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1

Fault diagnosis of electrical faults of three-phasei nduction motors using acoustic analysis

Glowacz Adam, Sulowicz Maciej, Kozik Jarosław, Piech Krzysztof, Glowacz Witold, Li Zhixiong, Brumercik Frantisek, Gutten Miroslav, Korenciak Daniel, Kumar Anil, Lucas Guilherme Beraldi, Irfan Muhammad, Caesarendra Wahyu, Lui Hui

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e148440

EN

Fault diagnosis techniques of electrical motors can prevent unplanned downtime and loss of money, production, and health. Various parts of the induction motor can be diagnosed: rotor, stator, rolling bearings, fan, insulation damage, and shaft. Acoustic analysis is non-invasive. Acoustic sensors are low-cost. Changes in the acoustic signal are often observed for faults in induction motors. In this paper, the authors present a fault diagnosis technique for three-phase induction motors (TPIM) using acoustic analysis. The authors analyzed acoustic signals for three conditions of the TPIM: healthy TPIM, TPIM with two broken bars, and TPIM with a faulty ring of the squirrel cage. Acoustic analysis was performed using fast Fourier transform (FFT), a new feature extraction method called MoD-7 (maxima of differences between the conditions), and deep neural networks: GoogLeNet, and ResNet-50. The results of the analysis of acoustic signals were equal to 100% for the three analyzed conditions. The proposed technique is excellent for acoustic signals. The described technique can be used for electric motor fault diagnosis applications.

2

Wpływ wybranych czynników na jakość w budownictwie mieszkaniowym

Pochybełko Karol, Hoła Bożena

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 1-2

123--128

PL

W artykule zamieszczono wyniki badań dotyczące identyfikacji wybranych czynników i oceny ich wpływu na jakość budynków mieszkalnych. Badania i analizy czynników wpływu ograniczono do fazy realizacji, którą poprzedzała szczegółowa analiza kompletności dokumentacji projektowej, przyjętych rozwiązań, zastosowanych materiałów oraz możliwości zrealizowania obiektu. Jako miarę jakości budynków mieszkalnych przyjęto liczbę i rodzaj wad stwierdzonych podczas przeprowadzanych odbiorów technicznych. Obliczono wartości współczynników korelacji rho Spearmana oraz określono wpływ zidentyfikowanych czynników na jakość.

EN

The article presents the results of research on the identification of selected factors and the assessment of their impact on the quality of residential buildings. Research and analyzes of the impact factors were limited to the implementation phase, which was preceded by a detailed analysis of the completeness of the design documentation, the solutions adopted, the materials used and the possibility of building the facility. The number and type of defects found during technical acceptance tests were adopted as a measure of the quality of residential buildings. The values of Spearman's rho correlation coefficients were calculated and the influence of the identified factors on the quality was determined.

3

Błędy przy doborze materiałów podczas realizacji dachu zielonego

Wielgus Krzysztof

Materiały Budowlane

|

2023

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nr 6

49--51

4

New approach of model based detection of early stages of fuel injector failures

Mączak Jędrzej, Więcławski Krzysztof, Szczurowski Krzysztof

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 6

EN

The aim of the work was to develop a method of real time diagnosing electromagnetic fuel injectors using the observation of electric current parameters available in the engine control unit. Performing this task required finding a precise criterion for assessing the correct operation of an electromagnetic injector. For this purpose, a mathematical model describing the individual phases of the injector's operation was used, allowing the simulation of the occurrence of typical failures. On its basis, symptoms of particular failures were determined based on the observation of electric current parameters in the control circuit. Observation of voltage and current waveforms allows to locate both electrical and mechanical damages to the injectors and to assess the correctness of the power system components. The presented diagnostic method allows the detection of the described damages in the early stages of their development, which prevents damage to the catalytic converter and other engine systems (valves, piston rings or cylinder surfaces), i.e. damages resulting from an incorrect fuel mixture.

