Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

DOCOL 1100M welding in the construction of electric means of transport

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Gołombek Klaudiusz, Węgrzyn Tomasz, Łazarz Bogusław, Lukaszkowicz Krzysztof, Pereira Silva Abilio, Antczak-Jarząbska Romana

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

219--228

EN

Advanced high-strength steels are important for the automotive sector. Metal active gas (MAG) is the most popular method for joining grades of steel. The goal of the paper is to analyze the mechanical properties of the MAG welding joint made of high-strength DOCOL 1100M intended for the construction of electric vehicles. The manuscript shows a basic understanding of the properties of DOCOL joints. This type of material is characterized by a martensitic microstructure, which makes it difficult to make a proper joint. The tensile strength, metallographic structure, and type of non-metallic inclusions were analyzed as a function of the oxygen amount in the protective gas mixture. Investigations of oxide non-metallic inclusions were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. This article attempts to obtain high joint strength of the electric vehicle structure by controlling the average size of non-metallic inclusions in the weld, which is influenced by shielding gas in the MAG welding process. The solution has application potential for the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles.

2

Ocena wpływu fotopolimeryzacji na mikrotwardość kompozytów typu bulk-fill

Pieniak Daniel, Niewczas Agata M., Gil Leszek, Krzysiak Zbigniew

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 3

391--394

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrotwardości trzech powszechnie stosowanych kompozytów handlowych typu bulk-fill. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu fotopolimeryzacji próbek o grubości nominalnej 2 mm na wytrzymałość stykową powierzchni. Wytrzymałość stykową oceniano w testach mikrotwardości metodą Vickersa. Badano mikrotwardość na powierzchniach naświetlanej (LC) i nienaświetlanej (NLC) lampą stomatologiczną UV. W badaniach wykorzystano lampę z funkcją soft start. Próbki przed badaniem mikrotwardości kondycjonowano w sztucznej ślinie w temp. 36,7°C. Wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej. W przypadku jednego kompozytu B-F wykazano brak istotnych różnic mikrotwardości na powierzchni LC i NLC. Mikrotwardość kompozytów TPF i EU na powierzchni NLC była istotnie większa niż na LC. Ponadto różnica mikrotwardości powierzchni LC i NLC kompozytu EU była największa.

EN

Samples of 3 com. bulk-fill dental composites were tested for Vickers microhardness to det. the effect of photopolymn. of samples with a nominal thickness of 2 mm on the surface contact strength. Microhardness was tested on surfaces exposed (LC) and not exposed (NLC) to a UV dental lamp. Before testing the microhardness, the samples were conditioned in artificial saliva at 36.7°C. The research results were statistical analyzed. In 2 of 3 tested composites, significantly higher microhardness was found on the NLC surface than on the LC surface.

3

The high-hardness ceramic glazes based on basalt from Bali Province for ceramic body coatings

Sundari Komang Nelly, Subari, Birawidha David C, Prasetia Hendra, Mudra I Wayan, Hendronursito Yusup

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 3

art. no. 190121

EN

The ceramic glaze method is not only done to add color aesthetics but also to increase the hardness of the glaze. Basalt is one of the raw materials developed as a ceramic glaze material because it is cheap, easy to find, and has good characteristics. This research aims to determine glaze characteristics by varying the concentration of basalt rocks from the Ababi area, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. The experiment used basalt at 45%-61%, Feldspar 27%-37%, Kaolin 3%-8%, and ZnO 7%-10% as raw materials for glaze, not frit glaze. Heating the glaze material layer at 1,250 °C for 3 hrs. The product characteristics of glaze ceramics include chemical composition, crystal phase, microhardness, porosity, density, thermal expansion coefficient, and surface morphology. Basalt from Bali is characterized by its high Fe2O3 content, reaching 20.07 wt%. Compared to basalt in generally, it has a different impact on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the ceramic glaze produced. Based on the observation of ceramic glaze products, the glaze composition with 56% basalt, 32% feldspar, 5% kaolin, and 7% ZnO showed the best coating, with a yellowish-brown color and an average thickness of 79.82μm. The hardness value of the glaze layer is 6.5 GPa, exceeding the standard hardness value of glazes on the market. Glazed ceramics contain the minerals Gahnite (ZnAl2O4) and Coesite (SiO2), which can increase the hardness of the glaze. This research demonstrates the tremendous potential and added value of using basalt from Bali Province as a raw material for glazed ceramics.

