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1

Consequences of using overlays on welded joints

Wojsyk Kwiryn, Nawrocki Jerzy

Welding Technology Review

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2023

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R. 95

78--86

EN

The article refers to an earlier publication regarding "reinforcing" overlays on welded joints. In this context, the main principles of designing welded structures were reminded. To verify the principle of not using overlays on the welds, an FEM simulation of such a model was performed. Simulation proved that weld overlays used in plate girder structures are ballast, because they do not participate in stress transfer when tensile is dominant. In addition, they generate a stress concentration in the corner of the pad, which greatly reduces the time to fatigue failure of the structure. A list of the recommendations, requirements for the correct use of overlays on welded joints is given.

2

Destruction of high pressure vessels in pipeline structures

Rahimova Mahluqa S., Abbasov Sakit H., Ahmadov Alihikmat A.

Nafta-Gaz

|

2023

|

R. 79, nr 5

360--364

EN

The article indicates that engineering design criteria do not provide measures to prevent failures; this is evidenced by the occurrence of many accidents. Fracture prevention criteria should be derived from the principles of fracture mechanics, what should be developed further. However, the current concepts of fracture mechanics, when properly applied, provide an opportunity to ensure the reliability of the structure or organise the supervision of expensive structures to ensure their safe operation. These methods of preventing damage can be divided into two large groups: 1) checking for the formation of cracks and 2) monitoring their development. Both methods are based on similar principles; it would be easier to explain them with examples. To ensure the safe operation of the pressure vessel used in the reactor, the maximum allowable initial crack size should be known. The size of this crack should not expand to a critical point during the entire operation of the reactor. Knowing how the process of crack propagation proceeds and how the structure behaves during failure, it is possible to calculate the critical size of the defect and, based on this, calculate the maximum allowable size of the crack at the beginning of operation. Proper inspection of the new vessel will eliminate the possibility of shells that are larger than the original size. Checking for the presence of cracks, and determining their rate of growth during operation, presents significant difficulties. Therefore, checks should be avoided during operation. If the fracture and crack growth calculations, as well as the initial checks, are carried out correctly, then checks made during operation are an optional extra. However, in practice, such checks should still be performed. For vessels used in reactors, remote observation of crack growth using ultrasonic waves is a particularly useful method. If a crack is found, measures must be taken to either repair or replace the partially destroyed element.

PL

W artykule wskazano, że kryteria na etapie tworzenia projektu technicznego często nie uwzględniają środków zapobiegających awariom, o czym świadczą liczne wypadki przy pracy. Kryteria zapobiegania powstawaniu pęknięć powinny być wyprowadzane z zasad mechaniki powstawania pęknięć, co wymaga dalszego rozwoju. Jednak obecne koncepcje mechaniki powstawania pęknięć, przy ich właściwym stosowaniu, dają możliwość zapewnienia niezawodności konstrukcji lub zorganizowania nadzoru nad kosztownymi konstrukcjami, aby zapewnić ich bezpieczną eksploatację. Te metody zapobiegania uszkodzeniom można podzielić na dwie duże grupy: 1) kontrola pod kątem powstawania pęknięć, 2) monitorowanie ich wzrostu. Obie metody opierają się na podobnych zasadach i lepiej wyjaśnić je na przykładach. W celu zapewnienia bezpiecznej eksploatacji zbiornika ciśnieniowego używanego w reaktorze należy znać maksymalną dopuszczalną początkową wielkość pęknięcia. Wielkość takiego pęknięcia nie powinna wzrosnąć do wartości krytycznej przez cały czas pracy reaktora. Wiedząc, jak przebiega proces propagacji pęknięć i jak zachowuje się konstrukcja podczas uszkodzenia, można obliczyć krytyczną wielkość uszkodzenia i na tej podstawie obliczyć maksymalną dopuszczalną wielkość pęknięcia na początku eksploatacji. Prawidłowa kontrola nowego zbiornika wyeliminuje możliwość wystąpienia pęknięć większych niż o pierwotnym rozmiarze. Kontrole pod kątem obecności pęknięć i określenie tempa ich wzrostu podczas pracy wiążą się z dużymi trudnościami. Dlatego należy unikać wykonywania kontroli podczas pracy. Jeżeli obliczenia dotyczące pęknięć i ich wzrostu, jak również kontrole wstępne, zostały przeprowadzone prawidłowo, to kontrole podczas eksploatacji byłyby opcjonalnym dodatkiem. Jednak w praktyce takie kontrole i tak są przeprowadzane. W przypadku zbiorników używanych w reaktorach szczególnie przydatną metodą jest zdalna obserwacja wzrostu pęknięć za pomocą fal ultradźwiękowych. W przypadku stwierdzenia pęknięcia należy podjąć działania w celu naprawy lub wymiany częściowo zniszczonego elementu.