5

Structural features derived from a multi-method approach and 2.75D modelling of aeromagnetic data: a case study of the Pitoa–Figuil area (Northern Cameroon)

Kassia G. Voltaire Souga, Mbarga T. Ndougsa, Meying A., Ngoh J. Daniel, Embeng S. Ngoa

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

587--600

EN

An interpretation of aeromagnetic data was conducted in the Pitoa–Figuil area (Northern Cameroon). The aim of this investigation was the first to emphasise lineaments hidden under geological formations and secondly to propose two 2.75D models of the subsurface structures. Different magnetic data processing techniques were used, notably horizontal gradient magnitude, analytic signal and Euler deconvolution. The application of these techniques made it possible to map a certain number of lineaments representing discontinuities of magnetic susceptibility, mainly oriented NE–SW, NW–SE, E–W and ENE–WSW. The predominant direction for major lineaments is NE–SW and NW–SE. The major NE–SW trends have been attributed to the consequences of the Benue trough set-up due to the Atlantic opening. The lineaments map associated with the Euler solutions permits us to highlight and characterise 18 faults and some intrusive bodies. Euler solutions indicate depths down to 5.3 km for anomaly sources. The 2.75D modelling from the aeromagnetic anomaly reduced to the equator permits to understand the stratification of the deep and near-surface structures, which are sources of the observed anomalies. The sediment thickness values (3.5–4 km) combined with the presence of numerous deep faults make this area a potential site for hydrocarbon accumulations.

6

Self potential data inversion utilizing the Bat optimizing algorithm (BOA) with various application cases

Essa Khalid S., Diab Zein E., Mehanee Salah A.

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

567--586

EN

The Bat optimizing algorithm (BOA) is one of the metaheuristic algorithms and applied here to interpret self-potential (SP) data. The BOA is depending upon a bat echolocation behavior for global optimization, which the global optimum solution reached at the suggested minimum value of the objective function. The best interpretive source parameters for the subsurface structures occurred at the minimal the objective function value (global best solution). The BOA is applied to 2D SP anomaly data to estimate the characteristic source parameters (i.e., the depth to center, amplitude coefficient, origin location, geometric shape factor, and polarization and inclination angle of the causative buried structure). The BOA can be applied to single and multiple source structures in the restricted class of simple geometric shapes, which these bodies help in the validation of the subsurface ore and mineral targets. The stability and efficiency of the proposed BOA have been examined by several synthetic examples. In addition, three different real field examples from Germany and Indonesia have been successfully applied to ore and mineral investigation and geological structure studies. In general, the achieved results are in good agreement with the available borehole data and results mentioned in the literature.

7

Investigation of structural controls on the drainage system of north‑western Nigeria

Arogundade Augustine Babatunde, Ajama Ojudoo Darius, Ayinde Ifeoluwa Stephen, Falade Sesan Cornelius, Awoyemi Musa Olufemi

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 4

1747--1762

EN

Gravity and magnetic field datasets coupled with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation data over north-western Nigeria were interpreted to delineate subsurface and surface structures, and determine their influence on the drainage system within Sokoto Basin and its surrounding environment. The Improved Logistic Filter and Euler Deconvolution techniques were applied to the residual fields of the gravity and magnetic data to delineate lineaments and their depths of occurrence, respectively. The lineaments mapped from gravity and magnetic data revealed a major N–S and NE–SW, and W–E trend respectively and in several cases were aligned with surface lineaments from the SRTM digital elevation data. The results revealed that the drainage channel of Rivers Niger, Sokoto, Rima, Zamfara, Ka, Kasanu, Gagere, Kuromoni, Malendo and Kontagora are closely aligned with several lineaments emanating from the underlying basement. The 2-D forward models confirmed the presence of these lineaments and delineated intrusives within Sokoto Basin. This study concluded that the drainage system of north-western Nigeria is structurally controlled.