4

Mechanical behaviour and failure mechanism of resistance spot welded aluminium and copper joint used in the lightweight structures

Fakhri Marwah Sabah, Al-Mukhtar Ahmed, Mahmood Ibtihal A.

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 2

art. no. 2024207

EN

Recently, dissimilar metals have found applications in the process of resistance spot welding (RSW), particularly within the electric vehicle industry. Notably, copper and aluminum have gained significant importance in these sectors due to their advantageous characteristics for the industry requirements. The mechanical behavior of these materials is essential to maintaining structural integrity. The study aims to estimate the mechanical behavior of dissimilar RSW joints and optimize welding parameters for Cu-Al joints. Hence, understanding the joining processes in the electric vehicle industry to design reliable components. Combining different types of materials, such as T2-grade commercially pure copper sheets and aluminum AA1050 with the same thickness of 1 mm has been welded. The determination of optimal welding conditions takes into account material thicknesses and types. Through tensile-shear testing, welding parameters that yield maximal joint strength were identified. Using Minitab 19 software, the Taguchi method helped achieve optimized welding parameters. The hardness, fracture characteristics, and weld strength have been investigated. Hardness measurements were conducted across the nugget thickness and surface, offering insights into potential failure modes. The welding process involves the transition to a liquid state for the aluminum components, resulting in the formation of intermetallic compounds. Consequently, crack initiation was observed within the aluminum segments, leading to a plug-out fracture mechanism. In contrast, copper exhibits superior strength and hardness compared to aluminum, where increased hardness correlates with heightened strength. The discrepancy in hardness, especially the lower values observed on the aluminum side, caused fractures to appear within the heat affected zone (HAZ). Subsequently, this fracture propagated until pull-out failure was realized. The study revealed that dissimilar joining of Cu and Al resulted in an ultimate tensile stress of 26 MPa, while similar joining of copper showcased a strength of 98 MPa. Additionally, the symmetric join in aluminum exhibited a strength of 93 MPa. The maximum tensile shear force is equal to 512 N at a maximum welding current of 14000 A. The pull-out failure mode occurs in the Cu-Al RSW joint. The maximum hardness was noted in the fusion zone (FZ). Relevant literature sources have supported and confirmed these outcomes.

5

The Effect of Work Hardening on the Structure and Hardness of Hadfield Steel

Bańkowski Damian, Młynarczyk Piotr, Depczyński Wojciech P., Bolanowski Kazimierz

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

14--20

EN

The article aims to characterize Hadfield steel by analyzing its chemical composition, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The study focused on the twinning-induced work hardening of the alloy, which led to an increase in its hardness. The experimental data show that the material hardness at the surface improved considerably after solution heat treatment and work hardening, reaching more than 750 HV. By contrast, the hardness of the material core in the supersaturated condition was about 225 HV. The chemical and phase compositions of the material at the surface were compared with those of the core. The microstructural analysis of the steel revealed characteristic decarburization of the surface layer after solution heat treatment. The article also describes the effects of heat treatment on the properties and microstructure of Hadfield steel. The volumetric (qualitative) analysis of the computed tomography (CT) data of Hadfield steel subjected to heavy dynamic loading helped detect internal flaws, assess the material quality, and potentially prevent the structural failure or damage of the element tested.

6

The Influence of the Hot Working Tool Steel Substrate Material on the Element Distribution, Microstructure and Hardness of Gas Metal Arc Welding Hardfaced Layers

Lachowicz Marzena M., Sokołowski Paweł, Kaszuba Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 1

320--333

EN

The paper presents the results of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) hardfacing testing performed on three grades of hot working tool steels, namely: 55NiCrMoV7, X37CrMoV5-1 and modified X38CrMoV5-3 grade. Metallographic investigations, mainly microstructural ones, were carried out and hardness profiles were analyzed. The chemical composition was investigated in each individual layer of the hardfaced deposits and the substrate material, in order to obtain a profile representation. The obtained results of profilometric evaluation of the chemical composition showed clear differences in the content of basic and alloying elements in the subsequent weld layers. The diversity of the chemical composition of the substrate material caused that the uniform chemical composition for all tested materials was achieved only in the third, upper weld layer. Despite the variable content of alloying elements and carbon, as well as slight differences in microstructure occurring for individual weld layers, a substantially stable and high hardness was maintained over the entire cross-section of the obtained hardfaced coatings. In the area of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), a decrease in hardness was observed, which is associated with the decomposition of the high-temperature tempered martensite and the spheroidization of the microstructure.

