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1

Study of the Variations in the Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Heavy Sand Minerals in the Hilla River Sediments

Hameed Iman A., Rahman Haleema Abdul Jabbar Abdul, Anmar Alsaadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

318--330

EN

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Hilla River sediments on the heterogeneity of the distribution of heavy sand minerals for the fine and very fine sand classes as well as for the surface and subsurface layers. The results showed that the heavy sand minerals that were determined according to the specific gravity of each mineral and the specific gravity of the particles of minerals identified in the soils under study ranged between (2.5–4.5) and were divided into four groups in terms of the specific gravity. The first group included each of the minerals (Mica and Chlorite) of low specific gravity, while the second group contains (Pyroxene, Amphibole, Epidote Group). The third group includes minerals (Tourmaline and Garnet, Staurolite and Kyanite) and the two groups are classified as minerals of medium-specific gravity; in turn, the fourth group contains minerals of high specific gravity, namely (Zircon, Rutile and Opaques). As a result, the most important factors affecting the sedimentation, sorting and sedimentation processes are the conveyor’s speed, load capacity, the size of the separation particles and their specific gravity. The complete mismatch of the horizontal distribution of the minerals of one group is due to the varying ranges of the specific gravity of the minerals within the general range of specific gravity.

2

Depositional conditions of the Upper Younger Loess during the Last Glacial Maximum in central and eastern Europe

Dzierżek Jan, Lindner Leszek, Chlebowski Roman, Szymanek Marcin, Bogucki Andriy, Tomeniuk Olena

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

369--389

EN

This paper is a summary of the results of research on the accumulation conditions of the Upper Younger Loess (LMg) in Poland and Bug loess (bg) in Ukraine from the maximum stage (MIS 2) of the Vistulian (Weichselian) Glaciation in central and eastern Europe. These studies included an analysis of the morphological (topographic) situation of the loess cover, its grain size and heavy mineral composition, the preserved structures of loess sedimentation as well as mollusc and pollen analyses of this loess. They revealed that the accumulation of Upper Younger Loess (UYL) might have been more dependent on the prevailing moisture conditions than previously thought. These conditions could have been caused by cold air masses from an ice sheet and warm air masses from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic coming together in the Carpathians and the Holy Cross Mountains and favouring the formation of dust storms and precipitation. In this process, a loading of loess dust (formed from local rocks weathering in periglacial conditions) by atmospheric moisture particles was especially significant. The moist substrate not only favoured the periodic development of vegetation and molluscs but also enabled the interception of dust and the accumulation of an increasingly thick loess cover. Westerly and south-westerly winds predominated in the UYL as indicated by the topographic position of loess patches and the mineral composition of the studied loess. Periodically an increased air circulation from the east and northeast occurred.

3

Origin of fine-grained clastic sediments in caves of the Hoher Göll massif (the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Kicińska Ditta

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2021

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Vol. 91, No. 4

363--373

EN

The Hoher Göll Massif is situated 20 km south of Salzburg and belongs to the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria). It is a ridge ca. 11 km long and 3 km wide with the highest summit Hoher Göll (2522 m a.s.l.), encircled by deeply incised valleys with bottoms ca. 2,000 m below it. Cave clastic deposits were studied in the Hochschartehöhlensystem, Dämchenhöhle and Hintere caves. The caves belong to the Giant Cave Level, with the exception of part of the Hochschartehöhlensystem, that is Der Sprechender Steine Cave, the highest parts of which belong to the Ruin Cave Level. The sources of the cave sediments have been identified from the composition of the heavy fractions. Preliminary studies of the Hoher Göll caves reveal that the cave fills were derived from the Oligocene to earliest Miocene Augenstein Formation, the deposits of the Palaeo-Inn River and the siliciclastic basal strata of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The clastic material deposited as the Augenstein Formation was transported from southern parts of the Eastern Alps and by the Palaeo-Inn river from their western part. According to heavy minerals, the sources of the clastic material were on the Palaeozoic terrains, the post-Palaeozoic sequence, and the Middle Austroalpine Unit. Later, during or after the mountain uplift, weathered materials from the Augenstein and Palaeo-Inn deposits were eroded and transported from the surface into caves by allogenic streams. Some of the sediments were likely to have been transported later to the Giant Cave Level from the southern part of the Northern Calcareous Alps.

