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1

Potencjalnie lecznicze wody radonowe wschodniej części Wysokiego Grzbietu Gór Izerskich (Sudety) o największej zawartości radonu w Polsce

Prusak Jakub, Przylibski Tadeusz A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

58--70

EN

In the years 2020-2022, the authors conducted research on the activity concentration of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit. As a result, they found potentially medicinal radon waters in hornfelses of the eastern part of the Szklarska Poręba band. The value measured in one of the water samples appeared to be the highest activity concentration of 222Rn in groundwater of Poland so far - 3368 ±61 Bq/dm3. The authors also found that outflows of potentially medicinal radon waters account for almost 85.5% (47 out of 55) of all groundwater outflows in the study area. Thanks to the large amount of data obtained, the authors calculated a new value of the hydrogeochemical back-ground of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the Izera metamorphic unit. The background is currently 17-890 Bq/dm3. In Poland, higher values have only been reported of the Lądek-Śnieżnik metamorphic unit. The research results also open the way to the possible creation of a modern radon spa in Szklarska Poręba. It could operate in Biała Dolina on the basis of both previously found resources of radon waters of the Karkonosze granite and the radon waters forming within the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit.

2

The optimisation model for groundwater management in the unconfined aquifer using the Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm

Sulianto, Sunarto Sunarto, Samin Samin, Orfa Lourina E., Darmawan Azhar Adi

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

83--92

EN

Groundwater exploitation that exceeds its recharge capacity can have a negative impact on the hydrogeological environment. Optimal exploitation means maximising pumping discharge with the least reduction in the hydraulic head. In groundwater exploitation, the position of wells, number of wells, and the discharge of groundwater pumping greatly determine changes in hydraulic head and groundwater flow patterns in a given hydrological area. This article proposes an optimisation model which is expected to be useful for finding the optimal pumping discharge value from production wells in a hydrological area. This model is a combination of solving the Laplace equation for two-dimensional groundwater flow in unconfined aquifers and the optimum variable search method based on the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm. Laplace equation uses the finite difference method for the central difference rule of the Crank Nicolson scheme. The system of equations has been solved using the M-FILE code from MATLAB. This article is a preliminary study which aims to examine the stability level of the optimisation equation system. Testing using a hypothetical data set shows that the model can work effectively, accurately, and consistently in solving the case of maximising pumping discharge from production wells in a hydrological area with a certain hydraulic head limitation. Consequently, the system of equations can also be applied to the case of confined aquifers.

3

Monthly changes in physicochemical parameters of the groundwater in Nida valley, Poland (case study)

Phan Cong Ngoc, Strużyński Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

220--234

EN

The groundwater of the Nida valley was investigated to assess the quality of water source and monthly variations of the physicochemical parameters. A total of 70 water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites during a 10 months period from June 2021 to March 2022. Sampling frequency was once per month. The parameters such as temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in-situ by using handheld device. Meanwhile, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chloride (Cl – ), sulphate (SO42– ), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analysed in the laboratory. According to the classification of Ministry of Marine Economy and Inland Navigation in Poland (2019), some investigated parameters are classified as unsatisfactory quality waters (class 4) and poor-quality waters (class 5) for a few specific months. Such as, TP concentrations obtained in June and January are classified as class 4, SO42– concentrations corresponded to classes 4 and 5 in June, July and August, and Mn concentrations (except in January) are settled in class 5. The high values of Fe in November are arranged in class 5 and in June, July to September and March are classified in class 4. Statistical methods were used as: Shapiro-Wilk test (α = 0.05), ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05), Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum test (α = 0.05) estimated the significant differences in sampling months. Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.01 and 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis showed correlation between the parameters and sampling months.

4

Interaction of surface water and groundwater in Nida valley, Poland

Phan Cong Ngoc, Strużyński Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

35--43

EN

The study area of the Nida valley was examined to investigate variations in groundwater and surface water levels, as well as the interaction between them. In the valley, there were three branches. The two actives were the Nida River itself and the Smuga Umianowicka branch while the Stara Nida branch was dry during the measurement session. Over a 12-month period from June 2021 to June 2022, 7 monitoring points were equipped with piezometers, comprising 5 groundwater points and 2 surface water points. The monitoring frequency was set to 30 minutes. The results of this research indicate that there are significant differences in the water level at the same observed point at different times. This study demonstrates seasonal changes in both surface water and groundwater levels with higher levels in autumn and winter and lower levels in spring and summer, which are closely tied to the changes in meteorological conditions during the research period, such as precipitation and air temperature. The study results also indicate that during summer and winter at the Nida River and its riparian area, losing stream is the primary process occurring in the studied reach. Conversely, during autumn and spring, the main process is gaining stream. At the human-maintained Smuga Umianowicka branch and in its riparian area, losing stream is the main process during summer and autumn, and gaining stream is the main process during spring. During winter, losing stream and gaining stream processes can occur simultaneously, and neither process takes place mainly.