3

Comparison of Monte Carlo and bootstrap analyses for residual life and confidence interval

Husnain M. M. N., Akramin M. R. M., Shaari M. S., Takahashi Akiyuki, Bashiri Abdullateef H., Alshoaibi Abdulnaser M.

Materials Science Poland

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2023

|

Vol. 41, No. 1

15--26

EN

Failure starts with creation of a crack, then the propagation of the crack and eventually the fracture of the material. Furthermore, material selection, geometry, processing and residual stresses are critical factors that may contribute to uncertainty and prospective failure mechanisms in engineering. These issues may also arise in computational analysis, a problematic model, for instance, a three-dimensional surface fracture that may necessitate numerous degrees of freedom during analysis. However, considering the multiple incidents of material failure, detailed analysis and efforts to prevent premature material failure for safety and engineering integrity can be carried out. Thus, the objective of this study is to model crack growth in a surface-cracked structure. Aluminium alloy 7075-T6 was the material of interest in this study. The S-version finite element method (SFEM) was used to study fracture propagation. The numerical approach developed in this research was the probabilistic SFEM. Instead of mesh rebuilding, a typical finite element approach, the SFEM uses global–local element overlay method to create a fatigue crack growth model, which was then used for crack research. Empirical computation and previous experimental data were used to evaluate the stress intensity factor (SIF), surface crack growth and fatigue life. The SIF was determined using a virtual crack closure method (VCCM). In addition, the probabilistic approach is also a critical method to generate random parameters, such as Monte Carlo and bootstrap methods. The SIF, fatigue life and surface crack growth were validated and deemed to be within the acceptable range.

4

The Computational Method of Predicting the Crack Path in Confrontation with Laboratory Tests

Gontarz Jakub, Podgórski Jerzy

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 2

90--110

EN

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests and computer simulations of the pull-out test of a rod embedded in a concrete cylindrical sample. The main purpose was to verify the force-displacement relationship and the crack paths. The X-FEM method of fracture simulation was used. The authors compared a simple maximum principal stress criterion, as well as their own method of simulating fracture propagation in brittle materials, implemented with the user subroutine in the Simulia Abaqus FEA system. A number of conclusions were obtained in the analyzes, related to the influence of the finite element mesh size, the method of modeling the rod and its contact with concrete. The advantages of own method were presented. the reasons for the differences between the results of simulations and laboratory tests were presented.

5

The Effect of Undercut Anchor Diameter on the Rock Failure Cone Area in Pullout Tests

Jonak Józef, Karpiński Robert, Wójcik Andrzej, Siegmund Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

261–270

EN

The numerical analysis was conducted using the FEM ABAQUS software to establish the impact of various undercut anchor diameters on the rock breakout cone formation. The central focus of the investigations was on the rock breakout prism, which tends to be approximated to a cone or a quadrilateral pyramid, including its characteristic parameter, the angle of failure cone . Assuming that the embedment depth and the undercut anchor head angle were constant for the considered range of anchor head diameters, it remains unclear, however, precisely how the anchor head diameter affects the value of the failure cone angle, and thus the surface area of the full breakout prism. This conclusion stands in confirmation of our former considerations regarding the impact of the anchor head angle on the size of the breakout surface. Furthermore, it is supported by the results obtained from the mechanical model simulation of the anchor-rock system, where the anchor head angle and the effective embedment depth were determined as significant factors affecting the assumed rock breakout failure. The underlying aspect of the reported investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of the non-conventional rock breakout technology performed with an undercut anchor, whose primary factors were both the pullout force and the assumed volume of the rock cone.

