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EN
Self-propelled wheelchairs favour the rehabilitation process, forcing the user to be physically active. Unfortunately, in most cases, the manual propulsion is not adapted to the individual needs and physical capabilities of the user. This paper presents the results of operational tests of a wheelchair equipped with a hybrid propulsion system in which the muscle strength generated by the user is assisted by two independent electric motors. The research aimed to investigate the influence of the applied control algorithm and the assistance factor (W) on the value of the muscular effort (MA) while propelling the wheelchair with the use of push rims. A modified ARmedical AR-405 wheelchair equipped with two MagicPie 5 electric motors built into the wheelchair’s hubs with a power of 500 W was used in this research. The tests were carried out on a wheelchair test bench simulating the moment of resistance within the range of 8–11 Nm. Surface electromyography was employed for the measurement of MA, specifically, a four-channel Noraxon Mini DTS apparatus. The research was carried out on five patients from the group of C50 anthropometric dimensions. The effort was measured for four muscles: deltoid–anterior part, deltoid–posteriori part, and triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis longus. The effectiveness of the hybrid propulsion system was observed based on the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle. In this case, for the standard wheelchair, the MA ranged from 93% to 123%. In contrast, for a wheelchair equipped with the hybrid propulsion system, at W = 70%, the MA was within the range of 43%–75%.
2
Content available remote Projektowanie elektrycznego układu napędowego autobusów miejskich
PL
Szybko rosnąca świadomość ekologiczna prowadzi do nowych wyzwań stawianych producentom autobusów miejskich. Dotyczą one obniżenia zużycia energii przy utrzymaniu możliwości trakcyjnych pojazdów. Dobór optymalnych pod względem zużycia energii i sprawności elementów elektrycznego układu napędowego ma więc istotny wpływ na ekologiczne i ekonomiczne aspekty autobusu miejskiego. W artykule przedstawiono analityczne i praktyczne podejście do doboru elektrycznego układu napędowego.
EN
Rapidly growing environmental awareness leads to new tasks for bus manufacturers. These relate to reduction of energy consumption while maintaining the traction capabilities of the vehicles. The selection of optimal, in terms of energy consumption and efficiency, components of the electric drive system has a significant impact on the environmental and economic aspects of a city bus. This paper presents an analytical and practical approach to electric powertrain selection.
PL
W pracy omówiono sposoby odzyskiwania oraz magazynowania energii wytworzonej podczas hamowania pojazdu przeznaczonego do zbiorowego transportu pasażerskiego na terenach miejskich. Przeanalizowano pracę elektromechanicznego układu napędowego z pojedynczym oraz z dwoma współpracującymi zasobnikami (magazynami) energii. Badano układ napędowy zasilany ze źródła bądź źródeł energii o różnych pojemnościach przewidzianych odpowiednio do wariantów przejazdu trasą testową, będącą odpowiednikiem jednej z rzeczywistych tras obsługiwanych przez zakłady komunikacji miejskiej. Przeanalizowano trwałość głównego i współpracującego z nim pomocniczego źródła zasilania oraz magazynowania energii odzyskanej podczas hamowania pojazdu. Przeanalizowano wybrane warunki opłacalności odzyskiwania energii.
EN
The document describes methods of recovering and storing energy generated during breaking a vehicle intended for collective passenger transport in urban areas. The work of the electromechanical drive system with single and with two cooperating energy storage (storages) units was analyzed. A propulsion system powered from a source or sources of energy with different capacities provided for the test route variants, that are the equivalent of one of the real routes served by public transport plants, was tested. The durability of the main and cooperated auxiliary power source, operated as the storage of energy recovered during vehicle braking, was analyzed. Selected profitability conditions for energy recovery were analyzed.