4

The Cyclops Mountains Massif (New Guinea, Indonesia) as the provenance area for metal-bearing shelf sediments from the Carolinian Sea

Zglinicki Karol, Szamałek Krzysztof

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 2

480--491

EN

In 2009, on the initiative of PT Halmahera Perkasa the “Jayapura” exploration project was carried out in Indonesia. As part of this project, exploration of the sea bottom in the northern coast of New Guinea was carried out over a distance of ~45 km. The suction dredge collected 59 samples of loose sediments from the shelf bottom surface of the Carolinian Sea (to a depth of 60 m below the sea-floor). The extracted samples are usually poorly and moderately sorted sands (5 samples), medium-grained sands (21 samples), and fine-grained sands (33 samples). The sand composition shows, among others, a wide spectrum of heavy minerals of ultra-mafic (Cr-garnet, chromium spinel, Mg-olivine) and metamorphic (epidote, clinochlore, amphibole, titanite) origin. The content of heavy minerals in the sediments is up to 54.77 wt.%. It was found that the source of heavy fraction in the eastern and western parts of the coast is the rock of the ophiolite series building the Cyclops Mountains Massif. The mineral composition of sediments from the central coastal zone corresponds to the types of rocks building the metamorphic core of the Cyclops Mountains (amphibolite, gneisses, andesite). Three mineral-geochemical subprovinces were determined on the basis of analyses of heavy mineral decomposition and chemical analyses of sediments. Shelf sediment from the eastern part of the coast is characterized by an increased content of strategic metals (Ni up to 3560, W up to 3130 and Co up to 142 ppm). In the central zone, the V content increases up to 244 ppm and the Ag content up to 5 ppm. In the shelf sediments there is a strong depletion in the REE.

5

Paleocene and Eocene deposits on the eastern margin of the Gulf of Gdańsk (Yantarny P-1 borehole, Kaliningrad region, Russia)

Kasiński Jacek Robert, Kramarska Regina, Słodkowska Barbara, Sivkov Vadim, Piwocki Marcin

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

29--53

EN

Lithological and palynological studies of Paleogene siliciclastic deposits from the Yantarny P-1 borehole located on the western coast of the Sambian Peninsula (Kaliningrad region, Russia) show that the succession is characterized by numerous sedimentary discontinuities related to lithification horizons and erosional surfaces. Sedimentary gaps are emphasised by hardgrounds. Palynological data suggest the Selandian-Priabonian age of the succession and indicate a number of significant stratigraphic gaps. An important change in heavy mineral composition is recognized between the Paleocene and Eocene deposits in the area studied. A significant number of reworked Cretaceous microfossils is observed in the Selandian part of the succession studied.

6

Badanie wpływu zawartości minerałów ciężkich na naturalną promieniotwórczość skał miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Zagórska Urszula, Sikora Aleksandra, Łykowska Grażyna

Nafta-Gaz

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2019

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R. 75, nr 2

77--82

PL

W skałach miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego zauważono zjawisko zawyżania pomiarów promieniotwórczości naturalnej rejestrowanych w otworze wiertniczym dla mułowców. To zjawisko powoduje problemy w rozróżnianiu na podstawie profilowania naturalnej promieniotwórczości tych skał od iłowców, które charakteryzują się gorszymi parametrami petrofizycznymi. W niniejszej pracy badano kolejne możliwe źródło podwyższonej radioaktywności skał mułowcowych, to jest zawartość minerałów ciężkich, które wykazują tendencję do gromadzenia pierwiastków promieniotwórczych – uranu i toru. Minerały ciężkie, należące do grupy minerałów akcesorycznych, takie jak cyrkon, apatyt, monacyt, rutyl, granat i tytanit, charakteryzują się podwyższoną promieniotwórczością ze względu na podstawienia w sieci krystalicznej U i Th. Na testowych próbkach wykonano pomiar naturalnej promieniotwórczości metodą spektrometrii gamma, przy wykorzystaniu aparatu RT-50 firmy Georadis. Następnie z próbek skał wydzielono minerały ciężkie, przy użyciu cieczy ciężkiej, uprzednio rozdzielając próbki na frakcje ziarnowe, w celu ułatwienia separacji frakcji ciężkiej. Poszczególne frakcje ziarnowe pozbawione minerałów ciężkich złączono z powrotem i wykonano ponowny pomiar zawartości uranu, toru i potasu. Wykonano także obserwacje mikroskopowe w celu jakościowej analizy składu mineralogicznego wydzielonej frakcji ciężkiej. W badanych próbkach zidentyfikowano między innymi ziarna cyrkonu, turmalinu, granatu, rutylu, apatytu, chlorytu czy tytanitu. Przeprowadzone wyniki pomiarów naturalnej promieniotwórczości, przed i po wydzieleniu minerałów ciężkich, nie dają jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na postawiony problem zawyżonych wskazań sondy gamma. Konieczne jest zwiększenie ilości analizowanych próbek. Zaobserwowano trend spadku ilości U i Th w próbkach, z których wydzielono frakcję ciężką. Jednak zmiany promieniotwórczości są na tyle niewielkie, że nie pozwalają na wyciągnięcie ostatecznych wniosków. Dodatkowe analizy są potrzebne, aby ocenić wpływ pozostałych źródeł uranu i toru w badanych skałach, takie jak zawartość materii organicznej czy udział toru we frakcji ilastej.

