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1
Content available The business dimension of metaverse
EN
Purpose: This paper aims is to identify the key business opportunities and potential threats to companies that arise as Metaverse-like platforms development. The focus is on companies which can use the functionalities Metaverse offers and on the fact that their customers may soon be spending their time there in great numbers. Design/methodology/approach: From company perspective, the purposes set out in this paper are pursued under strategic analysis. In this context, SWOT analysis comes as an appropriate method. This paper does not pertain to a specific company or industry; therefore, the analysis will be confined to Opportunities and Threats that are, in essence, independent of the business sector and concern Metaverse’s impact on the business world. The source materials for the said analysis derive from the latest research literature and reports of consulting companies. Findings: This paper identifies the fundamental business opportunities in the context of the envisaged Metaverse development. They were confronted with issues and risks associated with the practical development and use of such platforms. Research limitations/implications: Metaverse is in its initial development phase; therefore, the identification of opportunities and threats is tentative and it should be revised as the technology progresses and the practical solutions become established. Moreover, the analysis in question is based on the projected development of Metaverse, hence the ensuing conclusions should be approached with caution. Practical implications: This paper provides a list of the fundamental business opportunities and threats which should be taken into account by companies devising their strategy concerning the use of Metaverse platforms. Social implications: The pertinent threats fundamentally affect the situation of the society in the digital world. Hence, it is too important to be aware of the threats, pursue appropriate polices of privacy, ethical business, social responsibility, and finally to adopt relevant legal regulations on the state level. Originality/value: One of the first research papers discussing the business potential and threats surrounding the development of Metaverse.
PL
Kluczem do sukcesu w e-commerce jest kilka istotnych czynników, które przyczyniają się do wzrostu zrównoważonego rozwoju biznesu i jego branży.
PL
Fulfillment wpływa na doświadczenie klienta, jego lojalność oraz reputację marki. To nie tylko mechaniczne kompletowanie zamówień, to kompleksowy proces obejmujący każdy krok od momentu, w ktorym klient klika "kup teraz", aż do chwili dostarczania produktu pod jego drzwi.
PL
W 2023 r. handel elektroniczny, uznawany za jedną z największych i najszybciej rozwijających się gałęzi gospodarki światowej, będzie nadal rósł. Według danych portalu Statista sektor ten ma osiągnąć wartość bln USD w 2023 r. Oczekuje się,że roczna stopa wzrostu (CAGR 2023-2027) wyniesie 9,30%, co oznacza, że do 2027 r. wartość rynku osiągnie 6,39 bln USD. Dynamikę e-commerce przyspieszyła pandemia, ponieważ zakupy online stały się coraz bardziej popularne.
EN
Purpose: Identification of the barriers and determinants of the use of autonomous robots in e-commerce. Design/methodology/approach: The research procedure included a review of Polish and foreign literature and survey research. The paper presents the results of a Delphi study among 25 experts of courier services. Findings: The use of autonomous robots may be one of the solutions that will contribute to the improvement of the functionality of processes in enterprises. The process of implementing autonomous robots is associated with building a relationship based on trust between the user and technology Research limitations/implications: Limitations of the conducted research reflects to only one Delphi round. Practical implications: The results of the study may be helpful for transport companies and courier companies in improving the process of delivering parcels. They can be used for elaboration policy, tools and instrument for the purposes of limitation identified under the study main barriers of the application of autonomous robots in the e-commerce. Originality/value: The presented research and conclusions provide practical tips for transport and delivery companies on how to use autonomous robots to improve the process of delivering parcels in the e-commerce sector, based on the results obtained from the Delphi study.