4
Content available remote Electric aircraft propulsion
EN
This paper presents the state of the art in electric aircraft propulsion systems. The necessary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on the global scale forces aviation engineers to search for 'green' solutions. Electric aircraft propulsion is a potential and relatively intuitive choice for a reduction of emissions in flight operations. This paper showcases four architectures of aircraft propulsion systems being now considered to utilise the advantages of electric propulsion with commercially profitable operating range and payload capabilities. One of the largest technological obstacles to the widespread use of electric propulsion in aviation is the low energy density of modern electric batteries. This paper presents the types of power supply which may achieve an energy density above the minimum threshold of 500 Wh/kg, and alternative onboard electrical power sources. The paper also shows novel designs of electric motors intended for aerospace applications. The final sections of this paper shows the implemented projects of aircraft with electric propulsion and the electric aircraft propulsion research projects underway around the world.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia stan wiedzy z zakresu elektrycznych systemów napędowych statków powietrznych. Niezbędna redukcja emisji gazów cieplarnianych na globalną skalę wymusza poszukiwanie ekologicznych rozwiązań. Zastosowanie napędu elektrycznego to potencjalna i stosunkowo intuicyjna metoda redukcji emisji. W artykule przedstawiono cztery architektury systemów napędowych, które rozważa się obecnie do wykorzystania o komercyjnie opłacalnym zasięgu roboczym i możliwościach masy użytecznej. Jedną z największych przeszkód technologicznych w powszechnym stosowaniu napędu elektrycznego jest niska gęstość energii nowoczesnych baterii elektrycznych. Zaprezentowano zasilacze, które mogą osiągnąć gęstość energii powyżej minimalnego progu 500 Wh/kg oraz alternatywne pokładowe źródła energii elektrycznej. Przedstawiono również nowatorskie konstrukcje silników elektrycznych przeznaczonych do zastosowań lotniczych. W końcowej części artykułu opisano realizowane projekty statków powietrznych z napędem elektrycznym oraz realizowane na całym świecie projekty badawcze dotyczące elektrycznych napędów lotniczych.
EN
Article presents comparison of the energetic balance of vehicle powertrain - pure electric vehicle and vehicle equipped with electric hybrid power transmission. Society is more and more often persuaded to buy electric cars as an environmentally friendly solution because they have opinion of ecological vehicles. Electrification in military applications is also widely considered, especially in case of small to medium UGV’s such as wide range of robotic systems introduced to the milatary operations. The article presents the problems of comparing the efficiency and others parameters such as the range of a two presented powertrains. The research was carried out on an small unmanned land platform equipped with a hybrid propulsion system supplied as standard with Diesel power generator and electrically only powered. Energy used for charging of the battery, from tank-to-wheel, was calculated. This also enables to calculate total efficiency of electric and hybrid power transmission. By calculating different capacity of battery and power of generator, it is possible to determine the vehicle range.
EN
Nowadays, in civil aviation, issues related to improving efficiency, reducing the costs of air operations as well as the negative impact of air transport on the environment are of increasing importance. These ideas allow the formulation of the paradigm relating to the development of air transport - ‘more Efficiently, more Economically, more Eco-friendly - 3E’. The article presents in a cross-sectional and synthetic way research conducted by leading scientific centres around the world as well as prototype aviation constructions designed by companies from the aviation industry. Benefits and disadvantages of future propulsions, such as purely electric, hybrid and distributed propulsions, were presented. Conclusions were formulated regarding further possible directions of civil aviation development, taking into account the improvement of its efficiency as well as economic and ecological indicators.
EN
A study has been conducted on the use of alternative energy sources for propulsion of a vessel in inland waterway transport. It is clear that at this stage it is most appropriate to use a vessel designed for short-haul trips between two banks of a ferryboat for passengers and luggage or for recreation and entertainment. On this basis, research has been conducted on a newly designed and built vessel to carry up to 12 people. The drive is fully powered by 180-Ah batteries at 48 V. The batteries are charged by the sun through 5-kW solar panels. The results show that the vessel powered by two 5-kW electric motors can sail autonomously for about 1.5 hours, to travel about 13 km, at an average speed of 7.9 km/h with an average energy consumption of 71.3 kWh/100km when sailing on a linearly reversible route including sailing downstream and upstream on the Danube River.
EN
Brushless DC motors are often used as the power sources for modern ship electric propulsion systems. Due to the electromagnetic torque ripple of the motor, the traditional control method reduces the drive performance of the motor under load changes. Aiming at the problem of the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor during a noncommutation period, this paper analysis the reasons for the torque ripple caused by pulsewidth modulation (PWM), and proposes a PWM_ON_PWM method to suppress the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor. Based on the mathematical model of a DC brushless motor, this method adopts a double closed-loop control method based on fuzzy control to suppress the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor. The fuzzy control technology is integrated into the parameter tuning process of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to effectively improve the stability of the motor control system. Under the Matlab/Simulink platform, the response performance of different PID control methods and the torque characteristics of different PWM modulation methods are simulated and compared. The results show that the fuzzy adaptive PID control method has good dynamic response performance. It is verified that the PWM_ON_PWM modulation method can effectively suppress the torque ripple of the motor during non-commutation period, improve the stability of the double closed-loop control system and meet the driving performance of the motor under different load conditions.