EN

In the Miocene rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep, the occurrence of overestimating the measurements of natural radioactivity logs for mudstones was noticed. This phenomenon causes problems with recognition on the basis of natural radioactivity profiling of these rocks from claystones, characterized by inferior petrophysical parameters. In this study, another possible source of increased radioactivity of mudstone rocks, i.e. the content of heavy minerals that tend to accumulate radioactive elements - uranium and thorium - was investigated. Heavy minerals, belonging to the accessory minerals, such as zircon, apatite, monazite, rutile, garnet and titanite, are characterized by increased radioactivity due to substitutions of U and Th in the crystal lattice. Natural radioactivity of the test samples was measured using the gamma spectrometry method with the RT-50 device from the Georadis company. The heavy minerals were then removed from the rock samples using a heavy liquid, previously separating the samples into grain fractions to facilitate the separation of the heavy fraction. The individual grain fractions deprived of heavy minerals were put back together and the uranium, thorium (and potassium) content was remeasured. Microscopic observations were also made to qualitatively analyze the mineralogical structure of the separated heavy fraction. In the tested samples, among others: zircon, tourmaline, garnet, rutile, apatite, chlorite or titanite grains were identified. The results of the measurements of natural radioactivity, before and after the separation of heavy minerals, do not give a clear answer to the problem of excessive indications of the gamma logs. It is necessary to increase the number of analyzed samples. The trend of decreasing amounts of U and Th in the samples from which the heavy fraction was isolated was observed. However, changes in radioactivity are so small that they do not allow to draw final conclusions. Additional analyzes are needed to assess the impact of other sources of uranium and thorium in analyzed rocks, such as the content of organic matter or Th content in clays.

7

Hazardous radioactivity levels and heavy mineral concentrations in beach sediments of Lake Peipsi, northeastern Estonia

Järvelill J.-I., Koch R., Raukas A., Vaasma T.

Geologos

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2018

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Vol. 24, No. 1

1--12

EN

The present study discusses results of heavy mineral analyses and radioactivity of beach sediments of Lake Peipsi. Such analyses are commonly done globally, but had not yet been conducted for the fourth largest lake in Europe. The average heavy mineral content in Lake Peipsi beach sediments along the northern and western coast is higher than usual for Estonian coastal and Quaternary sediments. Concomitantly, elevated radioactivity levels have been measured in several places, with the highest concentrations observed at Alajõe (1885.5 Bq/kg), which is over five times more than the recommended limit. The aim of the present study is to find sites with higher radioactivity levels, because the northern coast of Lake Peipsi is a well-known recreational area.

8

Evolution of Early Pleistocene fluvial systems in central Poland prior to the first ice sheet advance – a case study from the Bełchatów lignite mine

Goździk J., Zieliński T.

