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1

Preliminary experimental investigation into the use of recycled fibres from textile waste for the improvement of embankments

Rossignoli Chiara, Caruso Marco, Jommi Cristina, Sterpi Donatella

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

no. 59

202--207

EN

Failures that occurred in the last few decades highlighted the need to raise awareness about the emergent risk related to the impact localised degradation phenomena have on embankments. Common interventions aimed to improve embankments, such as the reconstruction of the damaged area or the injection of low-pressure grouts to fill fractures and burrows, may cause the weakening of the structure due to discontinuities between natural and treated zones. Moreover, since such repair techniques require huge volumes of materials, more sustainable solutions are encouraged. At the same time, the textile and fashion industries are looking for sustainable waste management and disposal strategies to face environmental problems concerned with the voluminous textile waste dispatched to landfills or incinerators. The use of soil mixed with textile waste in embankment improvement has been investigated to identify an effective engineering practice and to provide a strategy for the circular economy of textiles. Preliminary laboratory tests have been conducted on soil specimens collected from the Secchia River embankment, Northern Italy, to define the appropriate mixture proportions and to compare physical properties and hydro-mechanical behaviour of natural and treated soils. The results show that an appropriate fibre content offers manageable and relatively homogeneous mixtures. The indluence on soil consistency is mainly due to the textile fibre hydrophilic nature. The addition of fibres reduces the maximum dry density and increases the optimum water content. At low stress levels, the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity appear higher, however macro voids produced during sample preparation may alter the findings.

2

Serviceability of cut slope and embankment under seasonal climate variations

Apriyono Arwan, Yuliana, Kamchoom Viroon

Acta Geophysica

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, no. 2

983--995

EN

In the next 20 years, there will be an extensive investment in transport infrastructure. Although the cut and embankment slopes seem to have the same appearance, they have different responses to climate variations. Understanding their characteristics and performance is necessary to design a safer and more sustainable slope infrastructure. This paper provides a thorough examination of the seasonal performance of cut slopes and embankments. Furthermore, this study suggests an introduction to the impacts of climate change, amplifying seasonal shrinkage–swelling and progressive failure of slope construction under extreme drought and precipitation. Volumetric water content and pore water pressure fluctuations due to seasonal variation were analysed and compared from both the cut slope and the embankment. Moreover, stress path and slope deformation were also investigated in this study to understand the behaviour of the cut slope and the embankment. The results suggest that the cut slope retains more pore water pressure during the wet season due to its lower permeability than an embankment with respect to the construction history. However, pore water pressure and displacement in the cut slope tend to be increased due to the consolidation process after excavation, which requires more time to reach equilibrium. In addition, greater displacement in the cut slope can increase the possibility of delayed failure in the future.

3

Reviews on Finite Element Modeling Practices of Stone Columns for Soft Soil Stabilization Beneath an Embankment Dam

Teshager Daniel Kefelegn, Belayneh Henok Lemma

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

|

Vol. 44, nr 4

343--353

EN

This article reviews the numerical approach in stone column practices and presents the benefits of stone columns as a ground improvement of soft soil to support an embankment dam. In this article, the methodological approaches to numerically modeling stone columns in both 2D and 3D studies, as well as the selection of an appropriate constitutive model are discussed. The numerical practices for the installation of the stone column and the validation procedures used to ensure the accuracy of the numerical analysis are also explained. In addition to that, the study also presents the benefits of stone columns in improving settlement behavior, slope stability, and decreasing the end time of consolidation. Parameters that influence the performance of the stone column with their respective results are also assessed.

4

Excavations in the vicinity of the antiflood embankments – calculating issues

Grodecki Michał

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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Vol. 44, nr 2

138--147

EN

According to Polish law, it is prohibited to perform excavations or locate buildings closer than 50 m from the embankment. In order to obtain exemption from this ban, filtration and stability analysis of the embankment and excavation in the flood conditions have to be performed. This paper presents results of the numerical investigations on interactions between excavations and embankment. Complex nature of the problem is presented. Methodology of numerical simulations and real case examples are described.

