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1
Content available Structures for Heat Treatment Assembled from Cast Elements
Piekarski Bogdan, Drotlew Andrzej
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
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2020
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Vol. 4, no. 4
53--57
EN
Various types of technological equipment individually designed for operation in pit and elevator heat treatment furnaces are described in this article. A common characteristic of these structures is that they are composed of several or several dozen thin-walled elements of various shapes and sizes, gravity cast in sand moulds from creep-resistant alloys (austenitic Cr-Ni/Ni-Cr cast steel and cast nickel alloys). The design of the castings requires the development of a manufacturing technology that can effectively use the principle of the simultaneous solidification of all components. Properly designed equipment should have minimum weight, maximum strength, and maximum loading capacity combined with adequate durability and reliability. Two designs of the equipment for the heat treatment of steel parts were presented. Both designs, as well as their individual components, were described in detail and illustrated. The main task of the equipment is to form the charge in the furnace and transport this charge both inside and outside the furnace. The first design is the design of an equipment for the heat treatment of large ring-shaped parts. The second design is the design of an equipment, whose structure can be modified using various repeatable components. As a result of these modifications, different variants of the equipment are obtained, allowing for the heat treatment of five different types of the shafts characterized by different shapes and sizes. The study is of an application nature. It is addressed to engineering and technical staff dealing with both the design and operation of heat treatment furnaces.
2
Content available Connecting Castings for Operation under Conditions of Cyclic Temperature Changes
Drotlew Andrzej, Piekarski Bogdan
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
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2020
|
Vol. 4, no. 1
16--21
EN
The separable connections used in technological equipment of heat treatment furnaces (OTP) are described in this study. The equipment is used for the heat treatment of charges, i.e. for the thermal and thermo-chemical treatment of parts of machines and devices. OTP is used for the charge formation and its transport before, during and after heat treatment operations. Accessories of this type are usually compact structures composed of several or several dozen cast elements. The main components are grates and pillars, which form an outer contour of the OTP and also allow for the correct arrangement of heat-treated parts. To form a relatively rigid structure composed of the grates and pillars, it is necessary to join these components together. For this purpose, various types of separable connections are used, mainly of a cylindrical shape with threaded parts. The subject of this study is focused on the construction and operating conditions of typical OTP structures, as well as the methods of fastening the pillar in a grate, i.e. on the design of the bottom part of the pillar and the hole in the grate in which this pillar is embedded.
3
Content available Thermal Stresses in the Accessories of Heat Treatment Furnaces vs Cooling Kinetics
Bajwoluk A., Gutowski P.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2019
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iss. 3
88--93
EN
Depending on the course of the processes of heat treatment and thermo-chemical treatment, the technological equipment of heat treatment furnaces is exposed to different operating conditions, as the said processes differ among themselves in the temperature of annealing and atmosphere prevailing in the furnace chamber, in the duration of a single work cycle and in the type and temperature of the coolant. These differences affect the magnitude of stresses occurring in each cycle of the operation of furnace accessories, and thus play an important role in fatigue processes leading to the destruction of these accessories. The kinetics of temperature changes during each cooling process plays an important role in the formation of thermal stresses on the cross-section of the cooled parts. It depends on many factors, including the initial cooling temperature, the type and temperature of the cooling medium, or the dimensions and shape of the object. This article presents a numerical analysis of the effect of the initial temperature on the distribution of stresses on the cross-section of the grate ribs, generated in the first few seconds of the cooling process carried out in two cooling media, i.e. hardening oil and water. The analysis was carried out by the finite element method, based on the results of experimental testes of temperature changes in the rib during its cooling.