Geologos

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2017

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Vol. 23, No. 2

89--107

EN

Deposits formed between the Neogene/Pleistocene transition and into the Early Pleistocene have been studied, mainly on the basis of drillings and at rare, small outcrops in the lowland part of Polish territory. At the Bełchatów lignite mine (Kleszczów Graben, central Poland), one of the largest opencast pits in Europe, strata of this age have long been exposed in extensive outcrops. The present paper is based on our field studies and laboratory analyses, as well as on research data presented by other authors. For that reason, it can be seen as an overview of current knowledge of lowermost Pleistocene deposits at Bełchatów, where exploitation of the Quaternary overburden has just been completed. The results of cartographic work, sedimentological, mineralogical and palynological analyses as well as assessment of sand grain morphology have been considered. All of these studies have allowed the distinction of three Lower Pleistocene series, i.e., the Łękińsko, Faustynów and Krzaki series. These were laid down in fluvial environments between the end of the Pliocene up to the advance of the first Scandinavian ice sheet on central Poland. The following environmental features have been interpreted: phases of river incision and aggradation, changes of river channel patterns, source sediments for alluvia, rates of aeolian supply to rivers and roles of fluvial systems in morphological and geological development of the area. The two older series studied, i.e., Łękińsko and Faustynów, share common characteristics. They were formed by sinuous rivers in boreal forest and open forest environments. The Neogene substratum was the source of the alluvium. The younger series (Krzaki) formed mainly in a braided river setting, under conditions of progressive climatic cooling. Over time, a gradual increase of aeolian supply to the fluvial system can be noted; initially, silt and sand were laid down, followed by sand only during cold desert conditions. These fluvio-periglacial conditions are identified in the foreground of the advance of the oldest ice sheet into this part of central Poland. The series studied have been compared with other fluvial successions which accumulated in the Kleszczów Graben during subsequent glaciations so as to document general changes in fluvial systems as reactions to climatic evolution. Thus, a palaeoenvironmental scenario has emerged which could be considered to be characteristic of central Poland during the Early Pleistocene.

9

Evolution of the Bystrej Valley caves (Tatra Mts, Poland) based on corrosive forms, clastic deposits and U-series speleothem dating

Kicińska D., Hercman H., Najdek K.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2017

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Vol. 87, No. 1

101--119

EN

The origin and age of cave deposits, as well as palaeogeographical changes in the Bystrej catchment during the last ca. 250 ka, were reconstructed in Magurska, Kasprowa Niżnia, Goryczkowa, Kalacka and Bystrej caves (the Bystrej Valley). The reconstruction is based on the study of corrosive forms, heavy mineral analyses and U-series dating of speleothems. Two generations of palaeoflows were distinguished by observations of scallops and heavy mineral analyses. In the older stage, now abandoned caves drained massifs surrounding the Bystrej Valley and part of an adjacent valley. The direction of palaeoflow changed as a result of the water capture after Kasprowa Niżnia Cave came into being. In the later stages, the evolution of cave systems was controlled by glaciation-deglaciation cycles. Probably at this time, some caves located in the lowest parts of the massifs also started to be formed. U-series speleothem dating allows the determination of five phases of speleothem deposition: ca. 220–150 ka, ca. 135–105 ka, ca. 95–70 ka, ca. 40–23 ka and during the Holocene.

10

Zastosowanie analizy minerałów ciężkich w geologii naftowej

Jonkis U.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 209 wyd. konferencyjne

625--628

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono sposoby wykorzystania minerałów ciężkich w geologii naftowej oraz zaprezentowano metody wydzielania minerałów ciężkich, kluczowe dla wykonania końcowej analizy. Zaprezentowano również wewnętrzną procedurę wydzielania minerałów ciężkich opracowaną w Zakładzie Geofizyki Wiertniczej INiG – PIB, która jest dostosowana do niewielkich próbek (< 1 kg, < 0,5 kg) rdzeni wiertniczych. Opracowana metodyka została z powodzeniem wykorzystana do uzyskania frakcji ciężkiej z próbek piaskowców i będzie wykorzystana do analizy proweniencji materiału detrytycznego tych skał.

EN

This paper presents application of heavy minerals analysis in petroleum geology and methods of separation of heavy minerals that are crucial for the final analysis. An in-house procedure for separation of heavy minerals developed at the Well Logging Department of Oil and Gas Institute – NRI was presented. The procedure was adapted to small samples (< 1 kg, < 0.5 kg) of drill cores. The developed methodology was successfully used to obtain a heavy fraction of the sandstones samples. Separated minerals will be used to analyse the provenance of detrital material of these rocks.