EN
Technology of photovoltaic cells and lithium batteries is being developed rapidly. As a result, attempts to build solar High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) airplanes are more and more frequent. In the future, such airplanes may appear very useful for the economy because they may replace geostationary satellites in several applications. Unfortunately, data on altitude effect on photovoltaic cells and batteries performance are not easily available. Moreover, acquisition cost of cells is very high. Therefore, a tool for inexpensive testing of cells is needed. This article shows a study of very light unmanned airplane that could be used as a testbed for this purpose. Weight assumptions are presented together with concept of geometry and aerodynamic characteristics. Propulsion system is proposed, so also airplane performance is estimated. Finally, results are discussed leading to the conclusion. It appears that unmanned airplane with maximum take-off weight of 1.3 kg can climb to the altitude of 10 km within 4 hours during sunny summer day about the noon. However, only 30% of such days can be used because of strong winds blowing at high altitudes, quite small optimal airspeed of the airplane and constraints due to Air Traffic Management. Moreover, application of variable pitch propeller is recommended as well as some kind of take-off assist. For example, towing or take-off from the hill is desirable to avoid threats resulting from small climb rate.
10
Content available Analiza projektu E-Bus Berlin
PL
W sierpniu 2015 r. w stolicy Niemiec uruchomiono projekt E-Bus, który przyczynić się powinien do redukcji szkodliwych gazów, ograniczenia hałasu oraz rozwoju rynku autobusów elektrycznych w rejonie Berlina i Brandenburgii. W artykule omówiona została pierwsza elektryczna linia autobusowa stolicy Niemiec, która powstała w oparciu o wykorzystanie różnorodnych rozwiązań technicznych. Uwzględniono 2 zasadnicze grupy tego typu rozwiązań – zastosowanie autobusu elektrycznego Solaris Urbino 12 electric oraz systemu szybkiego ładowania indukcyjnego Primove firmy Bombardier. Podkreślono również zalety wynikające z eksploatacji pojazdów elektrycznych w transporcie publicznym Berlina. Przedstawione zagadnienia zostały oparte o bilans środowiskowy projektu E-Bus Berlin.
EN
The E-Bus project was launched in August 2015 in Berlin should contribute to reduction of harmful emissions, noise reduction and development of the electric bus market in the area of Berlin and Brandenburg. This article discusses the first electric bus line in the capital of Germany, which was based on the use of various technical solutions. Two basic groups of such solutions were taken into account – the use of the Solaris Urbino 12 electric bus and the Bombardier Primove inductive charging system. The advantages of using electric vehicles in public transport in Berlin were also discussed. The presented issues were based on the environmental balance of the E-Bus Berlin project.
11
EN
The Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster (KLIMT) ESA/PECS project, which has been implemented in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) and now is approaching its final phase, was aimed at incremental development of a ~500 W class Hall effect thruster (HET). Xenon, predominantly used as a propellant in the state-of-the-art HETs, is extremely expensive. Krypton has been considered as a cheaper alternative since more than fifteen years; however, to the best knowledge of the authors, there has not been a HET model especially designed for this noble gas. To address this issue, KLIMT has been geared towards operation primarily with krypton. During the project, three subsequent prototype versions of the thruster were designed, manufactured and tested, aimed at gradual improvement of each next exemplar. In the current paper, the heat loads in new engine have been discussed. It has been shown that thermal equilibrium of the thruster is gained within the safety limits of the materials used. Extensive testing with both gases was performed to compare KLIMT’s thermal behaviour when supplied with krypton and xenon propellants.
PL
Celem projektu opisanego w artykule jest opracowanie modułowego węzła zawieszenia zawierającego koło jezdne, wahacz wraz z zawieszeniem oraz silnik napędowy. W założeniu pojazd ma być wyposażony w modułowy, konfigurowalny układ napędowy z elektrycznymi silnikami trakcyjnymi. Źródłem energii elektrycznej jest generator oraz akumulatory w wersji hybrydowej lub bateria akumulatorów w wersji elektrycznej. W pracy przedstawiono analizę koncepcji zawieszenia, dobór elementów składowych oraz propozycję rozwiązania konstrukcyjnego.
EN
The aim of the project described in this paper is modular suspension node development, containing wheel, traction motor and a rocker arm. The basic assumption is that vehicle should be equipped in modular, configurable propulsion system with electric traction motors. Power plant is an internal combustion engine driving generator as a series hybrid propulsion an battery for pure electric vehicle. The paper presents comparative analysis of different suspension concepts, component selection and design proposal.