7

Modification of Microstructure and Surface Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by MoSi2 Particles Using Micro-Arc Oxidation Process

Kadhim Nawar Fahem, Haleem Ali Hubi, Awad Samir Hamid

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 2

374--384

EN

As an effective surface modification technique, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is now widely used to improve the hardness and wear resistance of Ti and its alloys by low-cost and thick ceramic coatings. In this study, MoSi2 – modified ceramic coatings were deposited on Ti–6Al–4V alloy (340 HV) by MAO using an aqueous solution of (Na2SiO3),(NaPO3)6 and (NaOH) and MoSi2 particles. MoSi2 particles (3, 5, and 7 g/l) from wastes of furnaces electrodes were introduced into the electrolyte to improve the microstructure and surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical tests (microhardness and wear) were used to identify the coating properties, morphologies, and phases. The findings showed that the addition of (5g/l) MoSi2 increased the thickness and hardness of MAO coatings from (19.08µm) and (910 HV) to (33.12µm) and (1260 HV), respectively. Also, the wear resistance by means of weight losses of uncoated alloys enhanced by (68 %) and (100%) after MAO and (5g/l) MoSi2 modified-MAO coatings, respectively. Results of this work will promote future works in using of industrial wastes in surface engineering of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by MAO technique for wear resistance applications.

8

Influence of Groove shape on the Mechanical Properties of Welded Commercial Steel

Elfallah Saleh

Welding Technology Review

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2023

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R. 95

49--56

EN

Manufacturers always seek for quality and effective welding to stay competitive in the market. There is a continuous demand for a quick and efficient manufacturing set ups for new products. GMAW is among the welding processes that is wieldy used in the industry. Welding factors such as welding voltage, welding current, gas flow rate, filler wire size and welding speed play a significant role in determining the welding quality. Taguchi design uses optimization technique for the process of experimentation as an effort to improve productivity and enhance product quality. This study discusses the welding of commercial steel welded using GMAW. The welding was controlled by welding current, welding speed and groove shape to test their influence on the welding strength, tensile strength and hardness. X groove shape welding has obtained lower tensile strength and hardness than V groove shape as did higher welding current and lower welding speed. The results concluded that welding current welding had the highest influence on tensile strength and hardness of the welding, followed by groove shape, while the welding speed had the minimum influence. The optimized combination of welding factors is 170 A, V groove shape and 150 mm/min.

9

The effect of the austenitisation temperature for the two-stage heat treatment of high-manganese steels on its wear resistance under abrasive conditions

Dziubek Mateusz, Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata, Grygier Dominika

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 3

19--29

EN

Fine-grained high-manganese X120Mn12 grade steel was subjected to a two-stage heat treatment consisting of long-term isothermal annealing at 510°C, which was followed by resaturation in order to reduce the negative effect of the brittle carbide carbides of manganese cementite (Fe,Mn)3 C. The objective of the experiment was to elucidate the effects of distinct stages of heat treatment on the properties of high manganese steel with regard to its resistance to abrasive wear. Supersaturation was performed for eleven different variations of temperature values ranging from 600°C to 1100°C to verify its effect on the resistance to abrasion wearunder abrasion conditions. An increase in the supersaturation temperature results in the gradual coagulation and disintegration of the colonies of pearlite and needle-like carbides (Fe,Mn)3 C formed during isothermal annealing. At the same time, as a result of the PSN (particle stimulated nucleation) process, the microstructure of austenite undergoes partial refinement, which ultimately increases the resistance to abrasive wear. As a result of the final microstructural changes resulted in an increase in the resistance to abrasion of approximately 6% compared to the initial state.