11

Rare earth elements pilot studies of the baltic marine sands enriched in heavy minerals

Mikulski S. Z., Kramarska R., Zieliński G.

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2016

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T. 32, z. 4

5--27

EN

The carried out pilot work on the concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in the Baltic marine sands from the Odra and Słupsk Banks showed that in some places their accumulations are quite interesting in terms of the placer deposits and may be the subject of an interesting prospecting project. The results of ICP-MS and electron microprobe (CAMECA SX-100) investigation confirm the close relationship of REE concentration to heavy minerals content in the sediments of marine sands. It is indicated, in addition to monazite, as a primary mineral carrier of rare earth elements. The vast preponderance of light REE is noted in the samples of heavy mineral concentrates from the Odra and Słupsk Banks as well as in the beach sand sample from the Hel Peninsula. The highest concentrations are achieved mainly by cerium and almost two times less by lanthanum. The total REE in the most interesting considered samples range from c.a. 0.14% (trench on the beach) to 0.9% (heavy minerals concentrate from the Odra Bank). The high contents of REE are accompanied by a high concentration of Th (900–150 ppm). Neodymium (0.1–0.17% Nd), whose presence is associated with the presence of pyrochlore and Nb-rutile also appears in the heavy minerals concentrate samples. It is necessary to systematically identify heavy minerals resources in the Baltic sands. More detailed research should cover the prospective areas situated to the North-East from the documented placer fields of the Odra Bank, as well as tentatively identified areas of the Słupsk Bank and submarine paleo-slope of the Hel Peninsula.

PL

Przeprowadzono pilotażowe prace nad koncentracją REE w piaskach bałtyckich za pomocą metodyki ICP-MS oraz mikrosondy elektronicznej (CAMECA SX-100). Analizy chemiczne składu jakościowego i ilościowego pierwiastków ziem rzadkich w próbkach piasków z koncentratów minerałów ciężkich z Ławicy Odrzanej oraz z Ławicy Słupskiej jak również z wkopu na plaży na Półwyspie Helskim (16,6 km plaży wybrzeża) osiągają zawartości REE, które mogą być interesujące pod względem surowcowym. Wyniki oznaczeń potwierdzają zależność koncentracji REE od procentowej zawartości minerałów ciężkich w osadach piasków morskich. Wskazują ponadto na monacyt jako główny wśród minerałów nośnik REE. W zbadanych próbkach koncentratów minerałów ciężkich oraz w próbce z Półwyspu Helskiego jest zdecydowana przewaga LREE. Najwyższe koncentracje osiąga głównie cer, a prawie dwukrotnie niższe lantan. Suma REE w wyżej wymienionych najciekawszych pod względem zawartości REE próbkach mieści się w zakresie od około 0,14% (wkop na plaży) do około 0,9% (koncentrat z Ławicy Odrzanej). Wysokiej koncentracji REE towarzyszy wysoka zawartość Th (900–150 ppm). W próbkach koncentratu minerałów ciężkich pojawia się również neodym (0,1–0,17% Nd), którego obecność jest związana z pojawianiem się pirochloru oraz Nb-rutylu. Konieczne jest systematyczne rozpoznanie zasobów minerałów ciężkich w piaskach bałtyckich. Dokładniejszymi badaniami powinny być objęte obszary perspektywiczne położone na północny wschód od pól złożowych objętych dokumentacją zasobową „Ławica Odrzana”, wstępnie rozpoznane obszary na Ławicy Słupskiej oraz podwodny skłon (paleo-mierzeja) Półwyspu Helskiego.

12

Heavy minerals from sedimentary rocks of the Malcov Formation and their palaeogeographic implications for evolution of the Magura Basin (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) during the Late Eocene–Late Oligocene

Bónová K., Bóna J., Kováčik M., Laurinc D.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 3

