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Detrital rutile U-Pb geochronology of the Alpine convergence in the External Western Carpathians

Doliwa Zieliński Ludwik de, Potočný Tomáš, Bazarnik Jakub, Kooijman Ellen, Kośmińska Karolina, Mazur Stanisław, Majka Jarosław

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

84--84

EN

The Carpathian Flysch Belt represents a Paleogene accretionary wedge (External Western Carpathians – EWC) located in front of the narrow Pieniny Klippen Belt zone and the Cretaceous Central Western Carpathian nappe stack. The Flysch Belt is formed of several nappes thrust over the slope of the European Platform in the Miocene. This study is focused on the uppermost Magura Nappe, which consists of the Rača, Bystrica and Krynica subunits. As there are no relics of pre-Miocene oceanic crust in the EWC, the sedimentary rocks of the Flysch Belt are the only source of information available about the Alpine collisional events. U-Pb geochronology was applied to detrital rutile from sandstones of the Magura Nappe in order to better understand the closure of the Alpine Tethys in the Western Carpathians. Ten medium-sized sandstone samples were collected across the Bystrica and Krynica subunits in the Nowy Targ region in southern Poland. The samples represent synorogenic clastic sediments with inferred deposition ages between the Late Cretaceous and Oligocene. Approximately 200 rutile grains were separated from each sandstone sample and around half of them were selected for further analyses. The age and appearance (shape, inclusions, zoning etc.) of the dated rutile show significant variations, suggesting derivation from various sources. The most prominent age peaks represent the Variscan (c. 400–280 Ma) and Alpine (c. 160–90 Ma) tectonic events which are well-pronounced in all but the oldest dated sample. It is also noteworthy that four distinct Alpine signals were detected in our rutile data set. The two most prominent peaks with ages of 137–126 Ma and 115–105 Ma are found in majority of the samples. In two sandstone samples, deposited between the Eocene –Oligocene and the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene, the youngest peak of 94–90 Ma appears. Another peak of 193–184 Ma is also present in these two samples, as well as in another sandstone deposited between the Paleocene and the Eocene. In addition, most samples show few Proterozoic ages (approx. 1770 Ma, 1200 Ma, 680 Ma and 600 Ma). Since metamorphic rutile requires relatively high pressure to crystallize, its formation in the course of an orogeny is possible in a subduction setting. Hence, our new age data may reflect tectonic events related to subduction of oceanic crust and overlying sediments. Tentatively, we propose that recognizable events include the Jurassic subduction of the Meliata Ocean (~180–155 Ma), the Early Cretaceous thrust stacking of the Veporic and Gemeric domains (140–105 Ma) and possibly the Late Cretaceous subduction of the Váh Ocean (c. 90 Ma). In addition to dating, the Zr content of the rutile formed during the Alpine orogeny was measured by electron microprobe at the AGH University in Krakow. The amount of Zr varies between 37–420 ppm in almost all grains, with the exception of 4 rutile grains where ~1100 ppm was reached. The Zr in rutile thermometer, based on the approach of Kohn (2020) was used to calculate the possible metamorphic conditions at 450–650°C and >7.5 kbar. This data set corroborates formation of the Alpine rutile under relatively high pressure and rather low to moderate pressure/temperature gradient, i.e. typical of subduction-related tectonic environments.

2

Revision of the trace fossil Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 with focus on Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 from the lower Eocene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia

Uchman Alfred, Lebanidze Zurab, Beridze Tamar, Kobakhidze Nino, Lobzhanidze Koba, Khutsishvili Sophio, Chagelishvili Rusudan, Makadze Davit, Koiava Kakha, Khundadze Nino

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 8

EN

Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 is a characteristic deep-sea trace fossil belonging to the group of graphoglyptids and mostly preserved as a network of irregular meshes in hypichnial semirelief. So far, eleven ichnospecies have been distinguished under this ichnogenus, though commonly on weak evidence. The so-far poorly known ichnospecies Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 is described here on the basis of the numerous, newly discovered specimens from deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Bolevani Subsuite (lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia, together with other collections and published examples. A neotype of this ichnospecies is designated and the diagnosis emended. M. aequale occurs in lower Cambrian to upper Miocene deep-sea turbiditic deposits, mostly in the Paleogene. It is characterized by relatively small, variable meshes, which have mostly irregular sub-pentagonal, sub-hexagonal or sub-heptagonal shapes that are variable in size and are bordered by curved or straight semicircular ridges. It has been mistaken for Paleodictyon, which forms regular hexagonal nets. Paleodictyon imperfectum Seilacher, 1977 is included in M. aequale as the ichnosubspecies M. a. imperfectum, which is characterized by relatively thin bordering ridges. After critical analysis of all ichnospecies, only M. irregulare Książkiewicz, 1968, M. submontanum (Azpeitia Moros, 1933), and M. aequale are recommended for further use. These are distinguished on the basis of the prevailing morphology of the meshes, irrespective of large differences in morphometric parameters within the ichnospecies. Irredictyon chaos Vialov, 1972 is included in M. irregulare as the ichnosubspecies M. i. chaos, which is characterized by relatively thick bordering ridges. Megagrapton is interpreted as a cast of a subsurface open burrow network with a few connections to the sea floor. The burrows probably functioned as a trap for small organisms (ethological subcategory irretichnia).

