The European Union is set to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent in 2050. Achieving such an ambitious goal requires cross-cutting measures in all key sectors of the economy, including transport, which is one of the main sources of emissions in Member States, including Poland. Electromobility is a key instrument for reducing the negative impact of transport on climate and the environment. The current automotive market in Poland, for the most part, is made up of old combustion engine cars. The average age of a passenger car in Poland in 2021 was 14.5 years, 0.2 years more than in 2020. An important point to note is that in 2021, nearly twice as many used cars were imported into Poland as new cars were sold, and this was 11.3% higher than the figure recorded in 2020. At the same time, 48% of the cars were equipped with diesel engines. Thus, it is reasonable to identify the current state of knowledge of e-mobility and its assessment by young consumers (18- to 25-year-olds). How they perceive such vehicles is of great importance. Young buyers are a special group in the automotive market - their purchasing preferences will determine the nature of the car market in the future, including whether it will be zero-emission. Learning about the opinions of young consumers is important. On the one hand, it allows knowledge to be gained about the beliefs, feelings, and level of interest in this type of car and the actions young people want to take regarding purchase and use. On the other hand, knowledge of their attitudes towards electric cars can be the basis for creating more relevant information messages. Such information may also be significant for companies and institutions involved in introducing electric cars to the Polish market and those interested in the issues of new technologies in Poland.
This article presents the results of work related to the power supply system for 10kW electric, rental go-kart. The research took into account a few types of battery cells. For the case study, the best option was chosen taking into account the restrictions included in the multicriteria analysis for further application. Chosen BLDC motor and battery type were tested on test stands and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation model allowed to compare the characteristics from test stands and simulation and next tune the model. Minimum capacity of the batteries had to allow for at least 20 minutes of drive. Chosen elements: electric motor, motor controller, battery cells, BMS allowed to build the first prototype. Tests in real conditions showed the difference between simulation and research system. We could notice what to improve to tune the simulation model and the kart power supply system.
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In electric vehicle (EV), control strategies play a key role in vehicle dynamic behavior and stability. The traction chain considered in this article consists of a multilevel inverter, an induction machine (IM) and open differential. The proposed control strategy is based on DTC drive. Moreover, In this paper we present, on the one hand, the contribution provided by 5-level flying capacitor inverter with active balancing in DTC control and, on the other hand, the application of the global structure proposed with 7 degrees of fredom (7-DOF) EV model. Computer simulations were performed using the Matlab/Simulink environment to evaluate the performance of the proposed control.
PL
W pojeździe elektrycznym (EV) strategie sterowania odgrywają kluczową rolę w dynamicznym zachowaniu i stabilności pojazdu. Łańcuch trakcyjny rozważany w tym artykule składa się z falownika wielopoziomowego, maszyny indukcyjnej (IM) oraz otwartego mechanizmu różnicowego. Zaproponowana strategia sterowania oparta jest na napędzie DTC. Ponadto w artykule przedstawiono z jednej strony wkład wniesiony przez 5-poziomowy falownik latającego kondensatora z aktywnym równoważeniem w sterowaniu DTC, a z drugiej strony zastosowanie globalnej struktury zaproponowanej z 7 stopniami swobody (7 -DOF) Model EV. Przeprowadzono symulacje komputerowe z wykorzystaniem środowiska Matlab/Simulink w celu oceny działania proponowanego sterowania.
The authors of this manuscript present the development of a braking system with friction material baseWC-Cu coating for the electric vehicle. This manuscript follows on from the original development of an AGV multi-disc braking system and an experimental investigation of the friction factor of WC-Cu coatings. In addition to developing the mechanical elements and construction of the electric vehicle, the tribological parameters of three samples of the steel substrate, the C45 with WC-Cu coating, were investigated in the tribological laboratory. A metallic coating of the WC-Cu base was applied on theC45 steel substrate using electro-spark deposition coating technology. The experiment used three samples with different percentage ratios of chemical elements in the coating structure. The tribometer working on a “Ball on Plate” principle was an investigation of the friction factor of all samples duringthe experiment. Subsequently, the surface of the samples was modified structure WC-Cu with laser technology. The microhardness of modified and unmodified coatings according to the Vickers methodology was investigated in the next stage. At the end of the experimental investigation, a braking simulation was created in the programming environment of the Matlab® software, considering all driving resistances. The researchers also focused on the simulation of heat conduction during braking for some considered driving modes with braking on a level and with a 20% slope roadway. The simulation of heat flow was carried out in the Matlab® programming environment using the Fourier partial differential equation for non-stationary heat conduction.