675--694

EN

Detrital heavy minerals separated from the Malcov Fm. deposits (Magura Nappe) indicate their source rocks and areas. The heavy mineral assemblages predominantly consist of garnet, zircon, tourmaline, rutile and Cr-spinel. EPMA analyses reveal a few groups of garnets: zoned and unzoned Grs almandines, Prp-Sps almandines, unzoned Prp almandines, almandines, Sps almandines and rare zoned spessartine grains (~85 mol% Sps). The garnet composition indicates that gneisses, mica schists, amphibolites and granites were their main source rocks, but low-grade metapelites with Mn mineralisation probably contributed as well. The detrital dravitic tourmalines were mostly derived from paragneisses and mica schists. Cr-spinel indicates a volcanic source. Based on heavy mineral assemblages, coupled with palaeoflow analysis, we conclude that the Marmarosh Massif and Fore-Marmarosh Suture are the most probable source areas. Aditionally, the Malcov sedimentary basin was supplied by material from the crystalline complexes of the Tisza Mega-Unit and Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). The bulk of the clastic deposits comprise classical turbidites. These lithofacies were deposited from either turbidity currents or from concentrated density flows. The palaeoflow record is varied and highlights the contribution of sedimentary material from several directions and/or diversion of gravity currents from the main flow direction (SE–NW). The marginal parts of the Malcov sub-basins were formed of deformed and uplifted older formations of surrounding units of the Magura Nappe and PKB (submerged ridges). Older (Late Cretaceous to Eocene) flysch sediments may have been redeposited from these ridges to neighbouring sub-basins in a transverse direction (NE–SW).

13

Factors controlling sedimentation in the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley during the Pomeranian phase of the Weichselian glaciation: an overview

Pisarska-Jamroży M.

Geologos

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2015

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Vol. 21, No. 1

1--29

EN

During the Pleistocene the Scandinavian ice sheet drained huge quantities of sediment-laden meltwaters. These meltwaters supplied ice-marginal valleys that formed parallel to the front of the ice sheet. Not without significance was the supply of ice-marginal valleys from extraglacial rivers in the south. Moreover, periglacial conditions during and after sedimentation in ice-marginal valleys, the morphology of valley bedrocks, and erosion of older sediments played important roles in the depositional scenarios, and in the mineralogical composition of the sediments. The mechanisms that controlled the supply and deposition in ice-marginal valleys were analysed on the basis of a Pleistocene ice-marginal valley that was supplied by northern and southern source areas in the immediate vicinity. Investigations were conducted in one of the largest ice-marginal valleys of the Polish-German lowlands, i.e., the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley, in sandurs (Drawa and Gwda) supplied sediments and waters from the north into this valley, and on extraglacial river terraces (pre-Noteć and pre-Warta rivers), formed simultaneously with the sandurs and ice-marginal valley (Pomeranian phase of Weichselian glaciation) supplied sediments and waters from the south into this valley. A much debated question is how similar, or different, depositional processes and sediments were that contributed to the formation of the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley, and whether or not it is possible to differentiate mostly rapidly aggraded sandur sediments from ice-marginal valley sediments. Another question addresses the contribution of extraglacial feeding of the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley. These matters were addressed by a wide range of analyses: sediment texture and structure, architectural elements of sediments, frequency of sedimentary successions, heavy-mineral analysis (both transparent and opaque heavy minerals), analysis of rounding and frosting of quartz grains, and palaeohydrological calculations. Additionally, a statistical analysis was used. The specific depositional conditions of distribution of sediments in ice-marginal valley allow to distinguish new environment of ice-marginal valley braided river. The spectrum of depositional conditions in the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley and their specific palaeohydraulic parameters allow to distinguish three coexisting zones in the ice-marginal valley braided-river system: (1) deep gravel-bed braided channel zone with extensive scours, (2) deep sand-bed braided channel zone with transverse bars, and (3) marginal sand-bed and gravel-bed braided channel zone with diamicton and breccia deposition, which were characterised in detail. Some of the results have been published previously, which is why they are discussed in the present paper within the context of new data.

14

The sedimentary environment of Devonian siliciclastics in the Babí lom locality (Brunovistulian Platform cover, Southern Moravia, Czech Republic)

Wojewoda J., Nehyba S., Gilíkova H., Burianek D

Geological Quarterly

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2015

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Vol. 59, No. 1

229--238

EN

Sandstones and conglomerates, which northwards of Brno agglomeration build a hill (ridge) named Babí lom are strongly diagenezed (anchi-metamorphozed) and tectonically deformed. Their regional distribution and stratigraphic position between the Cambrian(?) clastics and Upper Devonian limestones, as well as their appearance meant that they age is considering as Middle Devonian. They are distinguished as the so-called „Basal Devonian Clastics“. Almost all primary sedimentary features are well preserved and distinct. In the metasediments of the Babí lom hill were distinguished both the facies and structures typical of alluvial fans and rivers. Among others they are channel lags with imbricated grains, cross beddings and debrites. Within sedimentary association was established the way-up direction what clearly evidences a coarsening upwards sequence. Assuming the lack of rotation of series of sediments in the X-Y plane, the palaeotrasport was toward the north while major supply with material was from the east.

