodkrantè settlement on the Curonian Spit.

7

Factors Affecting Alien and Native Plant Species Richness in Temperate Nature Reserves of Northern China

Zhang X., Wang H., Wang S., Wang R., Wang Y., Liu J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

320--333

EN

Understanding the factors affecting the species richness of alien and native plant is a key issue for predicting the spread of alien species and protecting rare and endangered native species in nature reserves. To investigate the factors affecting alien and native species richness in temperate nature reserves of China, we used a database of 25 nature reserves in Shandong Province of northern China, and studied the relationship of alien and native plant species richness with climatic and anthropogenic factors, as well as area and elevation range. We found that most of the nature reserves in Shandong Province have been invaded by alien plant species. The distribution of alien and native species responds to the same climatic factors, and temperature and precipitation exert strong effects on both groups. Alien and native plant species richness are positively correlated. Human activity is more effective for explaining richness of alien than for native species. Simultaneously, human activity has stronger effects on alien herbaceous than on alien woody plants. Our results suggest that native species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors, whereas alien species richness is mainly explained by climatic factors and human activity together.

8

Factors influencing temporal changes in chemical composition of biogenic deposits in the middle Tążyna River Valley (Kuyavian Lakeland, central Poland)

Okupny D., Rzepecki S., Borówka R. K., Forysiak J., Twardy J., Fortuniak A., Tomkowiak J.

Geologos

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 2

121--136

EN

The present paper discusses the influence of geochemical properties on biogenic deposits in the Wilkostowo mire near Toruń, central Poland. The analysed core has allowed the documentation of environmental changes between the older part of the Atlantic Period and the present day (probably interrupted at the turn of the Meso- and Neoholocene). In order to reconstruct the main stages in the sedimentation of biogenic deposits, we have used stratigraphic variability of selected litho-geochemical elements (organic matter, calcium carbonate, biogenic and terrigenous silica, macro- and micro-elements: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main litho-geochemical component is CaCO3; its content ranges from 4.1 per cent to 92 per cent. The variability of CaCO3 content reflects mainly changes in hydrological and geomorphological conditions within the catchment area. The effects of prehistoric anthropogenic activities in the catchment of the River Tążyna, e.g., the use of saline water for economic purposes, are recorded in a change from calcareous gyttja into detritus-calcareous gyttja sedimentation and an increased content of lithophilous elements (Na, K, Mg and Ni) in the sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) has enabled the distinction the most important factors that affected the chemical composition of sediments at the Wilkostowo site, i.e., mechanical and chemical denudation processes in the catchment, changes in redox conditions, bioaccumulation of selected elements and human activity. Sediments of the Wilkostowo mire are located in the direct vicinity of an archaeological site, where traces of intensive settlement dating back to the Neolithic have been documented. The settlement phase is recorded both in lithology and geochemical properties of biogenic deposits which fill the reservoir formed at the bottom of the Parchania Canal Valley.

9

Imprints of Natural Phenomena and Human Activity Observed During 10 Years of ELF Magnetic Measurements at the Hylaty Geophysical Station in Poland

Nieckarz Z.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

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Vol. 64, no. 6

2591--2608

EN

Current human activity produces strong electromagnetic pollution. The power spectrum in the extremely low frequency (ELF, 3-3000 Hz) range is mainly polluted by anthropogenic narrow spectral lines at 16.66, 50, and 60 Hz and their harmonics. Meanwhile, signatures connected with natural phenomena appearing in the Earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere are also observed in the same frequency range. This paper presents the amplitude behaviour of the anthropogenic lines in the years 2005-2014 based on the 10 years of activity of the Hylaty station situated in southeast Poland. The analysis includes, i.a., an assessment of the correctness of the choice of the Bieszczady mountains as a location for the installation of an ELF station for long-term geophysical and climatological studies.

10

Disturbances of The Holocene Lake-Bog Sediment Succession as Revealed by Pollen Record From Wietrzychowice (Southeastern Kujawy, Central Poland)

Brizová E., Roman M.