W artykule scharakteryzowano układ zasilania i sterowania podwieszonego ciągnika akumulatorowego CA-190 zasilanego z akumulatora litowego typu VOLTER. Ciągnik akumulatorowy CA-190 z akumulatorem litowym typu VOLTER jest innowacyjną konstrukcją wpisującą się w aktualne tendencje rozwojowe transportu w światowym górnictwie. Własne źródło zasilania eliminuje stosowanie przewodów zasilania elektrycznego bądź hydraulicznego, które ograniczały zasięg stosowania ciągnika. Nowatorskim rozwiązaniem jest sposób ładowania akumulatora w czasie postoju, bezpośrednio z kopalnianej sieci elektroenergetycznej. Stosowanie akumulatorów jako źródła energii ogranicza negatywny wpływ na atmosferę kopalnianą poprzez brak emisji spalin oraz znaczne zmniejszenie generowanego hałasu i ciepła. Wdrożenie ciągników CA-190 przyczynia się do zwiększenia efektywności wykonywanych prac oraz wpływa na poprawę bezpieczeństwa pracy załóg górniczych i ergonomii pracy. W artykule przedstawiono system sterowania ciągnika CA-190 oraz kierunki jego dalszego rozwoju.
EN
The article describes the power supply and control system of the CA-190 suspended battery monorail powered by VOLTER lithium battery. Battery monorail CA-190 powered by VOLTER lithium battery is an innovative construction consistent with current trends in the development of transport in the global mining industry. Its own power source eliminates the need for electric cables or hydraulic hoses that limited the monorail's range. An innovative solution is the method of charging the battery during standstill, directly from the mine's power grid. The use of batteries as an energy source limits the negative impact on the mining environment by not emitting exhaust fumes and significantly reducing noise and heat emission. The use of the CA-190 monorail contributes to increasing the efficiency of the performed works and improves the work safety of the mining crews and ergonomics. The CA-190 control system and the directions of its further development are presented.
The fleet of electric vehicles is systematically growing. Many passenger car manufacturers are already reporting that after 2030, vehicles equipped with electric propulsion will account for half of the models produced. Vehicles equipped with an electric drive include: battery-powered electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. Over the years, these vehicles have undergone constant change. The aim of this paper was to review trends in the development of pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
Electrical vehicles have the ability to partially recover some kinetic energy during braking. Kinetic energy is transformed into electric energy, which is fed to the battery by the control system and stored there for further use. The aim of this paper was to analyse the levels of energy recovered by an electric vehicle during braking at various speeds and with different braking intensities. The first phase of testing consisted of vehicle braking tests in real-life conditions. The registered speed profiles were then used as input data for the simulation software. The authors have also analysed the effect of the state of charge of the battery and of the vehicle’s load on the amount of energy recovered during braking. The performed simulation tests demonstrated that the level of recovered energy is significantly affected by the initial braking speed and by the force of pressure applied to the brake pedal. The amount of recovered energy is less affected by the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and by the vehicle’s load. Energy regeneration during braking is currently an important research topic. The efficiency of an electric vehicle depends on the range, which can be extended thanks to the additional energy recovered during braking maneuvers. The presented preliminary simulation results are intended to assess the level of energy recovery in electric vehicles. The authors are aware that a full, comprehensive analysis requires additional research using electric vehicles that will verify the results presented in the paper.
The article presents a method of a photovoltaic system power selecting for proper electric vehicle. At the beginning, the characteristics of the electric vehicle itself and its traction batteries were made in order to determine the method of its charging. In the presented studies, measurement data from the operation of real photovoltaic systems was recorded and processed. The algorithm used includes examining the energy consumption profile of the owner's residential building. The combined demand for electricity of the electric vehicle and the building made it possible to determine the planned photovoltaic system. The authors presented three possibilities of its location. It can be installed on the roof of the building, on the ground next to the building or on the carport under which an electric vehicle can be parked. Finally, the Metalog family of probability distributions was used to analytically validate the power choice of the photovoltaic system. The authors have developed an algorithm using human and artificial intelligence that helps to properly select the power of the photovoltaic system for the vehicle.