5

Evolution of shallow post-bog soils developed on Holocene carbonate sediments in NW Poland

Jarnuszewski Grzegorz, Meller Edward, Kitczak Teodor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

99--109

EN

This research presents the characteristics and inferred evolution of post-bog soils developed in the Last Glacial Maximum area of northwestern Poland near the southern Baltic coast. The study involved a total of five sites near existing lakes in NW Poland. In total, 21 soil pits were described and sampled and 17 piezometers were installed. In soil samples chemical and physical properties were determined. During the hydrological year the water level was checked and chemical properties of water were determined, the floristic composition at each location was also carried out. Mineralisation of post-bog soils initiated by dehydration leads to the decomposition of organic surface layers and an increase in CaCO3 content as well as mineral non-lime components at the expense of organic matter. A sequence of five soil types occurs in this landscape: Sapric Histosols (Limnic), Drainic Histosols (Calcaric, Limnic), Histic Gleysols (Murshic), Umbric Gleysols (Hyperhumic), Gleyic Phaeozems (Hyperhumic) that represent individual stages of soil genesis. Differences between the chemical properties of soils are apparent between organic vs organic-mineral and mineral layers. Man-induced drainage of post-bog soils changes their physical parameters. Bulk density increase and water retention decrease. The fluctuation of groundwater determines the moisture content of post-bog soils and affects the species composition of vegetation. Chemistry of groundwater is shaped mainly by the construction of catchment and the nature of its use, however, it is modified as a result of the inflow of macronutrients released during organic matter mineralisation processes and leaching of exchangeable forms from the sorption complex.

6

Determination of groundwater recharge-discharge zone to support water resources in Galur-Lendah area, Indonesia

Listyani R. A. T., Prabowo Ignatius A., Suparta Wayan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

203--214

EN

The impact of changes in regional development along with the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulon Progo Regency may affect land use changes as the activities of the surrounding population. Galur-Lendah area, which is located near the city of Yogyakarta and acts as the entrance to Kulon Progo, will also develop. Along with these developments, the determination of the groundwater recharge-discharge area is needed to ensure the availability of groundwater at this site. The purpose of this study was to determine the zonation of groundwater recharge-discharge areas to support the availability of groundwater. The method of research is a spatial analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) based on ratings and weighting values for six parameters, including slope, rainfall, groundwater table depth, soil type, rock permeability, and land use. The field hydrogeological was also conducted to find out rock permeability and groundwater quality (pH, EC, TDS). The results showed that areas with potential for groundwater recharge were in the central and northeastern parts of the study area and the discharge zones in the north and south were with potential infiltration values of 26-43 and 44-59, respectively. However, the recharge area can still function as a discharge zone.

7

Mathematical modelling technique to assess soil conditions

Tretyakova Larisa, Mitiuk Lyudmila

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2023

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Vol. 7, nr 3

103--106

EN

This paper analyzes the results of studying contaminated soil samples from a combat zone (Sumy region, Ukraine). The authors proposed a mathematical model for simulating and assessing the impact of military operations on soil and groundwater. The mathematical model will make it possible to predict the occurrence of environmental emergencies and reduce the frequency of expensive experimental studies of soils contaminated with heavy metals.

8

Spatiotemporal Variation of Heavy Metals and Pollution Indices in Groundwater Around Al-Diwaniyah Open Dump

Aziz Fatin F., Hussain Entessar Kareem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

106--117

EN

Potential environmental hazards associated with heavy metals have been reported at Al-diwaniyah open dump in Iraq. Therefore, the levels of heavy metals and their spatial and temporal variability have been studied, in addition to pollution indices (HPI, HEI, Cd) to achieve environmental management and sustainability. Concentrations of seven heavy metals in groundwater wells at various distances around dumpsite were analyzed for the period 2022–2023 using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that heavy metals levels in samples examined decreased with the distance from the dumpsite W1>W2>W3 and it followed this pattern: Cd

9

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Hassi R'mel, Algeria

Mehdi Metaiche, Hakim Djafer Khodja, Amina Aichour, Nourredine Gaci

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

22--31

EN

The quality of Groundwater is characterized by physico-chemical parameters. They determine the way in which this water is used (water supply, irrigation, industry, etc.). This present study gives the highlighting of the hydrogeological and physico-chemical characteristics of aquifer waters in question resulting from the various wells, which aims to; gather, exploit and analyze the data, in order to determine their conformity with potability standards and their suitability for irrigation. Using multivariate statistical techniques including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (ACH) and Diagram Analysis. They are applied to a dataset composed of 17 boreholes with 12 chemical variables over the entire study area, they were sampled in 2020. These boreholes are the principal water resources suppling Hassi R'mel w. Laghouat region in terms of drinking water and irrigation. Obtained results showed that the majority of groundwater in the Hassi R’mel region is hard; where approximately 20% of boreholes are characterized by fairly soft water, and approximately 5% are characterized by very hard water.