PL
Kraje nordyckie, definiowane jako Dania, Finlandia, Norwegia i Szwecja, wcześnie zaczęły budować infrastrukturę internetową, nawet na obszarach o małej gęstości zaludnienia. Dlatego, gdy dostęp do internetu stał się osiągalny niemal dla każdego, a handel elektroniczny sukcesywnie się rozwijał, warunki i chęci do robienia zakupów w sieci już istniały.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify critical processes in the context of the implementation of returnable packaging in e-commerce and potential risk factors of disruptions in the use of ecological reusable packaging in e-commerce logistics services provided by Arvato Poland Sp. z o.o. they are based in Warsaw. The study is in line with the objectives of the European Green Deal and the circular economy. The applied research methods and techniques included: elementary analysis, desk research analysis, in-depth face-to-face interviews, causal analysis and selected methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The empirical study was carried out in 2021 in two locations of Arvato Poland Sp. z o.o. A review of the literature on the subject indicates that the use of ecological returnable packaging in e-commerce logistics is one of the available solutions with great potential to strengthen the sustainable development of the fashion industry. However, the conducted research revealed a high complexity of problems, mainly in the process of accepting, packing, shipping and returning the pack-aging, which was considered critical for handling e-commerce orders. An in-depth analysis using the Ishikawa diagram identified the causes of potential risk factors for disruptions in the use of reusable eco-packaging in the e-commerce market. It was indicated that improving the process of its implementation should focus on removing factors that make up the identified main categories of their causes. The conclusions of the study can have practical applications to improve the functioning of cost-effective and environmentally friendly e-commerce logistics. The system approach used by the authors in the study of returnable unit packaging in the sustainable development of closed-loop e-commerce contributes to the reduction of the research gap in this thematic area. The issue of ecological reusable packaging is in the initial phase of cognitive research and pilot tests.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja procesów krytycznych w kontekście wdrażania opakowań zwrotnych w e-commerce oraz potencjalnych czynników ryzyka zakłóceń w zakresie wykorzystania ekologicznego opakowania wielokrotnego użytku w obsłudze logistycznej e-commerce, realizowanej przez Arvato Polska Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Warszawie. Badanie wpisuje się z realizację celów Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu oraz gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Zastosowane metody i techniki badawcze obejmowały m.in.: analizę elementarną, analizę desk research, pogłębione wywiady bezpośrednie, analizę przyczynową oraz wybrane metody analizy jakościowej i ilościowej. Badanie empiryczne zrealizowano w 2021 r. w dwóch lokalizacjach Arvato Polska Sp. z o.o. Przegląd literatury przedmiotu wskazuje, że wykorzystanie ekologicznego opakowania zwrotnego w obsłudze logistycznej e-commerce stanowi jedno z dostępnych rozwiązań o dużym potencjale wzmacniającym zrównoważony rozwój branży fashion. Przeprowadzone badanie uwidoczniło jednak dużą złożoność problemów, głównie w procesie przyjęcia, pakowania, wysyłki i zwrotu opakowania, które uznano za krytyczne dla obsługi zamówień e-commerce. Pogłębiona analiza z wykorzystaniem diagramu lshikawy umożliwiła identyfikację przyczyn potencjalnych czynników ryzyka zakłóceń zastosowania ekologicznego opakowania wielokrotnego użytku na rynku e-commerce. Wskazano, że doskonalenie procesu jego wdrożenia powinno skupić się na usuwaniu czynników, które składają się na zidentyfikowane główne kategorie ich przyczyn. Wnioski z badania mogą mieć praktyczne zastosowanie do poprawy funkcjonowania efektywnej kosztowo i przyjaznej dla środowiska logistyki e-commerce. Zastosowane przez autorów podejście systemowe w badaniu jednostkowych opakowań zwrotnych w zrównoważonym rozwoju e-commerce o obiegu zamkniętym przyczynia się do zmniejszenia luki badawczej w tym zakresie tematycznym. Problematyka ekologicznych opakowań wielokrotnego użytku znajduje się bowiem we wstępnej fazie badań poznawczych i testów pilotażowych.
PL
Scharakteryzowano polski rynek internetowy olejów tłoczonych na zimno na podstawie informacji z wybranych sklepów. Przeanalizowano asortyment 6 rodzajów olejów tłoczonych na zimno (oliwa z oliwek, olej rzepakowy, olej słonecznikowy, olej lniany, olej rydzowy (lniankowy), olej konopny) w dwóch typach sklepów internetowych: supermarketach i sklepach specjalistycznych z uwzględnieniem dostępności, ceny, kraju pochodzenia, rodzaju opakowania i pojemności. W.badanej grupie sklepów internetowych dostępnych było 41 rodzajów olejów tłoczonych na zimno, co łącznie stanowiło 330 produktów. Analizowane oleje z 6 wybranych surowców stanowiły aż 51% badanego asortymentu. Największy i najbardziej zróżnicowany asortyment oferowały internetowe sklepy specjalistyczne, natomiast w supermarketach dostępne były głównie oliwy z oliwek. Najtańszym oferowanym olejem był olej rzepakowy w cenie 17,98 zł/l, a najdroższym olej konopny w cenie 249,00 zł/l. Oleje pochodziły z 7 różnych krajów. Najbardziej popularnym opakowaniem były przeźroczyste, ciemnozielone i brązowe butelki szklane o pojemności 500 ml.