5

Jak inteligentny system monitorowania skarp i nasypów InfraGuardTM zwiększa bezpieczeństwo w zagadnieniach kolejowych

Berger Peter, Dąbrowski Michał

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

|

2022

|

R. 77, nr 4/5

39--44

PL

Typowym rozwiązaniem dla budowy ciągów komunikacyjnych na całym świecie jest ekonomiczne wpasowywanie ich przebiegu do naturalnego ukształtowania terenu. Stąd też typowym jest budowa drogowej i kolejowej na nasypach lub we wcięciach. Zmiany klimatyczne w ostatnim czasie wywołują skrajne warunki i wydarzenia pogodowe, które w znacznym stopniu mają wpływ na stabilność skarp. Zaburzenia takie mogą się objawiać stopniowym osiadaniem o charakterze długoterminowym, lub nagłymi, nieprzewidzianymi osunięciami i zawałami oraz stanowić poważne zagrożenie dla życia ludzkiego.

EN

A typical solution for the construction of ransportation infrastructure around the world is the economic adjustment of their course to the natural terrain. Hence, road and railway construction on embankments or in indentations is typical. Recent climate change is triggering extreme conditions and weather events that have a significant impact on the stability of slopes. Such disturbances may manifest themselves in gradual long-term subsidence, or in sudden, unforeseen landslides and collapses, and constitute a serious threat to human life.

6

Sposób realizacji monitoringu geotechnicznego przeciążenia gruntu organicznego nasypem w sąsiedztwie gazociągu wysokiego ciśnienia

Czyż Magdalena, Lis Maciej, Szafranko Elżbieta

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2022

|

R. 93, nr 7-8

73--76

PL

Ze względu na bezpieczeństwo robót zarówno obowiązujące przepisy i normy, jak i doświadczenia inżynierskie opisywane w literaturze wskazują na korzyści z prowadzenia monitoringu i obserwacji zachowania podłoża gruntowego. Jest to szczególnie ważne, gdy rozpoznano w głębszych warstwach słabe podłoże gruntowe, a obciążenie w trakcie realizacji robót jest zmienne. W niniejszym artykule opisano sposób realizacji monitoringu osiadań oraz przemieszczeń poziomych nasypu przeciążającego zlokalizowanego w pobliżu gazociągu wysokiego ciśnienia, realizowanego podczas budowy drogi ekspresowej. Opisano elementy systemu geomonitoringu, sposób jego montażu, a także zalety i ograniczenia.

EN

Due to the safety of works, both the applicable regulations and standards as well as engineering experience described in the literature show the benefits of monitoring and observation of the behavior of the subsoil. It is especially important when weak subsoil is identified in the deeper layers and the load is variable during the execution of works. This article describes the method of monitoring subsidence and horizontal displacements of the overload embankment located in the vicinity of the high-pressure gas pipeline, during the construction of the expressway. The elements of the geomonitoring system, the method of its assembly, as well as advantages and limitations are described.

7

Deep neural network and ANN ensemble for slope stability prediction

Gupta A., Aggarwal Y., Aggarwal P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 116, nr 1