10

Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Metal Ions (Iron and Manganese) in Groundwater Using Calcium Carbide Waste

Karim Muhammad Arief, Nasir Subriyer, Widowati Tri Wardani, Hasanudin Udin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

155--165

EN

Calcium carbide waste (CCW), the rest of the carbide welding workshop industry, is available in quite a lot and is immediately disposed of into the environment. Because CWW has a high pH value and a large specific surface area, it can act as an adsorbent in removing metals from groundwater. The content of metals in groundwater is indicated by a reddish color; however, upon contact with air, groundwater oxidation causes iron ions and manganese ions to precipitate. Synthetic groundwater was prepared in this experiment using reagents containing and . Observations were made in a batch process to assess the potential and ability of CCW to reduce iron and manganese levels in groundwater. In this study, to achieve equilibrium, CCW was mixed with 100 mL of synthetic solution and shaken at 25°C with a shaker. Operating time, levels of Fe(II) and (Mn(II) metals, and the mass of CCW were some of the parameters studied in this study. CCW was very good at reducing levels of iron ions and manganese ions after 60 minutes of operation. The percentage of removal of iron and manganese ions respectively – successively increased from 93.765 to 97.99% for iron ions and manganese ions from 91.83 to 95.14% for the initial concentration range of 40 mg/L, 60 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 100 mg/L. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of CCW adsorbent in a mixture of iron ion and manganese ion solutions is a second-order kinetic equation. This confirms that the adsorption of CCW on iron ions and manganese ions is a chemisorption process. Calcium carbide waste has the potential to act as an absorbent of heavy metals in groundwater, especially iron and manganese ions.

11

Evaluation of the Drinking and Irrigation Quality of Groundwater in Basrah, Iraq

Mohammed Ahmed Ihsan, Naimi Sepanta, Dawood Ammar Salman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

260--271

EN

This study assessed the quality of groundwater in south of Basrah governorate from three regions (Zubair, Safwan and um-Qaser), as well as its expediency for drinking purposes and irrigation. Fifty groundwater specimens from various locations were, whereas their physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The WQI was used to measure overall water quality, and the results were displayed using GIS. The calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) took twelve physiochemical parameters into account, including pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4-2, Cl-, HCO3- and NO3-. The groundwater in Basrah was found to be of generally low quality, with significant levels of salinity, hardness, and TDS. The groundwater in the research region was not fit for human consumption, according to (WHO, 2011) standards for drinking water. Applying WQI revealed that, with the exception of two wells, the ground water in the research area was classed as very poor-unsuitable type. The GIS analysis assisted in identifying the places with the best water quality and those with the most serious issues. The groundwater of research region was used for irrigation purposes. The indices considered included SAR, SSP AND MH%. The groundwater from the study area is generally in good condition and may be utilized for irrigation, as shown by the estimated water indices when compared to the accepted standards.

12

Technologia wykonywania fundamentów

Łupieżowiec Marian

Inżynier Budownictwa

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2023

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nr 12

78--81

13

Zatapiana kopalnia rud metali jako źródło zaopatrzenia w wodę przemysłową

d’Obyrn Kajetan, Postawa Adam, Cień Damian

Instal

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2023

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nr 1

47--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję zaopatrzenia w wodę przemysłową zakładów przeróbki rud cynku i ołowiu, należących do ZGH „Bolesław” S.A., w warunkach likwidacja kopalni „Olkusz-Pomorzany”. Konieczność zmiany źródła zaopatrzenia w wodę wynika z zaprzestania prowadzenia odwodnienia, które dotychczas dostarczało niezbędne ilości wody. Autorzy proponują wykorzystanie otworów wentylacyjnych, odwierconych na potrzeby likwidacji kopalni jako otworów studziennych. Wykorzystane byłyby otwory OW-1, OW-2, OW-3 zlokalizowane w rejonie szybów „Chrobry” i „Bronisław”. Przewidywana maksymalna wydajność projektowanego ujęcia wynosi 60 m3/min, co zaspokoi zapotrzebowanie na wodę przemysłową. Wykorzystanie do celów technologicznych wód podziemnych zalewających wyrobiska i wypełniających lej depresji byłej kopalni uzależnione jest od jakości wody, w tym w szczególności od zawartości jonów siarczanowych.