EN
In this paper, a custom measuring system for propulsion units of multi-rotor UAV is presented. Designed solution provides measurements of thrust, rotational speed and power consumption of popular electric propulsion systems consisting of BLDC motor, electronic speed controller (ESC) and various propellers. The method is applicable to both single and twin (coaxial) configurations of rotors. Thanks to the use of a precision 6-axis force/torque sensor and sensorless method of speed measurement it is possible to record performance of propulsion with convenient PC software. The system is equipped with complete galvanic isolation between power and sensory circuits. A unique feature of presented solution is the possibility of remote reconfiguration of various controllers, governing speed or thrust of the propeller. Possible applications of the presented test rig are: estimating the performance of UAV design (flight time, power consumption, payload capabilities), mathematical modelling of electric propulsion and analysis of faulty states of rotor operation.
14
Content available remote Experimental studies of wheelchair energy consumption
EN
Modern cars have engines eąuipped with multi point fuel injection system electronically controlled. These system co-operate with a series of sensors and actors. The purpose of this study was to show the most common electric defects and to evaluate the reliability of selected elements of petrol fuel electric injections system Motronic and Simos during driving. The benches make it possible to realize the control of injection and ignition systems thanks to the connection of all elements sensors and actuators with ECU (Electronic Control Unit). The simulation of work was carried out thanks to the power transmission systems, in which the rotational speed of the ignition system was controlled, sensors of rotational speed and crankshaft position and also the sensor of timing phases. Te bench was connected to the computer through the diagnostic connector OBD (On Board Diagnostics). The simulations of other sensors work, e.g. the flowmeter, were realized by changing air flow and temperaturę by changing the resistance of the sensor for different temperatures. The cooperation of particular sensors and execution elements with the driver was monitored by the diagnostic błock of Audi-VW interface software. The designed and made-up bench made it possible to control engine work and carry out tests and the analysis of particular parameters of engine work in order to identify error codes.
EN
Plasma engines are used for space propulsion as an alternative to chemical thrusters. Due to the high exhaust velocity of the propellant, they are more effi cient for long-distance interplanetary space missions than their conventional counterparts. An advanced laboratory of plasma space propulsion (PlaNS) at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) specializes in designing and testing various electric propulsion devices. Inside of a special vacuum chamber with three performance pumps, an environment similar to the one that prevails in space is created. An innovative Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (LPPT) with liquid propellant was built at the laboratory. Now it is used to test the second prototype of Hall effect thruster (HET) operating on krypton propellant. Meantime, an improved prototype of krypton Hall thruster is constructed.
PL
W obliczu zaostrzających się wymagań dotyczących ochrony środowiska władze miast poszukują rozwiązań mających na celu ograniczenie emisji zanieczyszczeń. W sektorze transportu innowacyjnym rozwiązaniem, umożliwiającym zmniejszenie emisji spalin, jest zastosowanie „czystszych” środków transportu miejskiego - elektrobusów. Pojazdy o napędzie elektrycznym stanowią jeden z filarów realizacji polityki zrównoważonej mobilności w miastach i aglomeracjach. Aspekty ekologiczne, ekonomiczne (niskie koszty eksploatacji) i większa elastyczność obsługi - w porównaniu z tramwajami i trolejbusami - są najczęściej wymienianymi determinantami wprowadzenia tego nowego rodzaju pojazdów elektrycznych do eksploatacji. Sopot jako miasto uzdrowiskowe jest w szczególnym stopniu predestynowany do obsługi pojazdami elektrycznymi. Jednocześnie funkcjonująca na obszarze tego miasta komunikacja trolejbusowa stwarza określone warunki dla funkcjonowania i rozwoju elektrobusów. Celem niniejszego referatu jest analiza możliwości oraz uwarunkowań wprowadzenia elektrobusów do obsługi miast oraz analiza wariantów obsługi elektrobusami wybranego miasta – Sopotu. Do oceny wariantów wykorzystano analizę DGC, która przedstawia techniczny koszt uzyskania jednostki efektu ekologicznego (zł/km) oraz umożliwia uszeregowanie wariantów obsługi od najtańszego do najdroższego.
EN
Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, municipalities seek solutions aimed at reducing emissions. In the transport sector, an innovative solution for reducing emissions is the use of „cleaner" means of transport - electric buses. Electric vehicles are one of the pillars of the policy of sustainable mobility in cities and agglomerations. Ecological aspects, economic (lower operating costs) and a greater flexibility of use in comparison with trams and trolleybuses are the most frequently cited determinants of the introduction of this new type of electric vehicles into operation. Sopot as a spa town in a special degree predestined to support electric vehicles. At the same time functioning in the area of the city trolleybus communication creates certain conditions for the functioning and development of electric buses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibilities and conditions of entry electric buses to support cities and the analysis of variants of service electric buses in the chosen city - Sopot. To evaluate the alternatives analysis was used DGC, which shows the technical cost of obtaining a unit environmental effect (zl/km) and allows alignment variants operating from the cheapest to the most expensive.