4
Content available Mechanical Stresses Induced by Compression in Castings of the Load-carrying Grate
Słowik J., Drotlew A., Piekarski B.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2016
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Vol. 16, iss. 2
51--54
EN
The main aim of this study was to examine the compression-induced state of stress arising in castings of the guide grates during operation in pusher-type furnaces for heat treatment. The effect of grate compression is caused by its forced movement in the furnace. The introduction of flexible segments to the grate structure changes in a significant way the stress distribution, mainly by decreasing its value, and consequently considerably extends the lifetime of the grates. The stress distribution was examined in the grates with flexible segments arranged crosswise (normal to the direction of the grate compression) and lengthwise (following the direction of force). A regression equation was derived to describe the relationship between the stress level in a row of ribs in the grate and the number of flexible segments of a lengthwise orientation placed in this row. It was found that, regardless of the distribution of the flexible segments in a row, the stress values were similar in all the ribs included in this row, and in a given row of the ribs/flexible segments a similar state of stress prevailed, irrespective of the position of this row in the whole structure of the grate and of the number of the ribs/flexible segments introduced therein. Parts of the grate responsible for the stress transfer were indicated and also parts which play the role of an element bonding the structure.
5
Content available Konstrukcja palety podstawowej oprzyrządowania technologicznego do obróbki cieplnej
Drotlew A., Garbiak M., Kubicki J., Piekarski B., Siluk P.
Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa
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2013
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T. 53, z. 3
59--71
PL
W pracy przedstawiono sposób postępowania umożliwiający ilościową ocenę porównawczą elastyczności różnych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych odlewu palety podstawowej. Paleta podstawowa jest głównym elementem wchodzącym w skład konstrukcji wszystkich typów oprzyrządowania technologicznego służącego do ułożenia i transportu wsadu w piecu podczas zabiegów obróbki cieplnej. Jest ażurową i cienkościenną konstrukcją. Określono wartość sił i naprężeń tworzących się w zaproponowanych konstrukcjach palety wskutek ich odkształcenia o zadaną wartość. Na tej podstawie wskazano najkorzystniejsze rozwiązania jej konstrukcji.
EN
The paper presents a procedure that allows a quantitative comparative assessment of the flexibility of different design solutions of guide grate cast. Guide grate is an essential component part in all types of technological equipment structures used for arranging and transporting charge in furnaces during heat treatment. It is an openwork and thin-walled construction element. Values of forces and stresses created in the proposed guide grates due to deformation are specified. On this basis, the most advantageous structure solutions are indicated.
6
Content available remote Oprzyrządowanie technologiczne do obróbki cieplnej
Drotlew A., Garbiak M, Piekarski B.
Mechanik
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2013
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R. 86, nr 5-6
398, 340, 342--344
PL
Przedstawiono klasyfikację żarowytrzymałego oprzyrządowania technologicznego, służącego do uformowania wsadu w piecach do obróbki cieplnej. Scharakteryzowano poszczególne konstrukcje i zilustrowano je przykładami. Paleta podstawowa (nośna) wchodzi w skład konstrukcji wszystkich typów oprzyrządowania. W zależności od liczby i kształtu części obrabianych cieplnie oraz wielkości produkcji paletę uzupełnia się o inne podstawowe elementy: palety pośrednie, słupki, poprzeczki czy kosze. Obrys zewnętrzny oprzyrządowania zależy przede wszystkim od typu pieca. Większość elementów oprzyrządowania to zwykle odlewy wytwarzane w formach piaskowych.
EN
The paper presents the classification of heat-resistant equipment used to form the charge in the furnace for heat treatment. Various structures are characterised and illustrated with examples. Guide grate forms part of all types of equipment structures. Depending on the number and shape of the heat treated elements and the production size, the structure can be complemented with other basic elements such as intermediate grates, corner pillars, cross-bars and baskets. Outer contour of equipment depends mainly on the type of furnace. Most parts of the equipment structure are usually sand moulded castings.
7
Content available remote Cast functional accessories for heat treatment furnaces
Piekarski B., Drotlew A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2010
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Vol. 10, iss. 4
183--190
EN
The study gives examples of the cast functional accessories operating in furnaces for the heat treatment of metals and alloys. The described design solutions of castings and their respective assemblies are used for charge preparation and handling. They were put in systematic order depending on furnace design and the technological purpose of heat treatment. Basic grades of austenitic cast steel, used for castings of this type, were enumerated, and examples of general guidelines formulated for their use were stated. The functional accessories described in this study were designed and made by the Foundry Research Laboratory of West Pomeranian University of Technology.
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