EN

The article presents the concept of industrial water supply for the zinc and lead ore processing plants subordinate to ZGH "Bolesław" S.A., in the conditions of the closure of the "Olkusz-Pomorzany" mine. The need to change the water supply source results from the cessation of drainage, which previously provided the necessary amounts of water. The authors propose to use the ventilation holes drilled for the mine closure as wells. OW-1, OW-2, OW-3 wells located in the "Chrobry" and "Bronisław" shafts would be used. The expected maximum discharge of the designed intake is 60 m3/min, which will meet the demand for industrial water. The technological use of groundwater flooding the excavation and filling the depression crater of the former mine depends on the quality of the water, on the content of sulphates.

14

Ocena skuteczności oczyszczania wody w aspekcie usuwania związków żelaza i manganu

Wolska Małgorzata, Kabsch-Korbutowicz Małgorzata, Wiśniewski Jacek

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 2

17--20

PL

Wody podziemne, stanowiące główne źródło zaopatrzenia ludności w wodę do picia, ze względu na swój skład wymagają często uzdatniania z wykorzystaniem procesów napowietrzania i filtracji. O skuteczności przebiegu tych procesów decyduje wiele parametrów eksploatacyjnych poszczególnych procesów jednostkowych, które powinny być kontrolowane, a w wypadku pogorszenia jakości uzdatnionej wody odpowiednio weryfikowane. W artykule, na podstawie przeprowadzonych badan, pokazano ze oceny przebiegu usuwania związków żelaza i manganu podczas uzdatniania wód podziemnych można dokonać na podstawie badań w skali wielkolaboratoryjnej oraz technicznej.

EN

Groundwater, the main source of the drinking water supply, due to its composition, often requires treatment using aeration and filtration processes. The effectiveness of the process is determined by a number of operational parameters of individual unit processes, which should be controlled and, in the case of the treated water quality deterioration, properly verified. In the article, based on the performed studies, it is shown that the evaluation of iron and manganese compounds removal during groundwater treatment can be carried out on the basis of large-laboratory and technical scale studies.

15

Seasonal Bacterial Contamination of Groundwater in the Zagora Area, Morocco

Maliki Abdelmounaim, El Moustaine Radouane, Chahlaoui Abdelkader, Boudellah Abderrazzaq, Sadki Mohcine, Belkhiri Abdelkhalek, Taouraout Aziz

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

230--238

EN

The assessment of the bacterial quality of groundwater is a critical step in ensuring safe drinking water. A total of nine (9) water samples were obtained from wells located within the study area, during the wet and dry seasons between December 2020 and December 2021. The parameters measured in this study include total germs at 22 °C (TG-22 °C) and 37 °C (TG-37 °C), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), and the sulfito-reductor clostruim (SRC). The results show that the contamination levels vary widely between the different wells and between seasons. The highest levels of contamination were found in W6, with the highest values of all parameters measured except for TC. W1 and W7 were the only wells that were protected, and they had lower levels of contamination compared to unprotected wells. The sources of pollution were mainly related to agricultural activities, such as animal waste and metal waste. The findings of this study suggest the need for improved management practices to reduce contamination and protect the groundwater resources in the study area.

16

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System, and Analytic Hierarchy Process Techniques – A Case Study in the Nerodime Watershed, Kosovo

Avdullahi Sabri, Hajra Argjend

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

147--161

EN

This research was carried out to analyse the groundwater potential areas in the Nerodime River catchment area. This paper used the standard methodology to determine the potential areas of groundwater resources based on the combated remote sensing, geographic information system, and hierarchical analytical process. In this river catchment area, a total of eight groups of criteria have been selected which have an impact on groundwater storage. Groundwater research would not be possible without the use of various data that have a direct impact on groundwater such as drainage, elevation, geology, land use and land cover, lineament, rainfall, slope, and soil. The results obtained through statistical analysis with software were compared with the data collected in the field, a comparison which resulted in an accuracy of approximately 95%. The results are reflected in table form and using maps also prepared with ArcGIS software.

