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1

Uziemienia w sieciach elektroenergetycznych niskiego napięcia

Wiatr Julian

Energetyka

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2021

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nr 6

456--460

PL

W sieciach elektroenergetycznych nn uziemienia stanowią bardzo ważny element ochrony przeciwporażeniowej. Wymagania w tym zakresie zostały określone w normie N SEP-E 001 Sieci elektroenergetyczne niskiego napięcia. Ochrona przeciwporażeniowa. Wymagania te są jednak bardzo często błędne interpretowane wskutek przyjętych upraszczających założeń.

EN

Groundings in low voltage power grids are a very important element of protection against electric shocks. Requirements in this area were defined in the N SEP-E 001 standard Low voltage power grids. Electric shock protection. But these requirements are very often incorrectly interpreted as a result of application of simplifying assumptions.

2

Marine traffic, accidents, and underreporting in the Baltic Sea

Sormunen O.-V. E., Hänninen M., Kujala P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2016

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nr 46 (118)

163--177

EN

This paper presents an overview of ship traffic volume and accidents in the Baltic Sea with a special focus on the Gulf of Finland. The most common accidents are groundings and collisions, usually reported to be caused by human error. The annual number of Baltic Sea accidents reported to HELCOM varied from 34–54 for collisions and 30–60 for groundings. The number of yearly port calls varied from 468–505 thousand with a peak in 2008. Exact port call data could not be found for all ports and hence had to be estimated. The number of line crossingings in HELCOM AIS data was found to be a good, rough surrogate measure for the total number of port calls and could be used if more precise port call data was not available. By analyzing two separate accident databases, an estimate for accident underreporting was calculated. Different statistical methods yielded an underreporting rate in the range of 40–50%. Lastly, the true number of accidents was estimated, based on the estimated underreporting percentage for the Baltic Sea. Based on these results, the true number of true accidents should be first estimated if accident statistics are used in building or validating maritime risk models. When using such models or accidents statistics in decision-making, the underlying uncertainty in the accident statistics should be taken into account as the underreporting frequency estimates are only approximations of the real number of accidents.

3

Tanker grounding frequency and spills in the Finnish Gulf of Finland

Sormunen O.-V. E., Hänninen M., Häkkinen J., Posti A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2015

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nr 43 (115)

108--114

EN

Groundings and ship collisions are the two most frequent accident types in the Gulf of Finland, which in the past decades has seen an increase in tanker traffic. This has mainly been oil transport from Russia. Both accident types pose a major hazard to the marine ecosystem, as spills of catastrophic magnitude can occur as a consequence. In order to better plan for the response to and/or prevention of accidents, the frequency and size of spills should be known. This paper estimates the expected number of tanker groundings of different tanker types for the busiest tanker ports in the Finnish part of the Gulf of Finland. Furthermore, in this paper statistics of the sizes of chemical, gas and oil tankers visiting Finnish ports is presented. Finally, the expected number and size of spills is estimated based on the expected number of groundings and the tanker sizes using a spill model based on tanker deadweight (DWT).

4

Podaż na Mazowszu a rozwój klastrów

Szerenos A.

Problemy Jakości

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2008

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R. 40, nr 10

35-40

EN

The main object of this article is a description of one of the most important factors with great impact on industrial clusters in a region - some Groundings (in according to Groundings-Enterprises-Markets cluster conception). The Groundings, called by M. E. Porter "factor conditions" are the part of Porter's National Diamond - framework resulted from a study of patterns of comparative advantage among industrialized nations, used in some analyses of a national markets ability to compete in an international market. The Groundings/factor conditions are categorized in two forms: some resources in a region ("home-grown" - natural resources and highly specialized resources) as well as supported infrastructure (physical and institutional). The author focuses on Mazovia Region and analyses the Groundings in this area in the perspective of cluster development.