3

Deep-sea trace fossils from the Numidian Formation (Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene) in the Ouarsenis Mountains, northwestern Algeria

Menzoul Bouabdellah, Uchman Alfred, Adaci Mohamed, Bensalah Mustapha

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 2

art. no. 12

EN

Trace fossils and lithofacies have been studied for the first time in the Numidian Formation (Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene) of the Ouarsenis Mountains in Algeria to interpret their depositional environment. Twenty-two ichnogenera have been recognized in eight lithofacies of three main facies associations in four representative sections. Distribution of the trace fossils is dependent on the facies. Most trace fossils are dominated by post-depositional forms (62%) and occur in fine-grained, thin-bedded sandstones of facies F4. They belong to the Ophiomorpha rudis, Paleodictyon and the Nereites ichnosubfacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. The O. rudis ichnosubfacies is recorded in 1) medium- to very thick-bedded sandstones of the facies association FA1, interbedded with thinner sandstone beds of the facies F2 and F4 in the upper unit of the sections studied, which were deposited in channel fill and levee-overbank environments, and in 2) medium- to thin-bedded sandstones of the facies association FA2 in the lower unit of the Kef Maiz and the Ain Ghanem sections, which were deposited in isolated narrow channels within the mud-dominated part of the depositional system and occasionally fed with turbiditic sand. The Paleodictyon ichnosubfacies occurs in thin- to medium-bedded sandstones (FA2) of the lower units in the Ain Ghanem and Kef Maiz sections and the lowest part of the upper unit of the Kef Maiz section, which were deposited in channel margin or foremost channel-to-levee-overbank areas. The Nereites ichnosubfacies is recorded in thin-bedded sandstones (FA2), which were deposited in crevasse-splays or small lobes on a basin floor invaded occasionally by turbidites against a background of pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation.

4

Unusual echinoid resting trace records change in the position of the redox boundary (Palaeogene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia)

Uchman Alfred, Lebanidze Zurab, Kobakhidze Nino, Beridze Tamar, Makadze Davit, Lobzhanidze Koba, Khutsishvili Sophio, Chagelishvili Rusudan, Koiava Kakha, Khundadze Nino

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 3

317--330

EN

The first recognition of a tracemaker responding to a temporary shift in the redox boundary is recognized. This is recorded by a new trace fossil, Sursumichnus orbicularis igen. et isp. nov., which is established for mound-like structures on the upper surfaces of sandstone beds from the Borjomi Flysch (upper Paleocene–lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus (Georgia). It is connected with the spatangoid echinoid burrow Scolicia de Quatrefages, 1849 and interpreted as a resting trace of the same tracemaker produced after moving up from a deeper position within the sediment. The resting is caused by an episode of unfavourable conditions related to shallowing of the redox boundary. The trace fossil is a component of the Nereites ichnofacies.

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Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Popiele Member and Menilite Formation in the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe (Aksmanice, SE Poland)

Suchocka Arleta, Barski Marcin, Bieńkowska-Wasiluk Małgorzata

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 3

539--557

EN

In the Paratethys Sea, isolation, the development of anoxia and stratification of the water column resulted in deposition of organic-rich sediments. In the Western Carpathians (Central Paratethys) these sediments now lie within the Menilite Formation. Whereas the Eocene-Oligocene transition has been studied in the Western Carpathians and is documented by dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, the dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Menilite Formation members has been uncertain. The Popiele Member and the Menilite Formation exposed at Aksmanice (Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe, Western Outer Carpathians) reflect palaeogeographic changes at the beginning of the Oligocene. These previously studied deposits have been assigned to lithostratigraphic units, though without biostratigraphic documentation. The age of the Menilite Fm. in the Carpathian sedimentary succession is particularly interesting due to the diachronous character of the facies development. In this study we provide biostratigraphic data based on well-preserved organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The marker taxa recovered indicate a Rupelian age (Early Oligocene) for the Menilite Fm. A different assemblage occurs in the Popiele Member underlying the Menilite Fm. Here, the dinoflagellate cysts are more diverse and abundant, and represented by typical Eocene taxa attributed to Areosphaeridium spp. and Charlesdowniea spp. The Popiele Member may be assigned to the Priabonian (Late Eocene).