Numerous European countries experience a steady increase in the share of electric (EV) and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles in the traffic stream. These vehicles, often referred to as low- or zero-emission vehicles, significantly reduce air pollution in the road environment. They also have a positive effect on noise levels in city centers and in the surroundings of low-speed roads. Nevertheless, issues related to modeling noise from electric and hybrid vehicles in the outdoor environment are still not fully explored, especially in the rural road settings. The article attempts to assess the degree of noise reduction around these roads based on different percentages of EVs in the traffic stream. Input data for noise modeling was obtained from 133 sections of homogeneous rural roads in Poland. Based on their analysis, it was first determined on how many of these road sections electric-vehicle-induced noise reduction would be possible, taking into account the traffic speeds occurring on them. Next, a computational algorithm that can be used to calculate noise reduction in the CNOSSOS-EU model is presented, and noise modeling is performed based on it for different percentages of electric vehicles in the traffic stream.
PL
W wielu krajach europejskich obserwowany jest stały wzrost udziału pojazdów elektrycznych i hybrydowych w potoku ruchu. Pojazdy te, zwane często nisko lub zeroemisyjnymi, ograniczają w znacznym stopniu zanieczyszczenia powietrza w otoczeniu dróg. Mają także pozytywny wpływ na poziom hałasu w centrach miast oraz w otoczeniu dróg charakteryzujących się małymi prędkościami. Zagadnienia związane z modelowaniem hałasu pochodzącego od pojazdów elektrycznych i hybrydowych w środowisku zewnętrznym nie są jednak nadal w pełni zbadane, szczególnie w otoczeniu dróg zamiejskich. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny stopnia redukcji hałasu w otoczeniu tych dróg z uwagi na różny udział procentowy pojazdów elektrycznych w potoku ruchu. Dane wejściowe do modelowania hałasu uzyskano z 133 odcinków jednorodnych dróg zamiejskich w Polsce. Na podstawie ich analizy określono najpierw na ilu z tych odcinków dróg możliwa będzie redukcja hałasu powodowana przez pojazdy elektryczne, biorąc pod uwagę występujące na nich prędkości ruchu. Następnie przedstawiono algorytm obliczeniowy, który można wykorzystać do obliczeń redukcji hałasu w modelu CNOSSOS-EU i wykonano na jego podstawie modelowanie hałasu dla różnego udziału procentowego pojazdów elektrycznych w potoku ruchu.
In electric and hybrid vehicles, it is possible to recover energy from the braking process and reuse it to drive the vehicle using the batteries installed on-board. In the conditions of city traffic, the energy dissipated in the braking process constitutes a very large share of the total resistance to vehicle motion. Efficient use of the energy from the braking process enables a significant reduction of fuel and electricity consumption for hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively. This document presents an original method used to estimate the efficiency of the regenerative braking process for real traffic conditions. In the method, the potential amount of energy available in the braking process was determined on the basis of recorded real traffic conditions of the analysed vehicle. The balance of energy entering and leaving the battery was determined using the on-board electric energy flow recorder. Based on the adopted model of the drive system, the efficiency of the regenerative braking process was determined. The paper presents the results of road tests of three electric vehicles, operated in the same traffic conditions, for whom the regenerative braking efficiency was determined in accordance with the proposed model. During the identi-fication of the operating conditions of the vehicles, a global positioning system (GPS) measuring system supported by the original method of phenomenological signal correction was used to reduce the error of the measured vehicle’s altitude. In the paper, the efficiency of the re-cuperation process was defined as the ratio of the accumulated energy to the energy available from the braking process and determined for the registered route of the tested vehicle. The obtained results allowed to determine the efficiency of the recuperation process for real traffic conditions. They show that the recuperation system efficiency achieves relatively low values for vehicle No. 1, just 21%, while the highest value was achieved for vehicle No. 3, 77%. Distribution of the results can be directly related to the power of electric motors and battery capacities of the analysed vehicles.