PL

Drobnoziarnistą stal wysokomanganową gatunku X120Mn12 poddano dwustopniowej obróbce cieplnej złożonej z długoterminowego izotermicznego wygrzewania w temperaturze 510°C, a następnie ponownemu przesycaniu w celu zredukowania negatywnego wpływu kruchych wydzieleń węglików cementytu manganowego (Fe,Mn)3 C. Eksperyment miał na celu poznanie wpływu poszczególnych etapów obróbki cieplnej na właściwości stali wysokomanganowej w kontekście odporności na zużycie ścierne. Etap przesycania zrealizowano dla jedenastu różnych wariantów wartości temperatury z zakresu od 600°C do 1100°C w celu zweryfikowania jej wpływu na odporność na zużycie ścierne. Wzrost temperatury przesycania skutkuje stopniową koagulacją oraz rozpadem powstałych w trakcie wyżarzania izotermicznego kolonii perlitu oraz iglastych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C. Jednocześnie w wyniku procesu PSN (ang. particles stimulated nucleation) mikrostruktura austenitu ulega częściowemu rozdrobnieniu, co finalnie wpływa na wzrost odporności na zużycie ścierne. W wyniku końcowych zmian mikrostrukturalnych uzyskano wzrost odporności na ścieranie o około 6% w porównaniu do stanu wyjściowego dla wariantu obróbki cieplnej złożonego z etapu długoterminowego izotermicznego wyżarzania w temperaturze 510°C oraz następującego po nim przesycania w temperaturze 750°C. Wzrost odporności wywołany został wydzieleniem globularnych węglików (Fe,Mn)3 C oraz powstaniem nowych ziaren austenitu.

10

The influence of carbide reinforcement on the properties of sintered aluminium alloy matrix composites

Szewczyk-Nykiel Aneta

Technical Transactions

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2023

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Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023005

EN

Based on the commercial aluminium alloy powder blend (Alumix 431D) metal matrix composites reinforced with particles of SiC as well as TiC were produced by conventional powder metallurgy technology and the effect of the type and amounts of reinforced particles on the selected properties and microstructure of sintered composites were investigated. In particular, the densification behaviour, the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution were identified. It was stated that both the type and the weight fraction of carbide used as particulate reinforcement have a great impact on the properties of aluminium alloy matrix composites. It was shown that the introduction of titanium carbide has a more favourable effect on the properties of sintered Alumix 431D matrix composites in comparison to silicon carbide and the optimum content of TiC in composite is 4 wt. % due to the highest hardness, wear resistance (wear rate of 2.865·10 ̄ ³ mm³/m) and simultaneously the best corrosion resistance (corrosion rate of 0.005 mm/year).

11

Method of experimental study of the force-deformation characteristics of the Belleville spring of the stop assembly of a direct-flow gate valve

Hasanov Ilman I., Guliyev Agali A., Tanriverdiyev Yusif A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 11