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The position and age of flysch deposits in the Crimean Mountains (Southern Ukraine)

Oszczypko N., Ślączka A., Bubniak I., Olszewska B., Garecka M.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 4

697--722

EN

The Crimean Mountains (CM) are regarded as part of the Alpine-Himalaya orogenic belt related to the collision of the Eurasian and African plates. Our research in the CM has allowed confirming the existence of at least two flysch formations of different ages: the Taurida Flysch Formation (Upper Triassic/Lower–? Middle Jurassic) and the Sudak Formation (uppermost Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) in the western and eastern sectors of the CM, respectively. After the Middle Jurassic volcanism, the freshwater claystones with coal-bearing intercalations, as well as local alluvial fan conglomerates were deposited. Then, following the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian marine transgression, three separated Tithonian/Berriasian carbonate platforms developed: Baydarska, Chatyr-Dag and Demerji/Karabi. At the turn of the Late Jurassic, the deep-water Sudak Basin (eastern sector of the CM) began to develop in the eastern periphery of the Demerji/Karabi carbonate platform. This basin, dominated by turbiditic deposition, was probably connected with the Great Caucasus sedimentary system. Finally, distal flysch sedimentation in the Sudak Basin was followed by debris-flow deposits, with huge blocks of Upper Jurassic limestones. These blocks were derived from destruction of the Karabi carbonate platform. During the Berriasian/Valanginian, the eastern sector of the CM began to subside. As a result, both carbonate platforms (western CM) and the debris flow fans of the Sudak Basin (eastern CM) were overlain by marly shales and/or distal turbidites. This type of deposition lasted until the Aptian/Albian. In the post-Albian period, the Alushta-Salgir tectonic zone was transformed into a SE-dipping thrust fault with at least 10 km amplitude of overthrusting.

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Lower Oligocene Menilite Beds, Polish Outer Carpathians: supposed deep-sea flysch locally reinterpreted as shelfal, based on new sedimentological, micropalaeontological and organic-geochemical data

Dziadzio P. S., Matyasik I., Garecka M., Szydło A.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2016

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nr 213

1--120

EN

The Menilite Beds form a widespread lower Oligocene marker succession in various nappes along the Outer Carpathians in the Slovak Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and the Pannonian Basin System, long analysed in detail, like other lithological divisions in the Carpathians. Although the past 80 years of regional research gave inconsistent bathymetric interpretations, the vast majority of Carpathian geologists insist that all the Jurassic to Miocene deposits are of deep-water origin. Intuitively, however, any evolving array of tectonically active thrust wedge-top basins is likely to include many transient zones of shallow-water sedimentation whose deposits, if not cannibalized by erosion, might locally be preserved within the ultimate nappe stack. This hypothesis is postulated here for the (A) Magdalena Sandstone Member of the Menilite Beds in the Silesian Nappe, and (B) Magura Beds in the adjacent/suprajacent Magura Nappe. An early Oligocene age for both units is confirmed here by micropalaeontology. Measured Section A (Gorlice, Sękówka River) in the Silesian Nappe, was deposited on the northern side of an interpreted tectonic palaeo-highland, the Silesian Cordillera. Section A exposes about 180 m of the Menilite Beds and reinterpreted here (see also [30]) as three shallow-water retrogradational parasequences bounded by marine flooding surfaces, recording an overall tectonically-forced regression, previously interpreted as deep-sea deposits.Measured Section B (Ropica Górna, Sękówka River), of the Magura Nappe (Siary Zone), is likewise interpreted here is shallow-water deposits. Both the environment and the early Oligocene age interpreted here conflict with many previous publications. Palaeogeoraphically, Section B was deposited on the southern flank of the Silesian Cordillera. About 80 m of the Magura Beds are exposed in Section B, part of a ca. 2 km-thick succession. Both sections are thought to have accumulated on a tectonically-steepened narrow shelf. The shelf on the southern flank of the Silesian Cordillera was tectonically active, of stair type, dominated by an interpreted coarse-grained shelf-margin delta. The shelf on the northern flank is interpreted as an accommodation-driven, shallow-water deltaic system. The presented work of a detailed sedimentological research programme showing a different point of view on the sedimentation of the Menilite Beds (see also [29, 30]), which are the main hydrocarbon source rock in the Carpathians and are still poorly understood. This work emphasises the global importance of the interpretation of flysch palaeobathymetry arising from sedimentologists' increasing ability to recognise combined-flow sedimentary structures in flysch. This research is a step towards understanding the facies distributions and sedimentary environments of the Menilite Beds throughout the Carpathians.