15

Minerały ciężkie w profilu utworów miocenu w otworze wiertniczym Kazimierza Wielka (Donosy) PIG-1 (północny skraj zapadliska przedkarpackiego)

Kramarska R.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 461

53--59

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań uziarnienia i składu minerałów ciężkich w sześciu próbkach utworów środkowego miocenu (formacja z Machowa) z otworu wiertniczego Kazimierza Wielka (Donosy) PIG-1. Wyróżniona asocjacja granatów z cyrkonem, turmalinem, staurolitem i biotytem wskazuje na flisz karpacki jako najbardziej prawdopodobne źródło pochodzenia minerałów detrytycznych badanej formacji.

EN

The paper presents the results of grain size and mineral content studies of six samples taken from Middle Miocene deposits (Machów Formation) in the Kazimierza Wielka (Donosy) PIG-1 borehole. The distinguished garnet association with zirconium, tourmaline, staurolite, and biotite suggests the Carpathian Flysch Belt as the most possible source area of the detrital minerals in the formation.

16

Selective agglutination of tourmaline grains by foraminifera in deep-water flysch environment (Eocene Hieroglyphic beds, Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians)

Waśkowska A.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 2

337--352

EN

Detrital fragments of automorphic tourmaline crystals are commonly incorporated in tests of simple agglutinated foraminifera that lived in the deep-marine Carpathian turbidite basin, in which deposition of the Hieroglyphic beds (Eocene) took place. Such grains were observed in the tests of 37 taxa representing 20 species. However tourmaline occurs in the Carpathian Flysch sediments as an accessory mineral, still it was selected by the foraminifera as the only heavy mineral to be incorporated in their tests. The proportion of tourmaline-bearing specimens in an assemblage usually amounts to a few percent, but may reach 29% in extreme cases. The particular preference for tourmaline segregation and incorporation in the test walls is shown by the following genera: Psammosiphonella, Reophax, Bathysiphon and Nothia.

17

Charakterystyka jakościowo-ilościowa czarnych osadów z przedpola eksploatacji kopalni Osiecznica (Dolny Śląsk)

Muszer A.

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2013

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R. 54, nr 5-6

233--239

PL

W pracy scharakteryzowano czarny osad obecny w złożu wysoko wysortowanych piasków szklarskich z Osiecznicy. Czarny osad występujący na przedpolu eksploatacji w kopalni Osiecznica jest ekwiwalentem piasków szklarskich. W badanych koncentratach występują głównie tlenki tytanu (rutyl, anataz), cyrkon, śladowe ilości magnetytu z hematytem, tlenki i wodorotlenki manganu (psylomelan, piroluzyt) oraz materiał organiczny. Zawartość minerałów ciężkich w czarnym osadzie wynosi 2,87 % obj. Piaski szklarskie są silnie zanieczyszczone materią organiczną. Barwa czarna (brunatno-czarna) związana jest z obecności w szczelinach i pęknięciach w ziarnach kwarcu związków żelaza (hematytu), manganu (psylomelan, piroluzyt) oraz materiału organicznego.

EN

The composition of the black sediment from the glass sand in Osiecznica (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) was described. The Black sediment that occurs in the foreland of the mine operation is equivalent to Osiecznica glass sand. The studied concentrates consist mainly of titanium oxides (rutile, anatase), zirconium, small quantity of magnetite with hematite, manganese oxides and hydroxides (psylomelan, pyrolusite) and the organic material. The content of heavy minerals in the black sediment is 2.87% by volume. Glass sands are heavily contaminated with organic material. The black color (brownish-black) is related to the presence of perforation and cracks in the quartz of iron (hematite), manganese (psylomelan, pyrolusite) and organic material.