14--27

EN

Purpose: Application of deep neural networks (DNN) and ensemble of ANN with bagging for estimating of factor of safety (FOS) of soil stability with a comparative performance analysis done for all techniques. Design/methodology/approach: 1000 cases with different geotechnical and similar Geometrical properties were collected and analysed using the Limit Equilibrium based Morgenstern-Price Method with input variables as the strength parameters of the soil layers, i.e., Su (Upper Clay), Su (Lower Clay), Su (Peat), angle of internal friction (φ), Su (Embankment) with the factor of safety (FOS) as output. The evaluation and comparison of the performance of predicted models with cross-validation having ten folds were made based on correlation-coefficient (CC), Nash-Sutcliffe-model efficiency-coefficient (NSE), root-mean-square-error (RMSE), mean-absolute-error (MAE) and scattering-index (S.I.). Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the effects of input variables on FOS of soil stability based on their importance. Findings: The results showed that these techniques have great capability and reflect that the proposed model by DNN can enhance performance of the model, surpassing ensemble in prediction. The Sensitivity analysis outcome demonstrated that Su (Lower Clay) significantly affected the factor of safety (FOS), trailed by Su (Peat). Research limitations/implications: This paper sets sight on use of deep neural network (DNN) and ensemble of ANN with bagging for estimating of factor of safety (FOS) of soil stability. The current approach helps to understand the tangled relationship of various inputs to estimate the factor of safety of soil stability using DNN and ensemble of ANN with bagging. Practical implications: A dependable prediction tool is provided, which suggests that model can help scientists and engineers optimise FOS of soil stability. Originality/value: Recently, DNN and ensemble of ANN with bagging have been used in various civil engineering problems as reported by several studies and has also been observed to be outperforming the current prevalent modelling techniques. DNN can signify extremely changing and intricate high-dimensional functions in correlation to conventional neural networks. But on a detailed literature review, the application of these techniques to estimate factor of safety of soil stability has not been observed.

8

Evaluation of geotechnical tests (static load tests) on a selected optimised section of railway Corridor No. Va

Ižvolt Libor, Dobeš Peter

Transport Problems

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2021

|

T. 16, z. 2

213--223

EN

To improve the transport service of every country at the required level, it is necessary to set up appropriate infrastructure, including railways, and the necessary facilities of satisfactory quality. After the establishment of the Slovak Railways (ŽSR), the condition of the railway infrastructure was judged to be unsatisfactory. This situation urgently required optimisation of track sections, which are included in the trans-European corridors. The basic aim of optimisation of the railway network of ŽSR is to build a highquality, safe and reliable railway, which, due to its excellent quality, will correspond to the standards of advanced European countries and, at the same time, provide interoperability. Due to this, it was necessary to verify the fulfilment of the prescribed quality parameters on the optimised lines, among others, and also bear the capacity of individual structural parts of the sub-ballast layers. To address this aim, this paper deals with optimised corridor no. Va in the Považská Teplá - Žilina section, where the diagnostics of the quality of the sub-ballast layers was conducted. This paper specifically focuses on the evaluation of the determined values of the bearing capacity of the construction layers of the embankments and their foundations as well as the transition areas between the objects of sub-ballast layers and embankments located in the optimised section of the line.

9

Waste tyre bales in road engineering: an overview of applications

Duda Aleksander, Siwowski Tomasz

Archives of Civil Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 67, nr 3

213--230

EN

Waste tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste today, due to the large volume produced and their long-lasting decomposition and resistance to water and extreme temperatures. Since 2000 in Europe the EU Landfill Directive has forbidden the disposal of waste tyres in a landfill. Since then waste tyre derived products (TDP), including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips, and crumb rubber, have been widely used also in civil engineering applications. The baling is nowadays the best way for the product recycling of waste tyres. Waste tyre bales have considerable potential for use in road applications, particularly where their low density, permeability and ease of handling give them an advantage. Road applications include but are not limited to: embankments construction, slope stabilization and repair (landslides), road foundations over soft ground, backfill material for retaining walls and gravity retaining structures (gabion-type). Several case studies, showing the opportunities to use waste tyre bales in road construction, are presented and illustrated in the paper preceded by providing the engineering properties of waste tyre bales, used within the road structures constructed worldwide. The article also describes the first world application of abutment backfill from the tyre bales in a road bridge, realized in Poland.