PL

Głównym zagadnieniem omawianym w niniejszej pracy jest wykształcenie facjalne oraz środowisko sedymentacji warstw menilitowych. Stanowią one regionalny marker w sukcesji utworów dolnego oligocenu występujący w różnych płaszczowinach zachodnich i wschodnich Karpat Zewnętrznych na terenie Słowacji, Polski, Ukrainy, Rumunii oraz w obszarze basenu panońskiego. Od dawna były one poddawane, tak jak i inne wydzielenia litostratygraficzne w Karpatach, szczegółowym badaniom. Jednak w ciągu ostatnich 80 lat badań prowadzonych na poziomie regionalnym nie uzyskano ich spójnej interpretacji batymetrycznej. Większość geologów badających Karpaty twierdzi, że utwory budujące Karpaty w okresie od jury do miocenu mają głębokowodną genezę. Wydaje się jednak bardzo prawdopodobne, że lokalnie – na powstających w wyniku tektonicznej ewolucji wewnątrzbasenowych wyniesieniach (zwanych również kordylierami) – mogło dochodzić do rozwoju stref z płytkowodną sedymentacją, gdy nie uległy one procesowi kanibalizacji w wyniku erozji. Dzięki temu utwory takie mogły również zachować się w obrębie struktur płaszczowinowych. Ta koncepcja poparta badaniami sedymentologicznymi, biostratygraficznymi i geochemicznymi znajduje uzasadnienie w przypadku warstw menilitowych z piaskowcami magdaleńskimi występującymi w obrębie płaszczowiny śląskiej oraz w obrębie warstw magurskich płaszczowiny magurskiej. Obie jednostki obecnie znajdują się w bliskim sąsiedztwie i w obu przypadkach badane utwory z ich obrębu są wieku dolnooligoceńskiego. Sukcesja warstw menilitowych odsłaniająca się w korycie rzeki Sękówki w Gorlicach (profil A) z obrębu płaszczowiny śląskiej ma udokumentowaną, około 180-metrową miąższość. Składa się ona z trzech retrogradacyjnych parasekwencji ograniczonych powierzchniami zalewu morskiego. Została zinterpretowana jako zestaw płytkomorskich parasekwencji powstałych w warunkach wymuszonej regresji [por. 30], a nie (jak to dotychczas było przyjmowane) jako osad głębokomorskich turbidytów. Z punktu widzenia paleogeografii profil A powstał po północnej stronie tzw. kordyliery śląskiej.Profil B (odsłaniający się w korycie rzeki Sękówki w Ropicy Górnej) należy do płaszczowiny magurskiej (strefy Siar). Zinterpretowana zmienność warunków sedymentacji wskazuje na powstanie tych utworów również w obrębie płytkowodnego systemu depozycji. Zarówno zinterpretowane środowisko sedymentacji, jak i wiek tych utworów, określony na dolny oligocen są inne niż te prezentowane w wielu poprzednich pracach. Paleogeograficznie profil B został zdeponowany po południowej stronie kordyliery śląskiej. Ma on około 80 m miąższości i stanowi dolną część mierzącej około 2000 m grubości sukcesji warstw magurskich. Oba profile zostały zinterpretowane jako powstałe na tektonicznie kontrolowanych wąskich szelfach. Szelf po południowej stronie kordyliery śląskiej był bardzo aktywny tektonicznie, miał charakter schodowy i był zdominowany prawdopodobnie sedymentacją, jaka mogła mieć miejsce w systemie gruboklastycznej delty skraju szelfu. Szelf po północnej stronie został natomiast zinterpretowany jako szelf napędzany akomodacją, na którym rozwijał się płytkowodny system deltowy. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań są kompleksowym zbiorem szczegółowych badań sedymentologicznych pokazujących odmienny punkt widzenia na sedymentację i genezę warstw menilitowych [por. 29, 30], które są główną skałą macierzystą dla węglowodorów w Karpatach, a które są wciąż słabo poznane.Niniejsza praca ma znaczenie dla nowej, choć wcześniej sygnalizowanej w kilku publikacjach, interpretacji utworów tzw. fliszu i jego paleobatymetrii oraz pokazuje szereg nierozpoznanych dotychczas struktur sedymentacyjnych. Stanowi ona krok w kierunku zrozumienia rozkładu facji i środowisk sedymentacji warstw menilitowych w obrębie Karpat.