6

The overview of fracture mechanics models for concrete

Akram Amanda

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

|

2021

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Vol. 14, no. 1

47--58

EN

Fracture mechanics of concrete is a complex matter still thoroughly researched from different angles. It is not an easy task to describe fracture process in concrete, as there are many factors affecting crack development and propagation. Practical applications of fracture mechanics could allow engineers to design concrete structures more effectively and safely. At the minimum, it could help estimate the “safe” period of time left before the unstable, dangerous crack propagation. This utilitarian goal was the reason for many researchers to invent numerous theoretical models in order to describe the crack occurrence better. However, dealing with various analytical problems was not a simple matter and thus existing models of fracture mechanics for concrete have different limitations. Over the years first fracture theories for concrete were reviewed repeatedly. All of these investigations lead to modifications of older models in order to overcome found drawbacks, which proved not to be an easy task. Recently, new approaches to fracture analyses seemed to produce promising results, like universal size effect law (USEL) or modified two parameter fracture model (MTPM) with alternative ways for evaluating fracture parameters. In the paper some of them will be discussed together with other fracture models, starting from some of the very first ones introduced for concrete, like fictitious crack model (FCM) and crack band model (CBM).

7

Simulation of the Griffith's Crack Using Own Method of Predicting the Crack Propagation

Podgórski Jerzy, Gontarz Jakub

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

|

Vol. 15, no 4

1--13

EN

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of brittle material fracture initiated by Griffith's crack situated at any angle with respect to the load direction. The simulations were performed with the Simulia Abaqus FEA system using the X-FEM method. The direction of the crack propagation was determined using the user's subroutine written in Fortran, implemented in the Abaqus system. The authors programmed several conditions for the direction of the fracture propagation: maximum principal stress criterion, Ottosen-Podgórski criterion, three criteria based on displacements around the crack tip, and the MTS criterion, which is based on stress intensity factors. For the purposes of this study, two shapes of the crack tip were analyzed - sharp and blunted. The relationship between the direction of the initial fracture and the direction of crack propagation was found. The simulations were carried out for the angles of the initial crack from 0° to 90°, every 10°. A theoretical analysis of the implemented criteria was also carried out and compared to numerical results. The influence of the shape of the crack tip on the simulation result was analyzed. It was shown that the simulation results closest to the theoretical results were obtained for the own implementation of the stress-based criteria. It has also been proven that the shape of the crack tip has little effect on the result if the finite element mesh is properly densified. However, the sharp crack has a disadvantage for small initial crack angles. The Author’s method of predicting the crack propagation has been proven correct and effective. This work is also the basis for the further development of the described method.

8

Experimental Verification of Standard Recommendations for Estimating the Load-carrying Capacity of Undercut Anchors in Rock Material

Jonak Józef, Karpiński Robert, Siegmund Michał, Machrowska Anna, Prostański Dariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

|

Vol. 15, no 1

230--244

EN

The recommendations put forward in the International Standards for anchorage in concrete concerning the assessment of the load-carrying capacity of anchors (the pull-out force) embedded in natural rock material were verified. Regarding the predicted extent of surface failure we have shown, in earlier studies, substantial discrepancies between the strength test results for anchorages in the rock mass and the established standard recommendations for anchorages in concrete. As regards the industrial practice and the goals of the reported project, simplified calculation procedures that will facilitate the selection of optimal configurations for the layout of anchor holes, while being computationally effective and applicable under the industry-specific conditions are sought.