PL

Zużyte opony samochodowe są współcześnie jednym z najbardziej problematycznych odpadów ze względu na ich dużą objętość, długotrwały rozkład w środowisku oraz odporność na wodę i temperaturę. Od roku 2000 dyrektywy unijne wprowadzone w Europie zabraniają składowania zużytych opon samochodowych na wysypiskach odpadów. Od tego czasu produkty z recyklingu opon, w tym: całe opony, opony sprasowane w pakiety, strzępy, chipsy oraz granulat gumowy, są szeroko stosowane w budownictwie oraz w inżynierii lądowej. Powtórne wbudowanie opon sprasowanych w pakiety to obecnie najefektywniejszy sposób na recycling zużytych opon. Pakiety z opon mają znaczny potencjał w zastosowaniach drogowych, szczególnie tam, gdzie ich niska gęstość, odpowiednia przepuszczalność i łatwość w wbudowaniu dają im przewagę w stosunku do materiałów tradycyjnych. Zastosowania drogowe pakietów z opon obejmują m.in.: budowę nasypów, stabilizację i naprawę zboczy (osuwisk), podbudowę dróg na podłożu o niskiej wytrzymałości na ścinanie, materiał zasypowy konstrukcji oporowych i grawitacyjne konstrukcje oporowe (typu gabionowego). W artykule przedstawiono i zilustrowano kilka przykładów wykorzystania pakietów z opon w budownictwie drogowym, poprzedzonych przedstawieniem właściwości materiałowych i parametrów inżynierskich pakietów, stosowanych w konstrukcjach drogowych budowanych na całym świecie. Artykuł opisuje również pierwsze światowe zastosowanie pakietów z opon w zasypce przyczółka mostowego, zrealizowane w Polsce. Ta pierwsza aplikacja została poprzedzona serią badań doświadczalnych, zarówno w laboratorium, jak również in-situ. Wybrane wyniki tych badań, potwierdzające odpowiednie parametry pakietów, również przedstawiono w artykule w porównaniu do wyników nielicznych badań obcych.

10

Modelling and analysis of the stability of a harbour wharf’s embankment with regards to its failure

Dmochowski Grzegorz, Berkowski Piotr, Szołomicki Jerzy, Gronostajska Barbara, Krążelewski Jarosław

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 21, no. 4

54--70

EN

The article presents the process of creating a computational model for the stability analysis of a harbour wharf’s embankment with regards to its failure. The described elements that were taken into account at the stage of data preparation are: historical analysis of the structure (structural calculations, and the calculations of the stability of the embankment), results of the author’s own soil and material tests (concrete, steel), environmental conditions (atmospheric and water), the possible load systems that acted on the facility, and also the results from the 3D model of the wharf’s structure. On this basis, five computational schemes were prepared for computer simulations of the stability of the embankment in a plain state of deformations. Various stages and conditions of its operation were taken into account. In conclusion, a possible course of the process of destruction of the structure of the harbour wharf, and the river embankment that cooperates with it, was proposed.

11

Wpływ lokalnych zmian ukształtowania powierzchni terenu na warunki wodne otoczenia, wraz z interpretacją wg Prawa wodnego

Rzonca Bartłomiej

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, nr 3

178--186

EN

Typical changes in surface relief resulting from earthworks include the construction of earthen and debris-type embankments and the excavation of hillslope sides. The paper places in groups and discusses local changes in the hydrologic conditions associated with these types of changes in relief and provides an interpretation of these changes in agreement with current Polish Water Law. The expected and frequent effect of earthen embankments is a rise in the groundwater level under the embankment, which may lead to the formation of a wetland in its immediate vicinity and higher groundwater levels across larger areas on the hillslope above. Some embankments redirect surface runoff from surrounding areas or block it, thus creating outflow-free depressions. Other embankments help form surface runoff that flows down from the surface of the embankment. Some embankments are secured with solid walls that yield a variety of unique hydrodynamic effects. In many cases, the levelling of terrain for construction purposes is accompanied by the undercutting of hillslopes, the effects of which are also noted in the paper. Yet another issue is the susceptibility of embankments to gravity-driven mass movements, especially mudslides and landslides. The excessive weight of an embankment may also cause landslides in the embankment’s base formations.