8

Influence of structural features and fracture processes on surface roughness: a case study from the Krosno Sandstones of the Górka–Mucharz Quarry (Little Beskids, southern Poland)

Pieczara Ł.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2015

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Vol. 37, nr 3

85--93

EN

The paper presents the results of analysis of surface roughness parameters in the Krosno Sandstones of Mucharz, southern Poland. It was aimed at determining whether these parameters are influenced by structural features (mainly the laminar distribution of mineral components and directional distribution of non-isometric grains) and fracture processes. The tests applied in the analysis enabled us to determine and describe the primary statistical parameters used in the quantitative description of surface roughness, as well as specify the usefulness of contact profilometry as a method of visualizing spatial differentiation of fracture processes in rocks. These aims were achieved by selecting a model material (Krosno Sandstones from the Górka–Mucharz Quarry) and an appropriate research methodology. The schedule of laboratory analyses included: identification analyses connected with non-destructive ultrasonic tests, aimed at the preliminary determination of rock anisotropy, strength point load tests (cleaved surfaces were obtained due to destruction of rock samples), microscopic analysis (observation of thin sections in order to determine the mechanism of inducing fracture processes) and a test method of measuring surface roughness (two- and three-dimensional diagrams, topographic and contour maps, and statistical parameters of surface roughness). The highest values of roughness indicators were achieved for surfaces formed under the influence of intragranular fracture processes (cracks propagating directly through grains). This is related to the structural features of the Krosno Sandstones (distribution of lamination and bedding).

9

Wpływ cech strukturalnych piaskowców fliszowych z Mucharza (Beskid Mały) na procesy pękania w warunkach jednoosiowego ściskania

Pieczara Ł.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 10/2

680--686

EN

The fracture processes of the Krosno Sandstones of Mucharz, southern Poland, were analysed to determine its relation to orientation of the structural features of the rock. The research putted focused estimating influence of characteristic structural features of the rock (arrangement of laminations plane and direction of arrangement of grains). In the initial stage of research, ultrasonic longitudinal wave propagation speed (Vp) tests were carried out on samples flysch sandstones. The results of the tests were analysed to determine effects of characteristic structural features of the rock on obtained values of longitudinal wave propagation speed (Vp), using on variability of obtained results depending on orientation of mineral elements. In the second part of the study, the point load test was used to determine rock strength under uniaxial compression conditions. In order to estimate uniaxial compressive strength, index-to-strength conversion factors were used. The point load test apparatus and procedure enables economical testing of rock samples in either a field or laboratory setting. Last part of the research was application of computer methods enabled to show technique of analysis microscopic images of the thin – section flysch sandstones samples, tested on point load tests and filled with a staining substance. The study elucidated the structural controls of the fracture processes of the flysch sandstones from Gorka – Mucharz quarry.

10

Biostratigraphy and depositional anatomy of a large olistostrome in the Eocene Hieroglyphic Formation of the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians

Waśkowska A., Cieszkowski M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 1

51--70

EN

The study focuses on a large olistostrome unit (~200 m thick and 4 km in strike-parallel extent) embedded in the Mid-Eocene shaly Hieroglyphic Formation of the Silesian Nappe, exposed in the Rożnów Lake area. Foraminifer biostratigraphy and petrographic comparisons are used to identify the provenance of olistoliths. The olistostrome is tripartite with respect of its olistolith composition. The lower part of the olistostrome abounds in olistoliths of sandstones derived from the Early Eocene turbiditic Ciężkowice Formation, whereas the middle part is dominated by olistoliths of Early Eocene bathyal mudshales. The upper part contains olistoliths of Middle Eocene turbiditic “banded sandstones”, known from the Hieroglyphic Formation and deposited in the bathyal zone above the CCD. The bathyal provenance of the olistostrome contrasts with the abyssal origin of the hosting green shales. The olistostrome unit is inferred to be composite, emplaced in the earliest Bartonian or at the Lutetian/ Bartonian transition by a series of at least three large debris flows that closely followed one another. Biostratigra- phical data and slump-fold vergence suggest resedimentation from the bathyal northern slope of the Silesian Cordillera that bounded the abyssal Silesian Basin to the south. Northward movement of the thrust-formed cordillera must have warped up the base-of-slope deposits of the Ciężkowice Formation, causing their gravita- tional collapse. This event destabilized the former lower-slope muddy deposits, resulting in a second phase of resedimentation by retrogressive slumping, which led to the collapse of mid-slope sandy turbidites. The slope failures involved contemporaneous Mid-Eocene sediment with an admixture of foraminifers derived from the upper slope or shelf margin and with exotic bedrock debris shed from the eroded cordillera crest. The catastrophic multi-phase emplacement of the olistostrome marked the last major thrusting pulse of the second (Late Cretaceous–Late Eocene) stage of tectonic evolution of the Outer Carpathian accretionary prism.