8

Przykłady usterek w budynkach mieszkalnych - diagnostyka, skutki, metody naprawcze

Michalak Bartosz, Kurowska Aleksandra

Przegląd Budowlany

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2022

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R. 93, nr 7-8

58--63

PL

Istotną rolą inżynierów budownictwa jest diagnostyka i utrzymanie obiektów już istniejących. Szereg problemów pojawiających się w obiektach budowlanych spowodowany jest błędami powstałymi na etapie projektowania i wykonawstwa lub niewłaściwej eksploatacji. Występowanie różnego typu usterek wymaga szczegółowej diagnostyki przyczyn oraz przedstawienia rozwiązań mających na celu ich usunięcie oraz propozycję napraw już występujących uszkodzeń. W niniejszym artykule autorzy przedstawili kilka przykładów usterek występujących w budynkach mieszkalnych, spowodowanych błędami projektowymi lub wykonawczymi. Usterki te dotyczyły zarówno zagadnień związanych z konstrukcją obiektów, jak i niekorzystnymi zjawiskami z zakresu fizyki budowli. Zaprezentowano też zastosowane metody usunięcia usterek i naprawy uszkodzeń.

EN

An important role of civil engineers is diagnostics and maintenance of existing facilities. A number of problems appearing in building structures are caused by errors arising at the stage of design and execution or improper operation. The occurrence of various types of faults requires detailed diagnosis of the causes and presentation of solutions aimed at their removal and a proposal to repair the already existing faults. In this article, the authors present a few examples of failures in residential buildings caused by design or construction errors. These defects concerned both issues related to the construction of objects and unfavorable phenomena in the field of building physics. The methods of removing faults and repairing damages were also presented.

9

Analiza usterek występujących podczas budowy linii kolejowych

Janowiec Filip, Leśniak Agnieszka, Ćwiertnia Radosław

Przegląd Budowlany

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2022

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R. 93, nr 3-4

34--39

PL

Podczas realizacji robót budowlanych często pojawiają się różne wady fizyczne, które wpływają na jakość, a także na stan techniczny wykonywanego obiektu budowlanego. Nieprawidłowości mogą warunkować odbiór prac bądź wpływać znacząco na wydłużenie czasu trwania procedury odbiorowej, generując opóźnienia. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę wskazania najczęściej występujących usterek budowlanych, pojawiających się podczas budowy zasadniczych elementów konstrukcyjnych nawierzchni kolejowej.

EN

During the implementation of construction works, various physical defects often appear, which affect the quality and technical condition of the building object. Irregularities may condition the acceptance of works or significantly extend the duration of the acceptance procedure, generating delays. This article attempts to identify the most common construction faults that appear during the construction of the main structural elements of the railway track.

10

A novel, machine learning-based feature extraction method for detecting and localizing bearing component defects

Cherif Bilal Djamal Eddine, Seninete Sara, Defdaf Mabrouk

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 2

333--346

EN

Vibration analysis for conditional preventive maintenance is an essential tool for the industry. The vibration signals sensored, collected and analyzed can provide information about the state of an induction motor. Appropriate processing of these vibratory signals leads to define a normal or abnormal state of the whole rotating machinery, or in particular, one of its components. The main objective of this paper is to propose a method for automatic monitoring of bearing components condition of an induction motor. The proposed method is based on two approaches with one based on signal processing using the Hilbert spectral envelope and the other approach uses machine learning based on random forests. The Hilbert spectral envelope allows the extraction of frequency characteristics that are considered as new features entering the classifier. The frequencies chosen as features are determined from a proportional variation of their amplitudes with the variation of the load torque and the fault diameter. Furthermore, a random forest-based classifier can validate the effectiveness of extracted frequency characteristics as novel features to deal with bearing fault detection while automatically locating the faulty component with a classification rate of 99.94%. The results obtained with the proposed method have been validated experimentally using a test rig.