12

Identyfikacja i możliwość przystosowania łupków powęglowych z pirytem do stosowania w budownictwie drogowy

Duszyński Andrzej, Jasiński Wiktor, Jórdeczka Łukasz, Pryga-Szulc Aneta

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, Nr 9

716--721

EN

Coaly shale is a full-fledged aggregate for road construction, which can be obtained through proper control and processing, meeting the performance characteristics for the application in the construction of embankments. In Poland, from current pro¬duction and resources at landfills, coaly shale with a pyrite content above 1% is a great potential for road construction. It requires adaptation, including on eliminating the possibility of bacteria decomposing this pyrite or its neutralization using limestone materials. At the same time, taking into account the weaknesses of coaly shale landfills (in terms of self-ignition and decomposition), the type of coaly shale and pyrite raw material can be identified as ways of using aggregates from these raw materials for the construction of embankments in the appropriate construction technology.

13

Odkształcenia i przemieszczenia eksploatacyjne podpór mostowych

Rychlewski Piotr

Materiały Budowlane

|

2020

|

nr 9

31--32

14

Posadowienie nasypów komunikacyjnych na palach

Łach Karolina

Magazyn Autostrady

|

2020

|

Nr 1

24--29

PL

Artykuł porusza zagadnienie posadowienia nasypu komunikacyjnego na palach w warunkach słabonośnego podłoża. Przestawia formuły i wzory do projektowania grupy pali. Opisuje problemy, na które należy zwrócić uwagę przy sprawdzaniu stanów granicznych nośności i użytkowalności.

EN

The article discusses the issue of founding piled embankment on soft soil. The paper presents formulas for the design of a pile group. Problems that should be considered when checking the ultimate and serviceability limit states are described.

15

Model słabego podłoża wzmocnionego kolumnami ze zbrojoną warstwą transmisyjną

Gajewska Beata

Materiały Budowlane

|

2019

|

nr 7

44--46

16

Zastosowanie georusztów monolitycznych do stabilizacji podbudowy drogi wykonanej na nasypie odciążającym z keramzytu

Kumor Ł. A., Kumor M. K.

Magazyn Autostrady

|

2018

|

Nr 5

38--42

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kompleksowe rozwiązanie przebudowy drogi gminnej na podłożu organicznym zbudowanym z torfów i namułów o średniej miąższości osadów 16 m. Do posadowienia konstrukcji nasypu zastosowano odciążenie podłoża mało nośnego poduszką z kruszywa lekkiego keramzytu. Z uwagi na potrzebę maksymalnej redukcji grubości warstw konstrukcyjnych, przy jednoczesnym uzyskaniu wymaganych modułów odkształcenia, zdecydowano się na zastosowanie georusztów trójosiowych do stabilizacji podbudowy zasadniczej drogi. Rozwiązanie umożliwiło uzyskanie na warstwie KŁSM (kruszywo łamane stabilizowane mechanicznie) wartości modułu wtórnego odkształcenia E2 ≥ 100 MPa przy grubości kruszywa h = 20 cm zamiast 35 cm. Przełożyło się to na istotną oszczędność mieszanki kruszywa niezwiązanego C90/3 0-31,5 o 600 m3 na odcinku o długości 450 mb. Redukcja grubości warstwy zasadniczej umożliwiła również zmniejszenie warstwy odciążającej z keramzytu o 450 m3. Niniejszy artykuł wskazuje zalety nie tylko techniczne stosowania stabilizacji przy wykorzystaniu georusztów trójosiowych w technologii wzmocnienia mało nośnego podłoża organicznego i zastosowania nasypu odciążającego z keramzytu.