742--748

EN

The article presents research methods and appropriate equipment for conducting experiments, as well as the analysis of the results. Studies on the hardness of the microstructure, elastic deformation and parts and samples were carried out using hardness testers, microscopes PMT-3, MIM-8 and devices for measuring the “force-strain” characteristic. The results of the study wer used to establish the dependence of the elastic properties of Belleville springs on the heat treatment modes, while also determining the microstructure and layer depth using various research methods. Every work studying the elastic properties and measurement of the static compressive force of a spring at a given strain value has been studied theoretically. Depending on the operating conditions, disc springs can be installed singly or assembled into packages, forming an elastic element working under compression. The research materials will be used in the work to improve the tightness of straight-through valves and the durability of the shut-off assembly parts. The dependence of the spring compression force and its deformation on the geometrical parameters of the disc springs has been established. Comparison of experimental and theoretical dependences has been made. It has been established that the residual deformation of the Belleville spring after captivity has a negative effect on the tightness of the shut-off valve assembly. The influence of various technological processes and modes of thermal treatment of disc springs on their elastic properties has been studied. Practical recommendations for improving the technological process of thermal treatment of Belleville springs have been proposed. The tasks of further research and implementation of the obtained results have been determined. Search work has been carried out to improve the technology of hardening processing of parts of the shut-off unit (gate and seat) of direct-flow valves. The possibility of using accelerated nitrocarburizing in a triethanolamine medium with induction heating by high-frequency currents at a temperature range of 950°С for boriding and borochroming has been established. Samples were made from standard steel grades 40, 40Kh and 38Kh2MYuA, subjected to hardening by the considered methods, and a study was made of the hardness, depth and microstructure of the hardened layer. Research in this direction should be continued in order to study the tribological characteristics (friction coefficient and wear resistance) of hardened parts. Each operation of the spring manufacturing technology has been studied, and deviations that have a significant impact on the operation of the spring and the sealing of the shut-off valve assembly have been identified.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia metody badawcze i odpowiednie wyposażenie służące do przeprowadzania eksperymentów, a także analizę wyników. Badania przyprowadzono przy użyciu testerów twardości, mikroskopów PMT-3, MIM-8 oraz urządzeń do pomiaru charakterystyki “siła-odkształcenie”. Wyniki tych badań wykorzystano do ustalenia zależności właściwości elastycznych sprężyn Belleville od parametrów obróbki cieplnej, jednocześnie określając mikrostrukturę i głębokość warstwy za pomocą różnych metod badawczych. Każdy przypadek badania właściwości elastycznych i pomiaru statycznego siłowego odkształcenia sprężyny przy danej wartości odkształcenia był analizowany teoretycznie. W zależności od warunków pracy sprężyny tarczowe mogą być montowane pojedynczo lub w pakietach, tworząc element elastyczny podlegający ściskaniu. Materiały badawcze mogą zostać wykorzystane w pracach mających na celu poprawę szczelności zasuw oraz trwałości części zespołu zamykającego. Ustalono zależność między siłą kompresji sprężyny i jej odkształceniem a parametrami geometrycznymi sprężyn tarczowych. Dokonano porównania wyników eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych. Ustalono, że szczątkowe odkształcenie sprężyny Belleville po jej zamontowaniu ma negatywny wpływ na szczelność zespołu zaworu zamykającego. Zbadano wpływ różnych procesów technologicznych i trybów obróbki cieplnej sprężyn tarczowych na ich właściwości elastyczne. Zaproponowano praktyczne zalecenia w celu poprawy procesu technologicznego obróbki cieplnej sprężyn Belleville. Określono cele dalszych badań i sposób wdrożenia uzyskanych wyników. Przeprowadzono prace badawcze w celu poprawy technologii hartowania części zespołu zamykającego (zasuwy i gniazda) zasuw klinowych. Sprawdzono możliwość zastosowania przyspieszonego azotonawęglania w środowisku trietanoloaminy z indukcyjnym ogrzewaniem prądem o wysokiej częstotliwości w zakresie temperatury 950°C w procesie borowania i borochromowania. Wykonano próbki ze standardowych gatunków stali 40, 40Kh i 38Kh2MYuA, które poddano hartowaniu przy rozważanych metodach, przeprowadzono badanie twardości, głębokości i mikrostruktury warstwy hartowanej. Badania w tym kierunku powinny być kontynuowane w celu zbadania charakterystyk tribologicznych (współczynnika tarcia i odporności na zużycie) hartowanych części. Przeanalizowano każdą fazę technologii produkcji sprężyny i zidentyfikowano odchylenia, które mają znaczący wpływ na działanie sprężyny i uszczelnienie zespołu zaworu zamykającego.

12

Influence of laser and TIG cladding methods on microstructure morphology and hardness of Stellite 694 overlay deposited onto DS200+Hf alloy substrate

Gancarczyk Natalia, Gradzik Andrzej, Kościelniak Barbara, Gancarczyk Kamil, Góral Marek

Mechanik

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2023

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R. 96, nr 7

26--34

EN

In this paper the influence of cladding method - laser and TIG - on microstructure and properties of Stellite 694 coatings deposited onto DS200+Hf nickel based alloy substrate is presented. Manual TIG cladding process were carried out using LORCH V24 DC, laser cladding process was carried out using Yb:YAG, TruDisk 1000 TRUMPF. Cobalt alloy - Stellite 694 was used as a filler material. Effect of different cladding methods was examined based on chemical composition and microstructure analysis as well as hardness measurements of the deposited layers.