EN
The aim of the study was to characterize the Polish online market for selected cold-pressed oils. The assortment of 6 coldpressed oils (olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, saffron oil, hemp oil) has been analysed in two types of online stores: supermarkets and specialist stores taking into account their availability, price, country of origin, type of packaging and capacity. There were 41 types of cold-pressed oils available on the Polish online market, with total of 330 products. The analysed oils from 6 selected raw materials accounted for as much as 51% of the researched market. Online specialty stores offered the largest and most varied assortment, while supermarkets mainly sold olive oils. The cheapest oil offered was rapeseed oil at PLN 17.98 / l, and the most expensive was hemp oil at the price of PLN 249.00 / l. Oils from 7 different countries have been reported. The most popular packaging was dark green and brown glass bottles with a capacity of 500 ml.
PL
Wartość transgranicznego handlu elektronicznego przekroczyła bilion dolarów amerykańskich i stanowi już 25% globalnej sprzedaży internetowej. Liczba osób kupujących w zagranicznych sklepach internetowych przekroczyła 1 miliard, ale co czwarty zagraniczny klient, kupujący w polskim e-sklepie ma wątpliwości, czy jego przesyłka w ogóle do niego dotrze oraz obawia się kłopotów, związanych z ewentualnymi zwrotami.
EN
Background: The importance and market share of e-commerce has been increasing with the COVID-19 pandemic in recent days. Employees sometimes cannot go to the workplace due to epidemics such as COVID-19 that is spreading rapidly around the world, natural disasters and accidents. Companies can continue to serve their customers with the internet infrastructure and computer technologies they will provide to their employees. Thus, e-commerce companies can provide a sustainable competitive advantage in the sector. Working with the right suppliers is one of the important decisions that will improve the service quality of the firms and affect the sustainability of the enterprise. Methods: This study aims to select the best laptop for a company in the online trade industry using Entropy-based EDAS, CODAS and TOPSIS methods. In the study, 6 alternative laptops have been evaluated according to hard disk capacity, ram, battery power, processor speed, weight, price criteria. The Entropy method has been used to identify the weights of the criteria in the study. These criteria weights have been used in EDAS, CODAS and TOPSIS methods. TOPSIS, EDAS and CODAS methods have been used to determine the best alternative. Also, the correlation between the results of the TOPSIS, EDAS and CODAS methods has been examined with the Spearman Correlation approach. Results: As a result of the Entropy method, it has been determined that the most important criterion is the hard disk capacity criterion. TOPSIS, EDAS and CODAS method results have been compared and the most suitable alternative has been selected. According to the results of the study, the best alternative has been selected as A5. Spearman Correlation analysis results show that there was a strong positive relationship between the methods used and the results obtained. Conclusions: The study differs from existing studies in the literature in that it is the first study in which laptop selection was made using TOPSIS, EDAS and CODAS methods together. The results of this study can be compared with the results of future studies that will be carried out using different MCDM methods and different data.
11
Content available Analiza porównawcza sklepów internetowych
PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza kwestie sklepów internetowych. Przeprowadzono analizę dotyczącą wielu aspektów platform sprzedażowych takich jak świadomość o istnieniu poszczególnych platform, częstotliwość dokonywania zakupów, jakość interfejsu, intuicyjność, bezpieczeństwo i ich popularność. Spośród najpopularniejszych sklepów internetowych wybrano Allegro, Amazon, Aliexpress, Ebay oraz Wish. Ponadto została przeprowadzona i odpowiednio przeanalizowana ankieta, której celem było zdobycie informacji o świadomości oraz o doświadczeniach użytkowników związanych z sklepami internetowymi. Całość pracy pozwoliła wyciągnąć odpowiednie wnioski na temat analizowanych platform sprzedażowych i społeczności ich budujących.
EN
This article raises issues of online stores. An analysis of many aspects of sales platforms was carried out, such as awareness about existence of these platforms, frequency of purchases, interface quality, intuitiveness, safety and their popularity. Allegro, Amazon, Aliexpress, Ebay and Wish were selected from the most popular online stores. In addition, a survey was conducted and analysed, which examines the awareness and experiences of online stores users. This article allowed us to draw relevant conclusions about these sales platforms and their community.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena doświadczenia użytkownika podczas pracy z dwoma popularnymi systemami CMS: WordPress i PrestaShop. Oceny dokonano za pomocą ankiety oraz z użyciem techniki eyetrackingowej. Do porównań wykorzystano średni czas realizacji zadań, liczbę fiksacji, odsetek poprawnie zrealizowanych zadań oraz wskaźnik SUS. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników, zebranych podczas i po interakcji użytkowników z danym systemem trudno jednoznacznie stwierdzić, który CMS okazał się lepszy.