11

Advantages and limitations of interpretations of external morphology of detrital zircon: a case study of the Ropianka and Menilite formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Flysch Carpathians)

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2014

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Vol. 84, No. 2

153--165

EN

The zircon populations from the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous– Palaeocene) and Menilite (Oligocene–lower Miocene) formations in the northern part of the Skole Nappe in Poland were examined to evaluate interpretations of the external morphology of detrital zircon in provenance research. The advantage of the zircon typology method, supplemented with elongation measurements, is that it may be applied successfully to comparisons of euhedral zircon populations from sedimentary deposits of different ages and unknown provenance. The zircon typology method, along with elongation measurements of zircons, contributes valuable data that supplement conventional heavy-mineral analyses. It also permits the recognition of potential source areas and rock types for further comparative research.

12

Geopark „Beskid Śląsko-Morawsko-Żywiecki”- najstarsze utwory Karpat fliszowych

Golonka J., Krobicki M., Miśkiewicz K., Slomka T., Waśkowska A., Doktor M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 5

277--285

EN

The oldest flysch deposits are the leading theme of the planned "Silesian-Moravian-Żywiec Beskid" Geopark. The geopark is located in the area of Beskid Śląski Mts. and Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in the territory ofPoland. This is a region of the occurrence of a number of tectonic units of the Outer Carpathians, including Pieniny Klippen Belt, Magura Nappe (with Krynica, Bystrica, Raca and Siary tec- tonic-facies zones), Fore-Magura Unit, Silesian Nappe and Subsilesian Nappe. Geodiversity of this area is defined by well-exposed sections ofrocks. They were the sites ofclassical geological work in the 19th century. Within the geopark boundaries, there are the type localities of the following tectonic units: Silesian Nappe, Fore-Magura, Bystrica and Raca units, as well as Jaworzynka, Bystrica, Vyhylovka, Vendryne and Cieszyn Limestone formations, Malinowska Skala Conglomerate, Mutne Sandstone, and Cisownica Shale members. Landslides, attractive geomorphologic landforms (e.g., highest peaks of the Beskidy Mts., providing magnificent views), waterfalls, diversified river valleys, tors, caves as well as places associated with the history and tradition of this region represent geotouristic attractions with a high potential. They will be included in the network ofgeosites protected within the planned geopark. Analysis ofthe geopark area indicates a high degree of variability of natural values, especially its geodiversity and richness of the historical-cultural heritage. The preservation and protection methods are also diversified. This region represents unique geoenvironmental and historical values on the European scale, therefore offering good chances for establishment of geopark. The documentation of geosites has already been gathered at this stage of work. The information requires only updating, minor additions and construction ofa unified database. The evaluation ofthe current touristic infrastructure have also brought very positive results; the area isfrequented by millions oftouristsfrom Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and other countries.

13

Conventional and high-resolution heavy mineral analyses applied to flysch deposits : comparative provenance studies of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Carpathians)

Salata D., Uchman A.

Geological Quarterly

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2013

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Vol. 57, No. 4

649--664

EN

Conventional and high-resolution analyses of heavy minerals from the gravity flow-deposited sandstones of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the Ropianka (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Polish Carpathians display similar compositions in terms of mineral species. Zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, staurolite and kyanite belong to the main constituents in both formations. Apatite is common in the Ropianka Fm., while the Menilite Fm. almost lacks this mineral. Furthermore, individual hornblende grains were found in the Ropianka Fm., while andalusite is present only in the Menilite Fm. The Ropianka Fm. is relatively richer in zircon, tourmaline, garnet and apatite, while the Menilite Fm. contains more staurolite and kyanite. Zircon and tourmaline colour and morphological varieties are similar in both formations. The similarities of the heavy mineral assemblages studied suggest origin of these minerals from lithologically similar rocks. Negative correlations between the zircon + tourmaline + rutile (ZTR) values and the content of garnet and staurolite in the Ropianka Fm. may indicate, to a large extent, first-cycle delivery of garnet and staurolite to the formation. Negative, but low, correlation valid only for ZTR and garnet and positive correlations for ZTR and staurolite and kyanite in the Menilite Fm. suggest delivery of these minerals from sedimentary rocks or/and palimpsest sediments. The data obtained on mineral relationships and their morphology suggest mixed first-cycle and recycled provenance of the heavy minerals studied. Additionally, the first-cycle material input seems to be larger during the Ropianka Fm. sedimentation, while during the deposition of Menilite Fm. the contribution of material delivered from erosion of recycled sediments appears more prominent. The heavy mineral evidence suggests a change at the northern margin of the Skole Basin from an immature passive margin with a high relief during sedimentation of the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka Fm. to a mature passive margin with a low relief during sedimentation of the Menilite Fm.