18

Heavy-mineral, mineral-chemical and zircon-age constraints on the provenance of Triassic sandstones from the Devon coast, southern Britain

Morton Andrew, Hounslow Mark W., Frei Dirk

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 1-2

67--85

EN

An integrated heavy-mineral, mineral-chemical and zircon-dating study of the Triassic succession exposed on the south Devon coast, in the western part of the Wessex Basin, indicates derivation from a combination of granitic and metasedimentary lithologies of ages of mostly over 550 Ma. These sources were probably located at a relatively proximal location near the southern margin of the basin. Derivation from more distal sources in the Armorican Massif or local Variscan sources to the west appears unlikely in view of the scarcity of Permo-Carboniferous (Variscan-age) zircons. The Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed Formation was derived from a different combination of source lithologies than the Otter Sandstone Formation, the former including staurolite-grade metasediments that were absent in the catchment area of the Otter Sandstone. The Devon coast succession has provenance characteristics that differ from equivalent sandstones further east in the Wessex Basin, and from sandstones in the East Irish Sea Basin to the north. These differences indicate that sediment supply patterns to the linked Triassic basin systems in southern Britain are complex, involving multiple distinct sub-catchment areas, and that heavy-mineral studies have considerable potential for unravelling these sub-catchment area sources.

19

Heavy minerals as a tool to reconstruct river activity during the Weichselian glaciation (Toruń Basin, Poland)

Weckwerth Piotr, Chabowski Marek

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 1-2

25--46

EN

The heavy-mineral composition of the Weichselian fluvial successions deposited by an ephemeral meandering river and by a sand-bed braided river in the Toruń Basin (central Poland) was analysed. On the basis of a lithofacies analysis, in combination with the composition of the heavy-mineral assemblages, the fluvial processes and river-channel morphology were reconstructed. This allows determining the provenance of the fluvial deposits and the rivers’ discharge regimes. A model is proposed which can explain the changes in the amount of individual minerals in the fluvial sediments of different ages under the conditions of the oscillating Scandinavian ice sheet. The model assumes that, during the ice-sheet advances, the proglacial streams supplied large amounts of heavy minerals that were less resistant to mechanical abrasion. During the main phase of the ice-sheet retreat, the distance between the ice sheet and the Toruń Basin increased, and the amount of non-resistant minerals diminished as a result of sediment reworking in proglacial rivers. Due to the unique location of the Toruń Basin at the front of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Weichselian glaciation, the heavy-mineral assemblages in the fluvial deposits form a valuable tool for the recognition of the ice-sheet extent.

20

Heavy and light minerals as a tool for reconstructing depositional environments: an example from the Jałówka site (northern Podlasie region, NE Poland)

Woronko Barbara, Rychel Joanna, Karasiewicz Mirosław T., Ber Andrzej, Krzywicki Tomasz, Marks Leszek, Pochocka-Szwarc Katarzyna

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 1-2

47--66

EN

Part of northern Podlasie (NE Poland), shaped during the Wartanian stadial of the Odranian glaciation (Saalian), was situated in the periglacial zone during the Vistulian (Weichselian) glaciation. Both landforms and sediments were affected by the periglacial conditions. This is recorded at the Jałówka site, at the floor of a dry valley, where mineral deposits of 4.13 m thick, overlying organic deposits from the Eemian interglacial, were examined. These mineral deposits form four units, from bottom to top: a fluvial unit (I), a loess-like unit (II), a solifluction unit (III), and an aeolian unit with ice wedges (IV) on top of unit III. The heavy and light minerals were analysed, as well as the geochemistry, in order to find out about the parent material and to reconstruct the climatic conditions during deposition. The mineral analysis indicates that the Saalian till was predominantly derived from shallow-marine deposits; erosion accompanied by sorting of the heavy minerals took place on the basis of their mass and grain size. The original material of the till seems therefore to be sedimentary rocks from the eastern Central Baltic Basin. This material became strongly weathered under the periglacial conditions, resulting in the destruction of the quartz grains, as well as in leaching, leading to complete decalcification of the deposits. Aeolian activity resulted in infilling of ice wedges and the creation of thin layers. The intensity and the duration of these processes was limited, so that the effects of the aeolian abrasion are insignificant. Neither resulted the aeolian activity in significant reshaping of the landscape.