PL
Handel elektroniczny w Polsce odnotowuje z roku na rok wyraźne wzrosty zarówno pod względem wolumenu, jak i liczby klientów dokonujących zakupów. Sprawna obsługa zamówionych w Internecie produktów zaczyna kształtować konkurencyjność wielu e-podmiotów, które dostosowują swoją ofertę zgodnie z oczekiwaniami kupujących. Dla coraz większej liczby klientów obsługa logistyczna ma równie duże znaczenie jak nabywany produkt. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie zmieniających się oczekiwań e-klientów wobec logistycznej obsługi świadczonej w handlu elektronicznym. Podstawę opracowania stanowi analiza dostępnych źródeł literaturowych polskich i zagranicznych, raportów branżowych, jak również wyników badań empirycznych zrealizowanych wśród 247 e-klientów. Badania zostały przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem ankiety internetowej. Uczestnikami badań były osoby pełnoletnie, dokonujące zakupów w handlu elektronicznym. Dobór próby miał charakter nielosowy, co sprawia, że realizowane studium nie ma charakteru uogólniającego. Podjęte rozważania pozwoliły dokonać oceny kluczowych czynników, które zdaniem kupujących kształtują pozycję konkurencyjną e-podmiotów. Odpowiednie rozpoznanie oczekiwań e-kupujących staje się głównym zadaniem przedsiębiorstw, chcących zaoferować obsługę na najwyższym poziomie.
EN
E-commerce in Poland has been growing year by year, with significant increases in both volume and the number of shopping customers. Efficient service of products ordered online is starting to shape the competitiveness of many e-businesses, which adapt their offer in accordance with the expectations of buyers. For an increasing number of customers, logistics services are just as important as the purchased product. The aim of the article is to indicate the changing expectations of e-clients in relation to the logistics service provided in electronic commerce. The source basis of the study are available Polish and foreign literature sources, industry reports as well as empirical studies, carried out among 247 e-clients. The research was carried out using an online survey based on a questionnaire in the electronic version. The participants of the study were adults who make purchases in e-commerce. The selection of the sample was non-random, which means that the study carried out is not of a general nature. The considered considerations made it possible to assess the key factors that, in the opinion of buyers, shape the competitive position of e-entities. Appropriate recognition of the expectations of e-buyers thus becomes the superior role of enterprises wishing to offer the highest level of service.
EN
Geo-blocking are practices undertaken by sellers using technological means or otherwise, the result of which is to prevent, limit or differentiate the conditions of access to goods and services depending on the country or region of the customer’s origin. The Geo-blocking Regulation prohibits unjustified geo-blocking and other forms of discriminating practices based on the customers’ nationality, place of residence or place of establishment within the internal market. The Regulation covers three main types of practices: a) blocking or limiting access or automatically redirecting the user to another version of an online interface, b) applying different conditions of sale for the goods or services, and c) applying different payment conditions, based on the buyer’s location or nationality. The Regulation is to be applied in the Member States, and they took different approach to it . This paper aims to present the current legal framework as well as required changes to ensure it effectiveness and increase its impact on the internal market.
15
Content available remote Risks of Concurrent Execution in E-Commerce Processes
EN
The development of ICT facilitates replacing of traditional buying-selling processes withe-commerce solutions. Waiving the direct buyer-seller communication creates risks for both the buyer and the seller. If several customers are served at the same time, processes can interference each other. The paper offers a method to identify purchase/sale risks: (1) in single-customer, (2) in simultaneous multi-customer service processes. First, a model of the buying-selling process is created and conditions for the correctness of process execution are formulated. Then an analysis of all possible scenarios is performed using a symbolic execution. The obtained result allows to identify risks of e-commerce solution.