W obecnych czasach coraz bardziej niepokoi ocieplenie klimatu. Jest ono wynikiem, między innymi, gromadzenia się nadmiernej ilości gazów cieplarnianych, w tym CO2. Z inicjatywy obrońców środowiska powstały w ramach Unii Europejskiej dokumenty, stanowiące wytyczne do obniżania emisji szkodliwych spalin, wydalanych przez masowe ilości pojazdów, poruszających się po drogach Europy i nie tylko. Wytyczne te, przyjęte przez państwa Unii, wskazują na konieczność - w zakresie zasilania pojazdów - na przechodzenie od tradycyjnych paliw kopalnych, na rzecz różnych, mniej szkodliwych dla środowiska kuli ziemskiej. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano tradycyjne paliwa do samochodów, tendencje w zakresie upowszechniania ich mniej toksycznych alternatyw oraz akty normatywne, wskazujące kierunki badań nad ich wdrożeniem. Zwrócono uwagę, na istniejący w Polsce stan w zakresie infrastruktury technicznej do dystrybucji nowych rodzajów paliw. Wymieniono etapy odejścia od tradycyjnej tzw. benzyny, na rzecz przede wszystkim pojazdów hybrydowych i elektrycznych. Zaprezentowana w skrócie problematyka bazuje na opracowanych pod kierunkiem autora, zaimplementowanych fragmentach pracy magisterskiej [18]. Analiza stanu wdrożenia nowych technologii zasilania pojazdów została pokazana na podstawie wywiadu z przedstawicielem ochrony środowiska i ankietyzacji, przeprowadzonej z pracownikami stacji paliw w mieście Tarnowskie Góry i jej okolicach.
EN
Nowadays, concerns about climate warming are becoming more and more intense. This is due to, inter alia, the accumulation of an excessive amount of greenhouse gases, including CO2. The initiative of environmentalists resulted in preparing documents within the European Union, which constitute guidelines for the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, released by mass quantities of vehicles on the roads of Europe and beyond. In terms of powering vehicles, these guidelines, adopted by the EU countries, specify the need to change from traditional fossil fuels to various, less harmful to the environment, the globe. The paper presents traditional car fuels, trends in the dissemination of their less toxic alternatives and normative acts indicating the directions of research on their implementation. The attention was paid to the state of the art in Poland in terms of technical infrastructure for the distribution of new types of fuels. The stages of resigning from the traditional so-called gasoline for the benefit of hybrid and electric vehicles in particular are specified, as well. The issues presented in short are based on the parts of the master’s thesis prepared under the supervision of the author (Morawiec R., 2022). The analysis of the implementation status of new vehicle power technologies was shown on the basis of an interview with an environmental protection representative and a survey conducted with employees of a petrol station in the city of Tarnowskie Góry and its vicinity.
Purpose: The aim of the work is to present selected research results of the first stage of work, the so-called pre-design research related to the implementation of electric vehicles into the company's fleet. Design/methodology/approach: the article presents inconsistencies and problems related to the use of electric buses as well as problems related to point infrastructure. The results of the research were obtained from the observations of the analyzed transport processes, the process of fleet management, from interviews with employees, as well as from the analysis of documentation and comparison of records with the actual state. Findings: The results confirm that the effective elimination of nonconformities leads to the improvement of the process quality and the reduction of costs related to vehicle breakdowns. Research limitations/implications: The research indicates the need for continuous improvement of the process of using electric vehicles. Validation studies have confirmed that it is impossible to eliminate all problems, therefore the process should be constantly improved. Originality/value. The article indicates the need to amend the subsequent projects and the current methodology of the procedure.
The article proposes a vibration measurement system for electric vehicles powered by motors with rotating housing. The motors were designed and patented by the author. The presented solution is characterized by low cost, high reliability and minimal power consumption. Block diagrams of the designed system were presented and described in detail.
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W artykule zaprezentowano alternatywną metodę recyklingu częściowo wyeksploatowanych baterii trakcyjnych pochodzących z samochodów elektrycznych, polegającą na ich demontażu na pojedyncze ogniwa lub moduły, poddaniu procesowi testowania i wykorzystaniu do praktycznych realizacji magazynów energii dla potrzeb systemów zwłaszcza bazujących na odnawialnych źródłach energii. Omówiono wybrane szybkie metody testowania ogniw, opracowane stanowiska badawcze oraz wybrane komponenty niezbędne do realizacji projektu.
EN
he article presents an alternative method of recycling partially used traction batteries from electric cars, based on disassembling them into individual cells or modules. The modules were tested and used for the practical implementation of energy storage systems, especially based on renewable energy sources. Selected quick cell testing methods, developed test stands and selected components necessary for the project implementation were discussed. Selected procedures of the recycling process of partially used traction batteries from electric vehicles.