9

Crack propagation analysis in selected railway bogie components

Mysłek Adam

Technical Transactions

|

2020

|

Vol. 117, iss. 1

art. no. e2020017

EN

This paper presents the practical application of fracture mechanics in investigating the possibility of crack propagation in a brake calliper bracket mounted in a vehicle bogie. The extended finite element method available in the Abaqus software was used. This method allows the modelling of material damage and its propagation independently of the finite element mesh. Damage can arise in any area of finite elements without changing the mesh. Numerical simulation of crack propagation was performed in order to analyse how crack changes as a result of the location change of damage initiation.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono praktyczne zastosowanie mechaniki pękania w badaniu możliwości propagacji pęknięć w wsporniku zacisku hamulca zamontowanym w wózku pojazdu. Zastosowano rozszerzoną metodę elementów skończonych dostępną w oprogramowaniu Abaqus. Ta metoda umożliwia modelowanie uszkodzeń materiału i jego rozprzestrzenianie się niezależnie od siatki elementów skończonych. Uszkodzenie może powstać w dowolnym obszarze elementów skończonych bez zmiany siatki. Przeprowadzono numeryczną symulację propagacji pęknięć w celu analizy zmian propagacji w wyniku zmiany lokalizacji inicjacji uszkodzeń.

10

Homogenization of plates with parallel cracks

Holek Mateusz, Fedeliński Piotr

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics

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2020

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Vol. 19, nr 1

31--41

EN

The paper presents an analysis of effective elastic properties of plates with parallel cracks using the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). Rectangular plates with parallel or inclined cracks to the edges of plates were considered. Different distances between cracks and different angles of cracks were studied. The displacement and traction boundary conditions were applied and their influence on the accuracy of overall properties of cracked material was analysed. The results obtained by the FEM and the BEM were compared.

11

The characteristics of selected triaxiality measures of the stresses for a C(T) specimen dominated by the plane strain state

Graba M.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 25, no. 1

52--74

EN

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the stress field and selected triaxiality parameters near the crack tip for C(T) specimen dominated by the plane strain state using the finite element method. It includes some theoretical information about elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the basics of the FEM modeling and presentation of the numerical results. The FEM analysis includes calculations with large strain assumptions. The influence of the external load and crack length is discussed. Additional elements of the paper are a qualitative assessment of the size of plastic zones and the crack tip opening displacement.

12

Simulation of four-point beam bending test using the X-FEM method

Gontarz Jakub, Podgórski Jerzy

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2020

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Vol. 19, no 3

57--67

EN

This article presents the results of the computer simulations of a four-point bending test of a concrete single-edge notched beam. In this publication, the authors compared the X-FEM method of simulating the crack in the Abaqus FEA system. The paper also contains the results obtained with the Abaqus subroutine recently developed by the authors, used for defining the direction of the crack and the failure criterion. The publication explains the way of working of this algorithm. The described calculations show that computer analysis gives unrealistic results in terms of the destructive force. SEN-beam is an interesting laboratory test in which a lot of factors influence the results. It is especially important to study what phenomena occur in the final phase of the study, when the crack tip is near the opposite side.

PL

Artykuł ten przedstawia wyniki symulacji komputerowych testu czteropunktowego zginania betonowej belki z nacięciem (belka SEN). W tej pracy autorzy porównali metodę symulowania propagacji szczeliny X-FEM w systemie Abaqus FEA. Ponadto zawiera ona wyniki uzyskane z nowej autorskiej subrutyny programu Abaqus, odpowiedzialnej za definiowanie kierunku propagacji szczeliny i kryterium zniszczenia. Praca opisuje również zasadę działania tego algorytmu. Opisywane obliczenia pokazują, że komputerowa analiza daje wyniki siły niszczącej dalekie od rzeczywistości. Belka SEN jest ciekawym badaniem laboratoryjnym, w którym na wynik ma wpływ wiele czynników. Szczególnie ważne jest zbadanie zjawiska występującego w końcowej fazie symulacji, kiedy wierzchołek szczeliny jest blisko krawędzi.