17
Content available Liquid micro pulsed plasma thruster
EN
A new type of pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) for small satellite propulsion is investigated, of which the most innovative aspect is the use of a non-volatile liquid propellant. The thruster is based on an open capillary design. The thruster achieved a thrust-to-power ratio above 45 μN/W, which constitutes a 5-fold improvement over the water-propelled pulsed plasma thruster, and which is also slightly above the performance of a similarly sized PPT with a solid propellant.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych okrętów patrolowych o wyporności około 2000 ton w zakresie konstrukcji kadłuba, siłowni oraz elektrowni. Analizę tę przeprowadzono w oparciu o literaturę oraz materiały dostępne w Internecie dotyczące rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych stosowanych w okrętach patrolowych projektowanych przez europejskie firmy konstrukcyjne oraz stocznie. W oparciu o dostępną literaturę, opisano zadania realizowane przez okręty patrolowe, przeprowadzono analizę przykładowych konstrukcji występujących na rynku europejskim. Przeprowadzono analizę charakterystyk kadłubów okrętowych, dokonano przeglądu różnych typów układów napędowych porównując napęd mechaniczny i elektryczny oraz dokonano przeglądu elektrowni okrętowych stosowanych na okrętach. Na koniec przedstawiono wstępne wymagania taktyczno-techniczne dla potencjalnie budowanego w przyszłości okrętu zwracając uwagę na jego funkcje, kadłub, układ napędowy i wyposażenie elektrowni okrętowej.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the structure solutions of patrol ships with a displacement of 2,000 tons in the construction of the hull and power plant. Analysis was carried out on the basis of literature and materials available on the internet for the design solutions used in the patrol ships designed by the European construction companies and shipyards. Based on the available literature the tasks performed by patrol ships and the analysis of the hull structure present on the European market had been described. An analysis of the characteristics of ship hulls, an overview of the different types of propulsion systems by comparing the mechanical propulsion and electric propulsion of the ship had been given. Finally, a pre-tactical and technical requirements for the ship potentially built in the future paying attention to its functions, the hull, propulsion system and electric equipment had been presented.
PL
W związku z wyczerpującymi się zasobami naturalnymi oraz zwiększającymi się restrykcjami w zakresie ochrony środowiska pojawiła się potrzeba opracowania technologii stanowiących alternatywę dla silnika Diesla. Utworzenie konkurencyjnego i zasobooszczędnego systemu transportu jest jednym z celów Unii Europejskiej, zapisanym m. in. w Białej Księdze Transportu 2011. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystyki autobusów z napędem hybrydowym, elektrycznym i wodorowym oraz możliwości ich zastosowania w publicznym transporcie miejskim, jak również przykłady implementacji autobusów korzystających z alternatywnych źródeł napędu.
EN
As a result of an exhaustible natural resources and the increasing restrictions for environmental protection there is a need to develop the technology as an alternative to the diesel engine. The creation of a competitive and resource efficient transport system is one of the objectives of the European Union, recorded among others in the 2011 European Transport White Paper. The article presents the characteristics of hybrid, electric and hydrogen buses and the possibility of their use in public urban transport, as well as implementation examples of buses using alternative power sources.
PL
W artykule wskazano, że napędy hybrydowe i elektryczne, oprócz znanych walorów ekologicznych, są szczególnie korzystne do budowania zaawansowanych systemów sterowania napędem kół, które wpływają na kierunek ruchu pojazdu (Torque Vectoring). Wychodząc od opisu złożonej budowy takich systemów w pojazdach napędzanych silnikiem spalinowym stwierdzono, że w przypadku napędzania kół silnikami elektrycznymi, realizacja funkcji takiego systemu jest prostsza. Omówiono zasadnicze rodzaje i przykłady takich konstrukcji, uwypuklając różnice w ich strukturze oraz występujące problemy i ograniczenia. W podsumowaniu podkreślono ważność tego aspektu napędzania kół silnikami elektrycznymi, co przekłada się poprawę bezpieczeństwo czynnego pojazdów.
EN
The paper indicated that hybrid and electric drivetrains, besides its well known ecological values, are particularly advantageous for designing advanced systems of wheel control, which influence the direction of vehicle’s motion (Torque Vectoring). Starting from the description of complex systems meant for combustion engine powered vehicles, it was stated that when wheels are propelled by electric motors, realization of such system is simpler. The basic types and examples of such designs were reviewed; and their structure, associated issues and limitations were emphasized. The summary underlined the importance of this aspect of electric motor propulsion, which translates into improved active safety of vehicles.
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