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In this paper, an simulated investigations for the modified lithium-ion battery thermal management system using PID, as well Null-Space-based Behavioral (NSB) controllers were presented. This work sought to keep the battery life at its optimum temperature using low power. We used thermoelectric modules with collaborating controllers to minimize the electricity consumed during the cooling process. Comparing to PID, NSB controller achieved the reduction of consumed power of 20%, faster temperature return to the set point, and a more uniform controlling the temperature of the battery cells.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacyjnych badań nad zmodyfikowaniem systemu zarządzania temperaturą akumulatora litowo-jonowego z wykorzystaniem regulatora PID oraz regulatora behawioralnego typu Null-Space (NSB). Celem pracy było utrzymanie żywotności baterii w optymalnej temperaturze przy niskim poborze mocy. Wykorzystano moduły termoelektryczne z dedykowanym sterownikiem dla zmniejszenia zużycia energii elektrycznej podczas procesu chłodzenia. W porównaniu do PID, zastosowanie regulatora NSB umożliwia redukcję pobieranej mocy o 20%, szybszy powrót temperatury do wartości zadanej oraz bardziej równomierne sterowanie temperaturą ogniw akumulatora
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W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z problemami jakie należy pokonać przystępując do projektu rozwoju transportu elektrycznego w ruchu długodystansowym. Dodatkowo wskazano możliwości wykorzystania źródeł odnawialnych do wsparcia funkcjonowania stacji ładowania.
EN
The paper presents issues related to the problems that should be overcome when joining the project for the development of electric transport in long-distance traffic. Additionally, the possibilities of using renewable sources to support the operation of charging stations were indicated.
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This paper present the scalar control method applied in an electric vehicle, witch use an induction motor for its drive, where the dSPACE MicroLabBox is used as a real time interface (RTI) for SIMULINK. At first we present the induction motor model in the dqo axis, and the control method, then we present the dynamic model of the vehicle. Finally, the figures show materials used, and the experimental results obtained by experiment software Control Desk.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę sterowania skalarnego zastosowaną w pojeździe elektrycznym wykorzystującym do napędu silnik indukcyjny, gdzie dSPACE MicroLabBox jest używany jako interfejs czasu rzeczywistego (RTI) dla SIMULINK. Najpierw przedstawiamy model silnika indukcyjnego w osi dqo oraz sposób sterowania, następnie przedstawiamy model dynamiczny pojazdu. Wreszcie, rysunki przedstawiają użyte materiały i wyniki eksperymentalne uzyskane za pomocą oprogramowania doświadczalnego Control Desk.
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Battery electric vehicles are becoming an opportunity for sustainable development in mining. There are several advantages of electric vehicles in mining, primarily related to improving the safety of miners' working conditions. It is significant for mining workers that electric vehicles are not a significant additional source of heat, reduce the emission of exhaust gases in the environment of their use, and are characterized by very little or no harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Currently, the mining industry is developing several initiatives for sustainable development, bringing together mining companies, suppliers and research institutions to accelerate technology development and effectively implement BEVs (battery electric vehicles) in the mining industry as soon as possible. These activities are accepted by miners, although, like any modern technology, they raise legitimate concerns and become the beginning of reflection on the safety standards for using electric vehicles that should accompany their development. This article reviews electric vehicles in mining works. Concerns for the development of these technologies have been identified. Particular attention was paid to the concerns about the operational safety of electric vehicles in the mining environment.
PL
Pojazdy akumulatorowe stają się szansą na zrównoważony rozwój w górnictwie. Zalet pojazdów elektrycznych w górnictwie jest kilka, przede wszystkim związanych z poprawą bezpieczeństwa warunków pracy górników. Dla górników istotne jest, że pojazdy elektryczne nie są znaczącym dodatkowym źródłem ciepła, redukują emisję spalin w środowisku ich użytkowania oraz charakteryzują się bardzo małą emisją szkodliwych gazów lub całkowitym ich brakiem. Obecnie przemysł wydobywczy rozwija kilka inicjatyw na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju, skupiając firmy górnicze, dostawców i instytucje badawcze w celu przyspieszenia rozwoju technologii i jak najszybszego wdrożenia pojazdów typu BEV (battery electric vehicles) w górnictwie. Działania te są akceptowane przez górników, choć jak każda nowoczesna technologia budzą uzasadnione obawy i stają się początkiem refleksji nad normami bezpieczeństwa użytkowania pojazdów elektrycznych, które powinny towarzyszyć ich rozwojowi. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd pojazdów elektrycznych w pracach górniczych. Zidentyfikowano obawy dotyczące rozwoju tych technologii. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na obawy dotyczące bezpieczeństwa eksploatacji pojazdów elektrycznych w środowisku górniczym.
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