13

Report on laboratory tests of sandstone and porphyry for rock fracture analysis

Gontarz Jakub, Szulej Jacek

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2020

|

Vol. 19, no 2

87--100

EN

The paper presents the results of mechanical tests of three types of rocks from stone mines in Poland. Compression tests of cubic samples, three-point bending tests of beams, bending of beams with notch and testing of tensile strength using the quasi-Brazilian method were performed. Based on the tests, the compressive strength, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratios were determined. The stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate in mode I were determined from the bending test of the notched beams. The determined values were used as parameters of computer models which are used to verify the authors’ method of predicting the crack propagation in the Abaqus FEA system.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań laboratoryjnych trzech typów skał z kopalni kamienia w Polsce. Wykonano badanie ściskania kostek, badanie trójpunktowego zginania belek, zginania belek z nacięciem i badanie rozciągania przy rozłupywaniu metodą kwazi-Brazylijską. Na podstawie badań uzyskano wytrzymałość na ściskanie, wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, moduł Younga i współczynnik Poissona. Współczynnik intensywności naprężenia i krytyczna energia pękania w modzie I zostały uzyskane z badań zginania belek z nacięciem. Uzyskane wyniki zostały użyte jako parametry do modeli komputerowych, które są używane do weryfikacji autorskiej metody przewidywania propagacji szczeliny w systemie Abaqus.

14

Nominal stress-based estimation of fatigue life of welded joints

Głowacka Karolina, Łagoda Tadeusz

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2020

|

Vol. 64, No. 2

39--44

EN

The paper presents methods for determining the fatigue life of welded joints with particular emphasis given to typical joints. In addition, the article presents various possible nominal stress-based ways enabling the calculation of stresses, including structural stresses and involving the most complex linear fracture mechanics. The paper also discusses recommendations by the International Institute of Welding related to the determination of the fatigue life of welded joints in flat elements exposed to tension-compression conditions. The work is focused on assessing the fatigue life of welded joints (selected types) in accordance with the guidelines specified in related recommendations issued by the International Institute of Welding and taking into consideration the analysis concerned with the safety of such structures.

PL

Przedstawiono metody wyznaczania trwałości zmęczeniowej złączy spawanych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem typowych złączy. Podano możliwe sposoby wyznaczania naprężeń uzyskanych na drodze obliczeniowej w złączach spawanych na podstawie naprężeń nominalnych według różnych propozycji, poprzez naprężenia strukturalne, aż po zastosowanie najbardziej skomplikowanej liniowej mechaniki pękania. Na tym tle przedstawiono zalecenia Międzynarodowego Instytutu Spawalnictwa dotyczące wyznaczania trwałości zmęczeniowej złączy spawanych w warunkach rozciągania-ściskania elementów płaskich. Skupiono uwagę na problemie oceny trwałości zmęczeniowej połączeń spawanych wybranych typów złączy zgodnie z wytycznymi zawartymi w zaleceniach Międzynarodowego Instytutu Spawalnictwa oraz analizie bezpieczeństwa takich konstrukcji.

15

The simulation of the stress field of welded joint containing discontinuity No 1014

Nawrocki Jerzy, Słania Jacek

Welding Technology Review

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2019

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R. 91, nr 1

19--23

EN

This paper contains the results simulation and linear elastic fracture mechanic (LEFM) calculation of the welded joint contains it discontinuity 1014. The model base material C-Mn non-alloy steel S235JRG2 according to EN 10025-2 and consumable GMAW wire electrode G3Si1 according to EN ISO 14341 was prepared. Due to stress singularity effect located at the tip of the crack, the Huber-Mises-Hencky (H-M-H) hypothesis cannot be used, so that the stress intensity factor (KI) and fracture toughness (KIC) was applied. The LEFM analysis showed the range where the existence of crack can be acceptable. Based on well-known LEFM issue the verification of simulation program was performed. The stress intensity factor (KI) values was obtained from FEM simulation process.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu była prezentacja pola naprężenia złącza spawanego zawierającego niezgodność spawalniczą 1014 (pęknięcie podłużne w materiale podstawowym równoległe do osi spoiny) obliczonego za pomocą symulacji MES oraz mechaniki pękania.