Studia Quaternaria

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2015

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Vol. 32, Nr 2

91--98

EN

Results of geological and pollen investigations of the lake-bog sediments from the section Wietrzychowice W5, located nearby the Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) megaliths, are presented. The pollen data reveal that sedimentation at Wietrzychowice has begun at the beginning of the Holocene (Preboreal). Pollen analysis was used to determine stratigraphy with regard to sediment characteristics. The pollen spectrum was divided into 8 LPAZes (1-7Xa, 7Xb) which were also, where possible, stratigraphically classified. Radiocarbon dating of 6 730 ± 90 BP (5 730–5 480 BC, MKL-702) at depth of 1.20 m confirmed the pollen analysis age estimation. Five settlement episodes were found in organic sediments in the upper part of the W5 core. The first was presumably during the Preboreal, the second in the early Atlantic, the third in the late Atlantic (probably Neolithic FBC), the fourth in the early Middle Ages and the last one in the late Middle Ages. The pollen analysis was useful to point irregularities in sediment succession. Such a situation made palaeoenvironmental interpretation difficult, but further research is still needed to enable an accurate reconstruction.

11

Wpływ działalności człowieka na przekształcenia krajobrazów górskich w Gorcach

Bucała A.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

|

2015

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nr 29

23--37

PL

W opracowaniu porównano strukturę użytkowania ziemi począwszy od 1954 (gospodarka centralnie sterowana) po 2009 (gospodarka wolnorynkowa). Przeanalizowano także wpływ zmian użytkowania ziemi na przebieg procesów geomorfologicznych i zmianę zbiorowisk roślinnych. Wykazano zmniejszenie powierzchni gruntów ornych o ponad 90%, przy wzroście powierzchni leśnej. Spowodowało to spadek natężenia erozji na stokach oraz wzrost natężenia erozji wgłębnej w korytach potoków Jaszcze i Jamne, która wynosi 1 cm na rok. Zmiany użytkowania ziemi przyczyniły się do powstania bardziej mozaikowego krajobrazu porolnego, a także zmian w charakterze zabudowy – zanik szałasów związanych z gospodarką pasterską i pojawienie się budownictwa agroturystycznego.

EN

The study compared the structure of land use from 1954 (socialist economy) to 2009 (the free market). The impact of land use change on the geomorphological processes and changing plant communities were also analyzed. Results indicate a reduction in arable land above 90%, with an increase in forest area. This contributed to a decrease in the intensity of soil erosion on the slopes and an increase in the intensity of incision in the beds of Jaszcze and Jamne streams, which is 1 cm per year. Changes in land use have caused a more mosaic landscape, as well as changes in the character building – the disappearance of highland house connected with pastoral economy and the appearance of agritourism buildings.

12

O zagadnieniach motoryki ruchu człowieka w kontekście dynamicznego oddziaływania pieszych na kładki

Hawryszków P.

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2015

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R. 71, nr 10

564--565

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań własnych z zakresu motoryki ruchu człowieka. Ustalono rozkład statystyczny częstotliwości kroku człowieka w zależności od tempa ruchu, a więc częstotliwości siły wymuszającej drgania kładek dla pieszych. Określono przedziały częstotliwości, których powinno się unikać w projektowaniu konstrukcji mostowych przeznaczonych dla pieszych.

EN

Results of author’s research on human motor activity was presented in this paper. Normal distribution functions were fit into the histograms of human footstep frequencies. Based on this the frequency ranges of a footstep during walking, jogging and fast running were set. These ranges are critical for footbridges and should be avoided during the design process.

13

Ocena wybranych metod analizy niezawodności człowieka (HRA) w aspekcie ich wykorzystania w transporcie lotniczym

Merkisz J., Galant M., Markowski J., Karpiński D.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

7285--7292

PL

Ciągła potrzeba zwiększania poziomu bezpieczeństwa wymaga prowadzenia i stałego ulepszania analiz ryzyka, niezawodności i bezpieczeństwa w każdej dziedzinie działalności człowieka. Dużo uwagi poświęca się analizom związanym z transportem, szczególnie lotniczym. W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie analizy niezawodności człowieka HRA (Human Reliability Analisys) w aspekcie wykorzystania jej w transporcie lotniczym. Przedstawiono genezę podjęcia tematu błędów ludzkich w operacjach lotniczych, wykazano zasadność stosowania tego typu analiz. Kolejno przedstawiono podstawowe elementy analiz niezawodności człowieka oraz przedstawiono kluczowe definicje. Skategoryzowano błędy ludzkie na potrzeby analiz HRA. Wymieniono szereg typów HRA możliwych do zaimplementowania w sektorze transportu lotniczego oraz omówiono metody takie jak: THERP (Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction), HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique), TESEO (wł. Tecnica Empirica Stima Errori Operatori) oraz HCR (Human Cognitive Reliability). Krytycznie oceniono metody, z zaznaczeniem wad I zalet każdej z nich. Niniejsza praca jest wstępem do szerszych analiz niezawodności człowieka w transporcie lotniczym.