11

Negative sequence current as a breaker failure protection for medium voltage grids

Škumát Tomáš, Eleschová Žaneta

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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R. 97, nr 11

136--143

EN

This paper focuses on situations in Medium Voltage (MV) grids where a feeder´s breaker failure occurred. This type of fault is quite severe but well handled in higher voltage systems (high voltage, extra high voltage, etc.), basically in looped grids. However, medium voltage grids were built in a different way even in terms of protection relay in power systems, automatics and backups. Several cases of a breaker failure situation have led us to reconsider the existing protection relay scheme used in Západoslovenská distribučná, a. s. (ZSD) – a distribution system operator. The paper also provides suggestions for a real operation – principle of a breaker failure protection by coordination is improved.

PL

W niniejszym artykule skupiono się na sytuacjach w sieciach średniego napięcia (SN), w których wystąpiła awaria wyłącznika linii zasilającej. Ten rodzaj błędu jest dość poważny, ale dobrze obsługiwany w systemach wyższego napięcia (wysokie napięcie, bardzo wysokie napięcie itp.), zasadniczo w sieciach zapętlonych. Jednak sieci średniego napięcia były budowane w inny sposób nawet w zakresie zabezpieczeń w układach elektroenergetycznych, automatyki i rezerwowania. Kilka przypadków awarii wyłączników skłoniło nas do ponownego rozważenia istniejącego schematu przekaźnika zabezpieczeniowego stosowanego w Západoslovenská distribučná, a. s. (ZSD) – operator systemu dystrybucyjnego. W artykule zawarto również sugestie dotyczące rzeczywistego działania – udoskonalono zasadę działania zabezpieczenia od uszkodzenia wyłącznika przez koordynację.

12

Analysis of development directions of online diagnostics of synchronous generator

Rubanenko Olena, Gundebommu Sree Lakshmi, Hunko Iryna, Peroutka Zdenek

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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R. 97, nr 4

20--26

EN

In this paper the analysis of online diagnostics of synchronous generations (SG) are presented. The main focus is done on different fault identification methods. The main causes for the failure of synchronous generators and the development of fault tree for different elements of synchronous generators are presented. Also presented the determination of the index of residual lifetime, for hydrogen cooled turbo generator of capacity 165 MW.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono stan wiedzy na temat różnych metod diagnostyki generatorów synchronicznych (SG). Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na metodologie identyfikacji awarii Przedstawiono główne awarie SG. W artykule stworzono drzewo błędów dla głównych elementów SG. Przedstawiono wyznaczenie wskaźnika resztkowej żywotności turbogeneratorów chłodzonych wodorem o mocy 165 MW.

13

Ocena jakości okien i drzwi po ich wbudowaniu

Żyła Andrzej

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 8

44--45

14

Analiza wybranych błędów projektowych i montażowych połączeń balustrad z płytami balkonowymi

Wardach Maciej, Talipski Wojciech

Builder

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2021

|

R.25, nr 11

18--21

PL

Nieprawidłowo zaprojektowane lub wykonane połączenia balustrad prowadzą do degradacji warstw wykończeniowych, powstawania nadmiernych przemieszczeń, zmniejszenia poczucia bezpieczeństwa mieszkańców, a nawet awarii budowlanych. W artykule wskazano na genezę wad, a także zbadano stan degradacji połączeń balustrad i wykończenia płyt balkonowych w budynku OWT po 21 latach eksploatacji. Ponadto przeanalizowano szereg współcześnie wykonywanych projektów balustrad oraz zweryfikowano obliczeniowo nośność połączeń w różnorodnych wariantach. Brak w aktualnych normach jednoznacznej wartości obciążeń przekazywanych na balustrady może powodować przekroczenie stanów granicznych w stalowych elementach kotwiących i prowadzić do ich degradacji lub awarii. Konsekwencją tych wad jest konieczność licznych napraw oraz pogorszenie komfortu mieszkańców. Istotne jest jednoznaczne określenie dopuszczalnych obciążeń działających na balustrady i opracowanie wytycznych sposobu ich montażu.