16

Analysis of crack propagation in a "pull-out" test

Gontarz Jakub, Podgórski Jerzy

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2019

|

Vol. 41, nr 3

160--170

EN

The article describes a computer analysis of the pull-out test used to calculate the force needed to pull out a rock fragment and determine the shape of this broken fragment. The analyzed material is sandstone and porphyry. The analysis included the first approach to using own subroutine in the Simulia Abaqus system, that is, which task is undertaken to accurately determine the crack path of the Finite Element Method model. The work also contains a description of laboratory tests and analytical considerations.

17

Numerical study of cracking a medium elastic iscoplastique of polyacetal

Reffas Sid Ahmed, Benguidiab Mohamed, Sikula Ondrej, Adjlout Houari, Lebbal Habib

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 23, nr 1

125--129

EN

The objective of this work is the analysis of the fracture behavior of a SENB cylinder with a defect where stress triaxiality is more severe. Numerical simulations are carried out in a 2D mode, to overcome a disadvantageous hypothesis plane strain or plane stress. The mesh sensitivity studies were also undertaken but are not presented here. Indeed, only the results for the most relevant mesh are the subject of the discussion.

18

Numerical investigation of mechanical behavior of cracked cruciform specimens in aluminum alloy 6082-T6 subjected to different biaxial loading conditions

Khelil Foudil, Aour Benaoumeur, Talha Abderrahim, Benseddiq Noureddine

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

|

2019

|

Vol. 57 nr 4

1021--1037

EN

Analysis of cracked cruciform specimens under biaxial loading conditions is very important and closer to reality in the study of behavior of marine, naval, aeronautical and railway structures. The aim of this work is to examine the evolution of fracture parameters in a combined mixed mode of an aluminum alloy A6082-T6 cruciform specimen as a function of the biaxial loading with different ratios. To this end, the effects of main parameters, such as load ratio, crack length, crack orientation and non-proportional loading coefficient have been analyzed and discussed in order to highlight fracture toughness of the studied material. The results show that the finite element method is a useful tool for calculation of crack characteristics in the mechanics of biaxial fracture. According to the obtained results, a non-proportional evolution of the fracture parameters, namely, the SIFs KI and KII , T-stress, and the biaxiality parameter was observed. Indeed, the latter depends considerably on the crack length, the angle of crack orientation and the applied biaxial loading. Detailed concluding remarks are presented at the end of this work.

19

Application of modified Ritchie-Knott-Rice criterion to cellular automata

Janus-Gałkiewicz Urszula, Neimitz Andrzej

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

|

2019

|

Vol. 57 nr 3

577--590

EN

In this paper, the cellular automata model is applied to analyse cleavage and ductile fracture in front of a crack in three-point-bend specimens made of Hardox-400 steel. The research programme was composed of experiments followed by fractographic and numerical analyses. On the basis of microscopic observations, the sizes of cells used in the automata were determined. The algorithm enabled mapping of the two-dimensional crack surface as well as a simulation of temperature-dependent failure mechanisms by defining transition rules based on the modified Ritchie-Knott-Rice cleavage fracture criterion. The critical stress values were estimated and verified by the cellular automata model.

20

Wybrane kompozyty cementowe w warunkach pożaru

Plechawski Stanisław

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2019

|

R. 75, nr 10

472--477

PL

Podjęto próbę przedstawienia zarysu mechaniki pękania. Omówiono zagadnienia struktury betonu, jego porowatości, strefy przejściowej, kruszywa oraz toku badawczego stosowanego w mechanice pękania.

EN

The article attempts to present the outline of fracture mechanics. Issues of the structure of concrete, its porosity, transition zone, aggregate and the research process used in fracture mechanics are discussed.