EN

Continuous need to increase the level of safety requires conduct and continuous improvement of risk, reliability and safety analysis, in every area of human activity. A lot of attention is paid to the analysis associated with transport, particularly in aviation. The article presents the problem of Human Reliability Analysis HRA in terms of the use it in air transport. The genesis of addressing the subject of human error in aviation operations was presented and the validity of using this type of analysis were demonstrated. Subsequently the basic elements of human reliability analysis and key definitions are presented. The paper presents categorization of human error in HRA analysis. Authors presents the types of HRA which are possible to implement in the air transport sector. In the paper are presented methods such as THERP (Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction), HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique), TESEO (owner. Tecnica Empirica Stima Errori operatoria) and HCR (Human Cognitive Reliability). Methods were critically rated with the indication the advantages and disadvantages of each. This paper is an introduction to the broader analysis of human reliability analysis in air transport.

14

The reflection of human activity in the sediments of Iwankowskie Lake from Subatlantic Phase (Polish Outer Carpathians)

Bucała A., Margielewski W., Starkel L., Buczek K., Zernitskaya V.

Geochronometria

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2014

|

Vol. 41, no. 4

377--391

EN

The paper presents the analysis of organic and mineral sediments filling the depression, which developed over the landslide located at the slope (767–773 m a.s.l.) of Lubań ridge decscending to the Ochotnica river valley in the Polish Flysch Carpathians. The landslide formed in an early stage of the Subatlantic Phase (2490 ± 35 BP). The top of peat is dated at 1360 ± 50 years BP and is covered by 72 cm of clayey silts with some sandy intercalations, which indicate slopewash after deforestation. The pollen of ruderal plants and Cerealia (undiff.) reflect agricultural activity in the surroundings. The fragments of charcoal indicate the age of the forest clearance to the first half of the 17th century. The late forest clearance at the elevated north exposed slopes followed 200–300 years later in relation to the foundation of the village at the valley floor.

15

Application and comparison of modified classifiers for human activity recognition

Dohnálek P., Gajdoš P., Peterek T., Snášel V.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2013

|

R. 89, nr 11

55-58

EN

In this paper, custom modifications of Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and Self Organizing Maps based classification algorithms are used and compared to standard and widely used classification techniques with applications to human activity recognition. Seven algorithms are compared in terms of their accuracy performance. The modifications are described in this paper and shown to perform better than commonly used classifiers. The results indicate that human activities can be successfully and reliably recognized even without data preprocessing.

XX

W artykule opisano klasyczne i rzadziej używane metody klasyfikacji danych używanych do rozpoznawania aktywności człowieka. Po równano szereg algorytmów oraz zmodyfikowano algorytm OMP w celu usunięcia ograniczeń.

16

The Existential Problems of Human Security

Pieczywok A.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2011

|

R. 1, Nr 2

117--125

EN

The universal issues of human security with related concerns are the main topic of this article. The main objective is to analyze the basic factors that influence human existence through this perspective. The author is searching for correlations between the nature of personal and structural security and the human identity understood holistically. Against this background, there are presented numbers of individual and social factors that influence the existential security of a person. Security is perceived here as a way of development of human abilities and desires. It is a process of active and creative adaptation to the generally understood life circumstances, behaviors and activities in the social environment playing important role in establishing the feeling of safety on the individual level.

PL

Bezpośrednim tematem artykułu jest ogólna problematyka procesów ludzkiego bezpieczeństwa. Tym samym celowo podjęta zostaje tutaj analiza podstawowych problemów wpływających na bezpieczeństwo samej egzystencji człowieka. Autor stara się odnaleźć korelację pomiędzy naturą indywidualnego i strukturalnego bezpieczeństwa oraz ludzkiej podmiotowości. Na tym tle rysują się zaprezentowane jednostkowe i społeczne wymiary relacji określających egzystencjalne wymiary bezpieczeństwa człowieka. W tym sensie bezpieczeństwo jest postrzegane jako droga potencjalnego rozwoju ludzkich możliwości i pragnień. Wyraża się w procesach aktywności i kreatywnej adaptacji w relacjach do ogólnych życiowych przypadków, zachowań oraz aktywności ludzkiej w społecznym wymiarze działań.