PL

W niniejszej pracy prowadzono ocenę morfologii składników fazowych mikrostruktury i właściwości warstwy ochronnej Stellite 694 na podłożu z żarowytrzymałego nadstopu niklu DS200+Hf, wytworzonej w procesach napawania elektrycznego (TIG) i laserowego. Napawanie elektryczne metodą TIG przeprowadzono z użyciem spawarki LORCH V24 DC, natomiast laserowe - za pomocą lasera dyskowego Yb:YAG, TruDisk 1000 firmy TRUMPF. Materiałem dodatkowym był stop kobaltu Stellite 694. Określono stopień oddziaływania źródła ciepła i warunków procesu na skład chemiczny napoiny, jej mikrostrukturę oraz twardość w mikroobszarach.

13

Research on the effect of temperature increase during flow forming without cooling on 6060 aluminum alloy

Gądek Tomasz, Majewski Marcin

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 3

74--84

EN

This paper presents the results of flow forming tests for the 6060 aluminum alloy in the T5 heat treatment condition. The tests were conducted on a cylindrical mandrel using two forming rollers without the use of a cooling agent. The purpose of the study was to conduct two experiments. In both experiments, the final gap between the roller and the mandrel was designed to be the same. The impact of the deformation value on the change in the mechanical properties of the material with the simultaneous impact of the number of forming passes was determined. In addition, the effect of the elimination of a coolant on the process was analyzed. The material temperature rise caused by friction between a pair of working parts: the roller—and the workpiece—were examined with a thermal imaging camera. This paper presents the results of microhardness tests and analyzes the impact of the forming parameters on the strength properties of the alloy. Because the forming process was done without cooling, the impact of the temperature prevailing during the deformation process on the change in the strength of the alloy was studied and analyzed. The deformation zone in which intensive grain deformation took place was determined.

14

Investigation of additive manufactured micro-lattice structures for defence applications

Shaik Ameer Malik, Reddy Bobbili Veera Siva, Sastry C. Chandrasekhara, Krishnaiah J., Ramakrishna B.

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 2

383--400

EN

This study investigates the blast mitigation capabilities of A286 steel micro-lattice structures produced through additive manufacturing. The research explores the effects of different manufacturing conditions, such as stress relief and heat treatment, on the mechanical properties and blast resistance of honeycomb and gyroid lattice structures in correlation with armour steel structures. Comprehensive evaluations, including surface morphology, corrosion resistance, and compressive residual stress analysis, reveal notable findings for micro-lattice structures. Micro-lattice structures demonstrated 57.23% higher corrosion resistance compared to conventional materials, presently available in the form of rolled homogeneous armour, medium hardness armour, and high-nitrogen steel. Additionally, honeycomb lattice structures exhibit compressive residual stresses of up to 581.90 MPa, providing significant advantages in blast mitigation potential. These results underscore the significance of lattice geometry, material microstructure, and residual stress in enhancing blast resistance. The research offers valuable insights into optimizing additive manufactured structures as an alternative modular solution for defence applications.

15

Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings

Demir Mehmet, Kanca Erdoğan, Karahan İsmail Hakki

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 3

111--125

EN

Numerous factors play a pivotal role in shaping the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of electrodeposited Ni-Cr alloy coatings. This study delves into the deposition of Ni-Cr alloy coatings on AISI 1040 steel, examining the influence of saccharin additives within the electrodeposition bath. Specifically, the concentration of saccharin within the solution was varied over a range of 0 to 2 g/l. Following the electrodeposition process, a comprehensive array of characterization techniques was employed, encompassing 2D surface roughness analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and assessments of wear and corrosion performance. The characterization results of this article reveal a compelling difference between saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings and their saccharin-modified counterparts. Notably, microcracks, a common occurrence in saccharin-free coatings, were suppressed in the saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings. Additionally, the latter exhibited a smoother and more uniform surface texture. A crucial observation was that the introduction of saccharin into the bath was directly associated with an increased incorporation of chromium within the coatings, resulting in higher nanohardness values. Furthermore, the residual stress within the coatings shifted from tensile to compression as saccharin concentrations increased. Concurrently, surface roughness and wear rates exhibited a consistent downward trend with increasing saccharin concentrations in the solution. The most significant findings were seen in the domain of corrosion resistance. Saccharin-modified Ni-Cr coatings outperformed the bare steel substrate and saccharin-free Ni-Cr coatings. Intriguingly, the enhancement of corrosion resistance was not linearly proportional to saccharin concentration; the optimal corrosion resistance was achieved at a concentration of 1 g/l.