EN

Incorrectly designed or constructed balustrade connections lead to finish degradation, excessive displacement, reduced occupant safety and failure. The article points out the genesis of the faults, investigates the degradation state of the balustrade connections and balcony slab finishes in the OWT building after 21 years of operation. In addition, a number of modern balustrade designs were analysed and the load-bearing capacity of the connections in different variants was verified computationally. The lack of a clear value in the current standards for loads transferred to balustrade elements can cause limit states to be exceeded in steel anchoring elements and lead to degradation or failure. The consequence of failure is repairs and reduced comfort for residents. It is important to clearly define the permissible loads for balustrades and their installation guides.

15

Modeling and uncertainty estimation of gravity anomaly over 2D fault using very fast simulated annealing global optimization

Rao Khushwant, Biswas Arkoprovo

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 5

1735--1751

EN

Difficult understanding of gravity effects on the 2D vertical and inclined faults for the delineation of subsurface structure for gravity exploration is slow and cumbersome. Hence, a fast and efficient algorithm is established for the interpretation of gravity anomaly over 2D inclined and vertical fault. The method can simultaneously determine all parameters such as the depth to the top (z) and base (h), dip angle (α), amplitude coefficient (k), and location of the fault plane on the surface (x0) of a hidden thin faulted slab from the observed gravity data. The developed algorithm can effectively interpret all parameters for dipping and vertical fault even though there is no subsurface drilling information. Interpretation of all the parameters suggests that there is no uncertainty for 2D inclined and vertical fault. However, if the detachment tip of the fault is at a larger depth, then the dip of the fault shows some uncertainty. The present code has been applied to non-noisy synthetic anomaly data and Gaussian noisy anomaly. Furthermore, the algorithm was also verified on three field examples from Egypt, and the USA for exploration. The appraised value of all the parameters is found to be in decent agreement with earlier published works and borehole information wherever available.

16

Application of electrical resistivity tomography for imaging seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer

Niculescu Bogdan Mihai, Andrei Gina

Acta Geophysica

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2021

|

Vol. 69, no. 2

613--630

EN

Following previous geoelectrical researches initiated in 2009 for the delineation and characterization of seawater intrusion in a freshwater aquifer of Sarmatian (late Middle Miocene) age, a subsurface imaging survey via 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was conducted in 2019 on the outskirts of Vama Veche resort—Romanian Black Sea southern coast. The survey was organized in the framework of a feld camp sponsored by the Foundation of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)–Tulsa, OK, USA, with participation of teams from the University of Bucharest—Department of Geophysics and the Geological Institute of Romania. A number of eight ERT profles with N–S, W–E, NNE–SSW, and WNW–ESE orientation and 155–315 m length were imaged with a SuperSting R8/IP instrument (Advanced Geosciences Inc.), using deployments of 32–64 electrodes at 5 m spacing, in Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole–dipole array confgurations. The processing and interpretation of high-resolution ERT data indicated that the seawater intrusion, evidenced as very low resistivity (5–10 Ω m) anomalous zones starting at approximately 45–49 m depth, has advanced at least 500 m inland. The survey results also allowed the identifcation of a system of fractures or faults with an approximate NW–SE/WNW–ESE and, possibly, N–S orientation, that might have provided potential pathways for saline water intrusion.

17

The use of a fuzzy expert system to increase the reliability of diagnostics of axle boxes of rolling stocks

Manafov Elshan

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

|

z. 107

95--106

EN

This paper is devoted to the development of an effective system for monitoring the technical condition of the axle boxes of rolling stock. To this end, the possibility of solving problems of fault diagnostics based on the theory of fuzzy sets is considered. This allows one note such difficult-to-formalise factors as experience and intuition of a highly qualified expert specialist. It showed that an expert system-based monitoring approach allows evaluation of the technical condition of the axle boxes, characterised by internal and external operating uncertainty. It also proposed the use of parameters such as vibration and noise for comprehensive monitoring of the technical condition of axle box units together with temperature. Furthermore, the combination of these diagnostic parameters and expert system’s possibility to receive all necessary information about the condition of the most critical components of the axle boxes in real-time and analyse the changes in their operational parameters was explored. The stages of modelling an expert system in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package of the MATLAB computing environment are presented.