EN
Purpose: On 25.05.2018, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (GDPR) entered into force. This act established new obligations for controllers and other data processors, and their proper implementation can often be a challenge, especially in light of the system of criminal sanctions in cases of non-compliance. The goal of this article is to discuss challenges and consequences in the e-commerce sector related to the changes in personal data protection laws in the industry. Design/methodology/approach: The deliberations are based on the related subject literature and an analysis of the legal provisions applicable in the area under discussion. Findings: The main challenge faced by entrepreneurs is ensuring the safety of personal data at an appropriate level in relation to their potential breaches. This approach is based on technological neutrality and risk, and it results in the requirements to be met by entrepreneurs to become more flexible, and for the implemented protection measures to be relativized. Practical implications: The simplifications introduced by the GDPR are beneficial for small- and medium-sized entrepreneurs for whom data processing is their main activity. It is not required in small organizations, which generate lower costs. Originality/value: The publication discusses the issue from the perspective of the e-commerce industry, explaining in particular the new obligations of controllers, the principles of data processing, and the exercising of data subjects’ rights.
17
Content available Development of electronic commerce
EN
Purpose: The paper presents the issues related to the development of electronic commerce. Design/methodology/approach: The study used world-bank reports from statista portal. Findings: The purpose of this article is to present the development of electronic commerce and investment climate of Poland on the example of Lower Silesia created by economic, social, political and legal-administrative conditions. The economic conditions inform the foreign investor about the condition of the economy of the country receiving the investment. Functioning types of e-business and basic business models used in e-commerce were also presented. Furthermore, they were characterized by payment methods used in online sales. Based on a chart developed on the basis of statistical data analysis of consumer-preferred online payment methods was also made. Originality/value: The publication presents the results of research conducted on the basis of statista international portal.
EN
The shops of today mostly support the customer by offering him or her products based on basic relationships between products viewed or ordered by users with similar tastes. This common approach may fail in many cases especially when the user does not have sufficient knowledge about the market, or when he or she wants to build a set of products in more than one shop. New categories of smart shop services are proposed in order to execute such customer-oriented scenarios where recommended products do meet mutual dependencies with products previously ordered by the customer. An attempt is made to collect additional information about the behavior of users (from past and current contexts) and represent it in a targeted graph called the customer-oriented scenario. Four types of such scenarios are distinguished depending on how many shops have been visited by the user before buying the expected products and how many products the user wants to buy. Moreover, the proposed scenario model provides the possibility of showing which services had been used by the user before the selection was made. Customer-oriented scenarios may be created post factum based on event data logs or before the user will use the shop, which means that it can be arranged which information, knowledge sources (internal or external), products or categories should be suggested in some context of the user's decision. The possibility of leveraging additional smart services into a traditional trading platform may help users, especially when they want to implement a complex scenario and order many products with mutual dependencies or in a situation when the user wants to understand the market before buying something. Using internal and external services allows creating a network for distributing knowledge focused on the actual customer context in a shop.
19
Content available Safety of online shopping according to customers
EN
Customers are more and more deciding to use various types of services via Internet. They make very often different types of purchases. E-commerce is becoming more and more popular and developed. Unfortunately, according to customers, online shopping is not free from problems. Customers are afraid that the ordered goods will not be sent to them, will not meet their expectations, or will be destroyed during transport. An important aspect is also the payment method for this type of shopping. Customers often prefer to pay more to use the option of payment on delivery to avoid losing money if the ordered goods do not be delivered to them. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the safety of services offered via Internet. In the research the customers of different e-shops expressed their opinion on problems that may affect the safety of the offered services. Thanks to the research, it was possible to identify risk areas in accordance with the opinion of customers.
EN
The article is devoted to identifying external and internal factors that shape inter-organizational trust in e-commerce. Studying how trust between e-commerce partners is built, four key B2B trust spheres were analyzed based on literature. After analyzing thirteen research reports, the factors shaping B2B trust are presented due to their frequency of occurrence in the reports. Research has shown that among the many factors determining B2B trust, the greatest value in interactions between e-commerce partners lies in the factors, i.e.: „common values”, „communication”, „experience and qualifications”.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zidentyfikowaniu czynników zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych, które kształtują zaufanie międzyorganizacyjne w handlu elektronicznym. Badając, w jaki sposób budowane jest zaufanie pomiędzy partnerami e-handlu, w oparciu o literaturę, przyjrzano się również czterem, kluczowym sferom zaufania B2B w świetle definicyjnym. Po przeanalizowaniu trzynastu raportów badawczych, przedstawiono czynniki kształtowania zaufania B2B, ze względu na częstotliwość ich występowania w raportach. Badania pokazały, że spośród wielu czynników determinujących zaufanie B2B, największa wartość w interakcjach między partnerami e-handlu, leży po stronie czynników, tj. „wspólne wartości”, „komunikacja”, „doświadczenie i kwalifikacje”.
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