16

Studying the influence of waste glass and montmorillonite powders on the thermal conductivity and hardness of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer matrix

Almansoori A., Ghadban R. A., Ali M. H., Sabri M. M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 118, nr 2

49--56

EN

Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) and waste glass powder (WGP) on the hardness and thermal conductivity of PMMA polymer composites. Thus, this study concentrates on the potential use of MMT and WGP as reinforcements, in different concentrations, in PMMA polymer matrix, with the expectation of improving the performance of PMMA polymer composites in various applications. Design/methodology/approach: There is a growing demand for PMMA with increased mechanical properties and thermal stability for applications where inorganic glass would fail. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay and Waste Glass Powder (WGP) have physical and chemical properties compatible with PMMA. Therefore, they could potentially enhance PMMA’s hardness and thermal conductivity. Silicon dioxide in glass silica and MMT and octahedral aluminium hydroxide sheet in MMT can strengthen both covalent and hydrogen bonding architecture in PMMA composite for better mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. Thus, PMMA composites were designed by combining MMT powder and WGP powder in different ratios before being incorporated into the PMMA polymer matrix and tested for hardness and thermal conductivity. Findings: The present study measured Brinell Hardness (HB) and electrical conductivity values of four PMMA composites containing different proportions of MMT and WGP. MMT/WGP filler mix had optimal hardiness (HB number = 74) when glass content was 1% (3MMT1G) or better still (HB number = 63) when an equal mix ratio was used (1MMT1G). PMMA composite with 3MMT1G also had the highest thermal conductivity (0.01899W/m.K-1). However, the higher the glass content, the lower the thermal conductivity of the PMMA composite. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that 3MMT1G filler was the best for enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of PMMA composite. Research limitations/implications: The results of this study demonstrate the potential of this new composite material for a variety of applications. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of this material and to develop new and improved versions. Practical implications: Reusing waste glass as filler materials in composites requires minimal processing and therefore has lower environmental impacts than synthetic options. Originality/value: Experimental data from the present study has provided new insights into Glass/MMT mix design in PMMA composites. The PMMA composite containing 3MMT1G exhibited the best hardness and thermal conductivity characteristics. Thus, the present study has successfully optimised Glass/MMT mix design for PMMA composite for applications requiring these features.

17

Analiza wybranych własności mechanicznych i tribologicznych medycznego stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn

Dąbrowski Robert, Sułowski Maciej

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 5

11--15

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań twardości, odporności na pękanie oraz odporności na zużycie ścierne stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn po obróbce cieplnej, tj. przesycaniu z temp. 850°C i starzeniu w 350, 450 i 600°C. Wykazano, że w stanie przesyconym, gdy w mikrostrukturze jest obecna jedynie faza β, stop charakteryzuje się najmniejszą twardością i największą odpornością na pękanie. Zastosowanie zabiegu starzenia, skutkujące wydzielaniem fazy α z przesyconej fazy β, silnie zmniejsza jego odporność na pękanie. Badany stop wykazuje istotnie różną odporność na zużycie ścierne i różny współczynnik tarcia, zależnie od mikrostruktury i twardości. Minimalną wartość współczynnika tarcia odnotowano po starzeniu w temp. 450°C, w której dochodzi do wydzielania w mikrostrukturze fazy α o dużej dyspersji, tj. przy maksymalnej twardości stopu.

EN

The article presents the results of hardness, fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance tests of the Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn alloy. These results were obtained after its heat treatment, i.e. solution from 850°C and aging at 350, 450 and 600°C. It has been shown that in the supersaturated state, when only the β phase is present in the microstructure, the alloy is characterized by the lowest hardness and the highest fracture toughness. The application of the aging treatment, resulting in the separation of the α phase from the supersaturated β phase, strongly reduces its fracture toughness. The tested alloy shows significantly different resistance to abrasive wear and a different friction coefficient, depending on the microstructure and hardness. The minimum value of the friction coefficient was noted after aging at 450°C, at which the α phase with high dispersion was precipitated in the microstructure, i.e. at the maximum hardness of the alloy.