17

Hydrogeochemical Investigation and Groundwater Quality Assessment in Patancheruvu Area Sangareddy District, South India

Sukhesh Muramreddy Jugal, Akula Uday Kumar, Oggu Praveen, Mothe Sagarika, Korpe Sneha, Kunnoth Bella, Babu C. C. Suresh, Reddy Boreddy R., Venkatesh N.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

70-81

EN

The current research was conducted to assess the groundwater quality in the Patancheruvu area of Sangareddy District, South India. To analysis physicochemical parameters, 16 groundwater samples were collected for the month of May and November, 2020. The chemical analysis results show that the ground water nature in the study area is alkaline to basic and is classified very hard water. High TDS concentrations in the study area is due to various industries and anthropogenic activities. In both seasons, the order of major cations and major anions is in the following order: Na > Mg > Ca > K and Cl > SO4> HCO3> NO3> F respectively. The majority of the EC, TDS, Na, TH, Mg, Ca, Cl, HCO3, and SO4 samples exceeded the desirable limit, and some samples also exceeding the permissible limit. In both seasons, the dominant hydro chemical facies identified by the Chadha diagram were Na-K-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3. Water quality analysis said that most of the data in both seasons fell into poor to very poor category. The research tells that around Patancheruvu groundwater quality is poor, thisis attributed due to both anthropogenic factors and geogenic processes.

18

Groundwater Quality Assessment through Hydrogeochemical Analysis: Implications for Drinking Water and Pollution

Rajendran Gopinath, Rooby Jessy, Govindan Venkatesan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

104--115

EN

The quality of groundwater and its geochemical features as a source of drinking water are under investigation in the current research. The physical characteristics, cation, and anion chemistry of 201 samples of groundwater were determined. The investigation was conducted in the Southern Indian province of Tamil Nadu, specifically, the Karur District, which is situated between 10°30′ – 11°00′ North latitude and 77°45′ – 78°30′ East longitude, and covers an area of approximately 2900.63 km2. Safe drinking water standards established by the WHO were used for comparison. The majority of samples on the Gibbs plot are inside the rock dominance zone, showing that the chemical of the rock interacts with the groundwater to affect the chemistry of the groundwater. The study region’s Piper plots reveal that most of the samples contain CaCl or CaMgCl. The WQI results for almost all samples were either "excellent" or "good", suggesting they are suitable for human consumption.

19

Geochemistry of the Groundwater of the Temara Aquifer (North-West Morocco)

Taazzouzte Mariam, Haidara Imane, Ghafiri Abdessamad, Lamacha Hassan, El Moutaki Saida

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

15--32

EN

Water is a major strategic issue and a key factor in sustainable development for all countries around the world. In Morocco, groundwater has a major importance in the national economic policy. For this reason, sustainable water resources management programs are periodically installed to prevent their qualitative and quantitative degradation, which conditions future development and is part of the research strategy to optimize and mitigate environmental problems. The Temara water table, which extends over nearly 350 km2 is part of these water resources that must be preserved. This issue is of increasing concern to researchers and decision makers in the field of water resources management. The hydrochemical study carried out on 48 samples taken in the study area during a sampling campaign carried out during the low water period showed that the water table has facies of chloride and sulphate calcic and magnesian type according to the Piper diagram. While the classification diagrams of Wilcox and Richards waters revealed the suitability of these waters for irrigation except for some points that present high contents of Nitrate (NO3-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sulphate (SO42-) and Chloride (Cl-), linked to both the lithological nature of the enclosing formations and the effect of the agricultural activity which induces the phenomenon of return of irrigation water loaded with salts from the fertilizers used, towards the water table.

20

Funnel and Gate Permeable Reactive Barrier Permeable Reactive Barrier Configuration for Contaminated Groundwater Remediation – Designing, Installation, and Modeling: A Review

Mokif Layla Abdulkareem, Faisal Ayad A.H.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

15--33

EN

Groundwater is a valuable resource whose purity is necessary for human survival. It serves as a significant source of water for household, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Traditional groundwater pollution remediation technologies include pump & treat, phase extraction, aeration gas of groundwater, bioremediation, and chemical oxidation. Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is one of the most key technology being developed as alternatives to the pump and manage method for the remedying contaminated groundwater. An overview on the groundwater significant as important sources for water, sources of groundwater contamination, transport of contaminants, and groundwater remediation technologies have been discussed in this paper. In addition to reactive media, the design and installation of PRBs of funnel-gate configurations and their application as a remediation technique have been covered in this review. Finally reaction mechanisms in groundwater, contaminant transport governing equation, isotherms sorption models, kinetic sorption models, breakthrough curves modeling have been presented in this review. PRB technique provides financial benefits while also encouraging waste material reuse, so contributing to environmental sustainability. Funnel and gate PRB can offer one or more dense treatment areas for maximizing groundwater pollution plume capture. Funnel-gate PRB is characterized by smaller reaction area, ease in replacement and removal during the blocking of the reactive barrier by fine soil particles and reactive sediments.