18

Noise control of the beginning and development dynamics of faults in the running gear of the rolling stock

Aliev Telman, Babayev Tofig, Alizada Tahir, Rzayeva Narmin

Transport Problems

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2020

|

T. 15, z. 2

83--91

EN

In contrast to traditional systems for monitoring fault of the running gear of the rolling stock, this paper proposes a technology of noise control at the onset of defects. The authors consider the possibility of creating an intelligent system that can perform noise diagnostics with the indication of the beginning of the latent period of the initiation of typical defects preceding faults. To this end, using the noise technology, sets of reference informative attributes are created in the training process. The reference sets, in turn, are used to determine the condition of the object at the beginning of the development of defects by comparing them with current noise estimates. It also allows controlling the dynamics of the development of defects.

19

Planning of the experiment for the defining of the technical state of the transformer by using amplitude-frequency characteristic

Rubanenko Oleksandr, Grishchuk Maksim, Rubanenko Olena

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

|

R. 96, nr 3

118--124

EN

The article analyzes existing methods of diagnosing power transformers (PTs). The technique of experiment planning using D-optimal plans is investigated. According to the results of the study, a D-optimal plan of the frequency response measurements was created, which defines the algorithm of the studies. On the example of PT type TMG 1000/10 it is determined that 13 measurements are required to evaluate the condition of the PT during the interpretation of the results of the frequency response measurements. The method of determining the average frequency characteristic of PT is given. This amplitude-frequency characteristic can be used to check the PT status and to detect damage at an early stage of their development.

PL

Artykuł analizuje istniejące metody diagnozowania transformatorów mocy (TM). Badana jest technika planowania eksperymentu z wykorzystaniem planów optymalnych. Zgodnie z wynikami badań opracowano optymalny D-plan pomiarów odpowiedzi częstotliwościowej, który określa algorytm badań. Na przykładzie TM typu TMG 1000/10 ustalono, że do oceny stanu TM podczas interpretacji wyników pomiarów odpowiedzi częstotliwościowej potrzeba 13 pomiarów. Podano metodę wyznaczania charakterystyki średniej częstotliwości TM. Ta charakterystyka amplitudowo-częstotliwościowa może być u żywana do sprawdzania stanu TM i wykrywania uszkodzeń na wczesnym etapie ich rozwoju.

20

Estimating probability of faults occurring in trucks

Kupiec Agnieszka, Kupiec Jerzy

Journal of civil engineering and transport

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2020

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Vol. 2, No. 1

47--54

EN

This paper discusses the matter of fault detection by the diagnosticians of a Regional Vehicle Inspection Station (RVIS) in trucks. The analysis data were obtained directly from RVIS. The produced results were presented as bar graphs indicating the trend change from 2014 to 2018. Thus obtained trends were described by formulae and used to calculate the probability of a fault from the analysed group appearing. The obtained data dependency can be used to calculate the probability of a fault appearing in a truck during a year of operation.

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące wykrywania uszkodzeń przez diagnostów na Okręgowych Stacjach Kontroli Pojazdów w pojazdach ciężarowych. Dane do analiz pozyskano bezpośrednio z OSKP. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w postaci wykresów słupkowych z wskazaniem trendów zmian w okresie od 2014r. do 2018r. Uzyskane trendy opisano równaniami i obliczono prawdopodobieństwo zaistnienia usterki z analizowanej grupy układów. Dzięki uzyskanym zależnościom można szacować prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia usterki pojazdu ciężarowego w rocznym okresie eksploatacji.