18

Specyfika pośrednich badań wytrzymałości stali w przypadku konstrukcji z rur okrągłych

Gosowski Bronisław, Gosowski Maciej, Organek Piotr, Lorkowski Paweł, Redecki Michał

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2023

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R. 79, nr 3-4

125--131

PL

Na przykładzie kilku rur okrągłych wyznaczono relacje między granicą plastyczności i wytrzymałością doraźną na rozciąganie stali, z której zostały wykonane rury, a jej twardością Brinella, pomierzoną bezpośrednio na rurowych elementach konstrukcyjnych (in situ). Znajomość tych relacji jest niezbędna w pośrednich badaniach wytrzymałości stali, poprzez nieniszczące pomiary twardości, w przypadku konstrukcji wykonanych z rur okrągłych. Relacje te zdecydowanie różnią się od odpowiednich relacji znanych z badań stali niestopowych w stanie surowym lub normalizowanym, w wyrobach płaskich po walcowaniu na gorąco. Pracę zakończono wnioskami i zaleceniami o charakterze praktycznym.

EN

On the example of several pipes, the dependences between the yield strength and ultimate strength of the steel which the pipes were made from and its Brinell hardness measured directly on the tubular structural elements (in situ) was determined. Knowledge of these dependences is essential in indirect steel strength tests, through non-destructive hardness measurements, in the case of structures made of circular hollow sections. These relations differ significantly from the corresponding relations known from the tests of unalloyed steels in the raw or normalized state in hot-rolled flat elements. The work was completed with conclusions and recommendations of a practical nature.

19

Application of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Drinking Water Softening

Gomelya Mykola, Shabliy Tetyana, Radovenchyk Iaroslav, Vakulenko Anna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

154--162

EN

The processes of water purification with increasing selection of permeate were studied, considering selectivity and productivity of membranes, dynamics of changes of contents of components in the concentrate. It is shown that when chlorides and sulfates are removed from water, the increase in their content in the concentrate does not differ practically from the measured and calculated values. At the same time, the nature of dependences on the change in hardness, concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, alkalinity obtained experimentally differ significantly from the dependences obtained by theoretical calculations at permeate selection levels of > 70%. А significant difference in the determined and calculated concentrations of hardness ions in the concentrates was observed after hardness values greater than 30–40 mg-eq/dm3. This indicates the partial removal of hardness ions and carbonates from the concentrates, which may be the reason for the formation of deposits on the membrane. Permissible values of the degree of permeate selection were determined, at which there is no intense deposition of carbonates and hydroxides of hardness ions on the membrane. With the initial water hardness > 8 mg-eq/dm3, the degree of permeate selection could reach 60–70% without the risk of sedimentation on the membrane. Effectiveness of the low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane in the purification of mine water with an increased level of mineralization and hardness was determined. A significant difference between the determined and calculated hardness in concentration was observed already at the degree of permeate selection of 22–33%.

20

A note on hardness of multiprocessor scheduling with scheduling solution space tree

Dwibedy Debasis, Mohanty Rakesh

Computer Science

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2023

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T. 24 (1)

53--74

EN

We study the hardness of the non-preemptive scheduling problem of a list of independent jobs on a set of identical parallel processors with a makespan minimization objective. We make a maiden attempt to explore the combinatorial structure of the problem by introducing a scheduling solution space tree (SSST) as a novel data structure. We formally define and characterize the properties of SSST through our analytical results. We show that the multiprocessor scheduling problem is N P-complete with an alternative technique using SSST and weighted scheduling solution space tree (WSSST) data structures. We propose a non-deterministic polynomial-time algorithm called magic scheduling (MS) based on the reduction framework. We also define a new variant of multiprocessor scheduling by including the user as an additional input parameter, which we called the multiuser multiprocessor scheduling problem (MUMPSP). We also show that MUMPSP is N P-complete. We conclude the article by exploring several non-trivial research challenges for future research investigations.