EN

The article presents a comprehensive solution for the reconstruction of a municipal road on an organic substrate built of peat and silt with an average sediment thickness of 16 m. It indicates, among others, the advantages of stabilization using three-axis geogrids in the technology of reinforcing low-strength organic substrate and the use of unloading embankment made of expanded clay.

17

Zastosowanie georusztów do wzmocnień i napraw wałów przeciwpowodziowych

Kawalec J.

Inżynier Budownictwa

|

2018

|

nr 7-8

46--50

PL

Artykuł omawia problematykę zastosowań georusztów w aplikacjach związanych z budownictwem wodnym. Przedstawiona jest klasyfikacja georusztów i wyjaśnione zasady doboru w zależności od funkcji. W dalszej części artykuł przybliża możliwości wykonania geomateracy przeciwerozyjnych, przedstawiając korzyści z ich stosowania w stosunku do tradycyjnego narzutu kamiennego. Następnie omówiono wykorzystanie georusztów do stabilizacji kruszywa w koronie wału dla możliwości prowadzenia ruchu serwisowego. Całość kończy dyskusja o możliwości stosowania georusztów w aspekcie ochrony środowiska.

EN

Paper discusses applications of geogrid in water engineering and construction of flood embankments. The first part contains the classification of geogrids and explained principles of selection depending on the function. In the following, the article introduces the possibilities of constructing geomatresses for erosion control, presenting the benefits of using them in relation to traditional stone overlay. The next part discusses use of geogrids to stabilize the aggregate on the top of embankment for service trafficking. The discussion ends with the possibility of using geogrids in the aspect of environmental protection.

18

The analysis of the usefulness of welded meshes to embankment reinforcement

Ćwirko M., Jastrzębska M., Kwiecień S.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

|

2017

|

Vol. 39, nr 3

3--9

EN

The aim of this paper was to find an answer to the question about the possibility of using steel welded mesh in building the retaining walls of gabion baskets. In light of the currently used gabion structure solutions, among which double-woven mesh is much more popular, the focus was put on the possibility of using welded mesh. A numerical analysis was conducted to examine the behavior of welded and woven mesh subjected to various loads and the results obtained for both types of mesh were directly compared. The maximal displacement in mesh nodes was admitted as the measurement of the system behavior (in the case of both undamaged and damaged mesh).

19

Zastosowanie geosyntetyków w budowie i zabezpieczaniu niektórych obiektów budowlanych. Część II. Analiza porównawcza kosztów ponoszonych w trakcie wykonywania konstrukcji budowlanych przeznaczonych do wzmacniania i zabezpieczania nasypów oraz skarp z użyciem geosyntetyków

Gruszka I., Podżorski M.

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

|

2017

|

nr 1

29--33

EN

In the second part of the article presents a comparative analysis of the costs incurred in the performance of building structures designed to strengthen and protect embankments and slopes with geosynthetics with similar constructions carried out according to traditional solutions using tar paper and clay.

20

Wpływ składu granulometrycznego na wybrane właściwości fizyczne zwietrzelin granitu karkonoskiego

Pezowicz P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, nr 11/1

1149--1154

EN

The construction of earthen structure such as embankments or flood embankments requires soils that are easy to compact and also are close to the projected investment. The physical properties analysis of Karkonosze weathered granites are purposeful in this case. According to PN-S-02205:1998 such soils may be used in the lower part of the embankments, below the freezing zone and are classified as “useful with attention”. The soil material selection, used to build the embankment, is mainly determined by the particle size distribution, coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of graining non-uniformity calculated on the basis of grain size curve. The next step, for such soil, is possibility of obtaining compaction index Is and a dynamic modulus of elasticity E2 - according to the investment concerned design. The material meets the selection criteria is directly used to build the embankment. In this work, an attempt was made to characterize the Karkonosze weathered granites for their usefulness to construct embankments, mainly based on the granulometric composition and selected physical properties.