14

Wpływ opadu i infiltracji na zasilanie paleogeńskich poziomów wodonośnych w skałach fliszowych Beskidu Sądeckiego

Buczyński S., Wcisło M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 456 Hydrogeologia z. 14/1

57--62

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu opadów i infiltracji na zasilanie paleogeńskich poziomów wodonośnych w skałach fliszowych. Badania wskazują, że wielkość zasobów eksploatacyjnych w rejonie Tylicza wiąże się ściśle z reżimem zasilania, dlatego też w pracy określono terminy występowania stanów charakterystycznych zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz amplitud wzniosu i spadku zwierciadła na tle wielkości opadów i infiltracji.

EN

The paper describes research on the effect of precipitation and infiltration on the groundwater recharge of the Palaeogene aquifer. Since the safe yield in the Tylicz region is closely linked to the recharge regime, the dates of occurrence of specific groundwater levels and amplitudes of water table increase and decrease have been characterised. These data have been discussed on the background of precipitation and infiltration rates.

15

Ocena wodonośności utworów fliszowych w rejonie Muszyny na podstawie badań źródeł

Józefko I., Oszczypko N., Kukuła M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 456 Hydrogeologia z. 14/1

233--241

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań hydrogeologicznych prowadzonych w rejonie Muszyny. Na podstawie analizy wyników badań naturalnych wypływów wód podziemnych, po uwzględnieniu budowy geologicznej i wyników badań hydrologicznych, oceniono wodonośność utworów fliszowych, co umożliwiło dyskusję na temat zmienności wodonośności na obszarze współwystępowania wód zwykłych i mineralnych.

EN

This paper present the results of hydrogeological studies conducted in the Muszyna region. Based on the results of the analysis of natural groundwater discharges, and taking into account the geological structure and the results of hydrological studies, the water-bearing capacity of flysch rocks has been rated. This allowed discussing the water-bearing capacity in the area of drinking and mineral water co-occurrence.

16

Source rocks for heavy minerals in lower part of Menilite Formation of Skole Nappe (Polish Flysch Carpathians), based on study of detrital garnet and tourmaline

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 1

1--17

EN

The study focused on the chemistry of detrital garnet and tourmaline from sediments of the Boryslav and Kliva Sandstone types in the Oligocene part of the Menilite Formation of the Skole Nappe (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland), with regard to provenance. Almandine and almandine-pyrope compositional varieties are the most common garnets, with minor almandine-pyrope-grossular garnet. Scarce garnet grains, with grossular and spessartine as the dominant end-members, are also present. The tourmaline belongs to the alkali tourmaline principal group and represents the schörl-dravite series. The detrital garnet and tourmaline display strong, compositional similarities to minerals, occurring in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Bohemian Massif, as well as to detrital grains, deposited within the internal basins of the massif. This suggests that the primary rocks for the garnet and tourmaline may be crystalline complexes of the Bohemian Massif. However, other uplifted areas, similar to the complexes of the Bohemian Massif, cannot be ruled out. Such hypothetical areas could be located in the northern foreland of the Carpathian basins. Euhedral tourmaline and other minerals, occurring in the heavy- mineral assemblages studied, most probably were derived from eroded and presently not exposed, crystalline complexes, originally situated in the Skole Basin foreland or within the basin.

17

Garnet provenance in mixed first-cycle and poly-cycle heavy-mineral assemblages of the Ropianka and Menilite formations (Skole Nappe, Polish Flysch Carpathians) : constraints from chemical composition and grain