17

Enterprise conditions. Selected factors influencing the undertaking of business activity

Roszkowska-Hołysz D.

Management

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2010

|

Vol. 14, no 1

177-186

EN

The article presents selected entrepreneurship factors, as a positive manifestation of human activity, it shows human spirit of creativity and initiative. A human being is a social being, so entrepreneurship influence different factors connected with a life in organized communities, and personal factors. All the factors can be organized in collective categories. Culture determinants, economic determinants, law and juristic determinants have been analyzed in this article.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia rozważania na temat wybranych uwarunkowań przedsiębiorczości; pozytywnego przejawu aktywności człowieka, ukazującego jego ducha inicjatywy i kreatywności. Ponieważ człowiek jest istotą społeczną, na przedsiębiorczość wpływają różne czynniki związane z życiem w społeczeństwach, w zorganizowanych zbiorowościach, jak również uwarunkowania o charakterze cech wrodzonych, które mogą być ujęte w kategorie zbiorcze. Wyróżniono uwarunkowania kulturowe, ekonomiczne, polityczne i prawne.

18

Zmienność przestrzenna NDVI i wskaźników tekstury Zaborskiego Parku Krajobrazowego w zależności od gospodarczego oddziaływania człowieka

Kunz M., Nienartowicz A.

Teledetekcja Środowiska

|

2007

|

T. 37

51--60

EN

The landscape structure can be analysed in different ways while using different methods, research tools and initial data. One of the effective research methods is remote sensing together with satellite imageries obtained by this method. This technology used to be successfully applied in ecology, e.g. for evaluation of forest landscape structure modifi ed by economic activity of man. In the studies carried out by remote sensing methods, it was found that the current landscape structure results from its previous states and is shaped both by man and by natural processes. Having the above statements as a starting point, an analysis of forest landscape structure was performed in the territory of the Zaborski Landscape Park, based on Landsat satellite imageries from the period 1975-2003. The NDVI was calculated for the entire park as well as for three research plots situated within the park. Squares were set up as research plots, with a side of 5040 m long. Each square encompassed 28 224 pixels of dimensions 30 x 30 m. The squares were set up in areas of different intensity of forestry and different share of secondary forests on formerly arable soils. On the basis of generated images presenting the spatial diversifi cation of NDVI, the following texture parameters were defi ned for each research plot: diversity (H), fragmentation (F), fractal dimension (FD). In calculations of the diversity index and fragmentation, the size of the matrix window amounted to 5x5 pixels. The fractal dimension was calculated with the triangular prism method described by Altobelli et al. (2001). The NDVI was also calculated for three sets, each comprising 24 or 25 test areas distributed within each research plot. Test areas were squares with a side of 300x300 metre long representing all age classes of tree stands in the habitat of fresh and dry pine forest. The completed database on subdivisions of the surface area division as well as the course of the process of deforestation and afforestation of the region during the period 1796-2003, allowed the detailed analysis of the obtained results with reference to land use history in this area. In the comparative analysis of three research plots on the basis of structure indices, the graphic method of Jentys-Szaferowa (1948) was applied and methods of numerical taxonomy. On the basis of the performed analyses, it was concluded that together with the increased human pressure on the nature, the average value of NDVI decreased together with the simultaneous increase of indices expressing the diversity, fragmentation and fractal dimension of the landscape.

19

Morze jako obszar aktywności ludzkiej

Nikołajew J., Leśniewska G.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Prace Instytutu Ekonomiki i Organizacji Przedsiębiorstw / Uniwersytet Szczeciński

|

2006

|

Nr 48, t. 2

851-859

EN

The influence of sea as area of human activity influences on men's and behaviour collective consciousness, it is area manifold and multidirectional workings also. The sea as object of activity the state condition of existence of such fields how the navigation as well as indispensable for her the harbours and shipyards, sea tourism and recreation the, fishery, the sea mining. Moreover moire effect along with make up with sea sea-coast the place of mass recreation in time of leaves and weekends. It is at last the terrain of curative activity.

20

Wpływ niedoświetlenia wnętrz na aktywność człowieka

Janosik E.

Nowa Elektrotechnika

|

2005

|

nr 3 (7)

4