Salata D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 3

161--177

EN

Garnet in heavy-mineral assemblages, occurring in sandstones of the Campanian–Maastrichtian part of the Ropianka (Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene) and Menilite (Oligocene) formations of the Skole Nappe, is present as first-cycle and poly-cycle grains, derived from a proximal source, remote areas and/or from sedimentary rocks of the Skole Basin foreland. The garnets in the formations are compositionally similar, suggesting an origin from the same source rocks. Relatively large amounts of garnet, represented by euhedral or slightly rounded, weakly etched or unetched almandine and spessartine-almandine garnet, and minor pyrope-enriched almandine, were derived directly from a source close to the Skole Basin. These garnets are from sediments, metamorphosed at low- to medium-grade conditions (such as mica-schists, gneisses) and perhaps also granitic bodies. Rounded and variously etched garnets, especially high pyrope-almandine and pyrope-almandine-grossular varieties, but also partly almandine-dominated varieties, are suggested to have been derived from distant sources, such as sedimentary rocks of the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks. Rocks, forming uplifted parts of the crystalline basement of Brunovistulicum and/or crystalline domains of the Bohemian Massif, could have been protoliths for part of the almandine-dominated garnet population, whereas pyrope-grossular-almandine garnets may originate from the granulitic, eclogitic or metabasic rocks of the Bohemian Massif. The study shows that analyses of garnet composition, combined with observations on grain textural features and data on the lithology of clasts and pebbles, can permit the determination of sources for different garnet varieties in mixed-provenance populations.

18

Late Maastrichtian foraminiferids and diatoms from the Polish Carpathians (Ropianka Formation, Skole Nappe): a case study from the Chmielnik-Grabówka composite section

Gasiński M. A., Olshtynska A., Uchman A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2013

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Vol. 63, no. 4

515--525

EN

Well-preserved foraminiferids have been found in the Chmielnik-Grabówka section (Skole Nappe, Polish Carpathians). The Abathomphalus mayaroensis (late Maastrichtian) and Racemiguembelina fructicosa (earlylate Maastrichtian) standard planktonic foraminiferal biozones have been recognized, based on the occurrence of their respective index species. Sediments of the R. fructicosa Zone contain diatoms, which are a rare component of Cretaceous flysch microfossil assemblages in the Carpathians. The diatom frustules and some foraminiferid tests are pyritized, probably after burial in the sediment, below the redox boundary or in the oxygen-deficient microenvironment inside the frustules or tests of microfossils; the presence of trace fossils and bioturbational structures in the same bed indicate an oxygenated sea floor.

19

Arthrodendron borberensis sp. nov., a large protist (Foraminifera) from the Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Northern Apennines, Italy

Uchman A., Kaminski M. A., Rattazzi B.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No 1

215-224

EN

Arthrodendron borberensis sp. nov. is described from the Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene) of the Northern Apennines. Specimens of the new species are preserved on the sole of a turbiditic sandstone bed. Arthrodendron borberensis sp. nov. is characterized by its long chambers (some exceeding 10 mm in length), its generally straight course, and rare branching at an acute angle. This large foraminifer lived infaunally within the sediment and possibly as epifauna after exhumation by erosion, prior to the deposition of the host turbiditic sandstone bed. Assemblages of smaller agglutinated foraminifera (a flysch-type fauna) and trace fossils (Nereites ichnofacies) point to a deep-sea environment for the discussed protist

20

Transgraniczny geopark Karpaty fliszowe i ich wody mineralne

Miśkiewicz K., Golonka J., Waśkowska A., Doktor M., Słomka T.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 9

611-621

EN

The occurrence of mineral waters and related spas constitutes the leading theme of the projected geopark: Flysch Carpathians and their mineral waters. The geopark is located on the Beskid Sądecki and Beskid Niski area on the Polish side. It is situate in the area of the occurrence of three Carpathian units: Magura Nappe (the major part of the area), which includes Krynica, Bystrica, Racza and Siary tectonic-facies zones; Silesian Nappe and Grybów Unit. Besides mineral waters, the geodiversity of the area is defined by well exposed flysch rocks profiles including clastic type localities of the Magura Nappe described in the XIX century pioneers of geological investigations. The landslide morphology, attractive geomorphological forms like waterfalls, diversified river valleys, tors as well as places connected with history and tradition of exploration and exploitation of Carpathian hydrocarbons fields. The type localities of profiles of Grybów, Siary and Krynica Units as well as Łabowa Variegated Shales, Beloveza and Malcov formations. All these elements represent geotouristical attractions with high potential. They will be included in the network of preserved geosites within the projected geopark. The analysis of proposed geopark Flysch Carpathians and their mineral waters indicates high degree of diversification of natural values, especially geodiversity as well as richness of historical-cultural heritage. The preservation and protection methods are also diversified. This region represents unique geoenvironmental and historical values on the European scale, therefore providing good chances for establishment of geopark. The proposition of geopark with mineral waters and related spas in the Flysch Carpathians is first such project in the world. The documentation of geosites was already gathered during this stage of work, it requires only actualization, minor additions and construction of unified database. The evaluation of the actual touristic infrastructure provided also generally positive results, only the eastern part of geopark requires additional investments and promotion.