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EN
An approach to simulation modeling of traction electric drives of electric locomotives with collector engines is proposed which based on taking into account the nonlinear nature of the magnetic characteristic in electric motors, the inductances of the armature and the excitation winding of the electric motor, the nonlinearity of the volt-amperage characteristics of the rectifier unit and the features of the operation of the stage control system of the electric drive.
PL
Zaproponowano podejście do modelowania symulacyjnego elektrycznych napędów trakcyjnych lokomotyw elektrycznych z silnikami kolektorowymi, oparte na uwzględnieniu w silnikach elektrycznych nieliniowości charakterystyki magnetycznej, indukcyjności twornika i uzwojenia wzbudzenia silnika elektrycznego, nieliniowości charakterystyki napięciowo-napięciowej zespołu prostownikowego oraz cech działania układu sterowania stopniowego napędu elektrycznego.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono zarówno rodzaje silników wykorzystywanych w przekształtnikowych układach fotowoltaicznych jak i sposoby jak i możliwości ich sterowania. Podano ogólny schemat przykładowego przekształtnikowego systemu współpracującego z silnikami. Opisano poszczególne jego elementy. Dokonano zestawienia różnych rodzajów silników najczęściej stosowanych w układach fotowoltaicznych oraz wymieniono ich wady oraz zalety. Zestawiono również różne układy sterowania i regulacji wraz z podaniem ich zalet oraz wad. Opisano tendencje rozwojowe w zakresie wykorzystania inteligentnych systemów komunikacyjnych do kontroli i sterowania silnikami szczególnie w trackerach fotowoltaicznych. Pracę zakończono wnioskami nasuwającymi się podczas jej realizacji.
EN
The paper presents both the types of motors used in converter photovoltaic systems and the methods and possibilities of their control. A general diagram of an exemplary converter system cooperating with electric motors is given. Its individual elements are described. Various types of electric motors most commonly used in photovoltaic systems are compared and their advantages and disadvantages are listed. Various control systems are also listed together with their advantages and disadvantages. Development trends in the use of intelligent communication systems to control and control motors, especially in photovoltaic trackers, are described. The work was ended with conclusions that raised during this implementation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono proces realizacji projektu silnika elektrycznego przeznaczonego do napędu wysokowydajnego wentylatora przemysłowego o dużej średnicy wirnika i zmiennej geometrii łopat. Zastosowanie silnika do określonego sposobu zabudowy, zasilania i warunków klimatycznych, wymagało spełnia szczególnych wymagań i zastosowania niekonwencjonalnych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych oraz opracowania całościowej dokumentacji konstrukcyjnej i technologicznej. W artykule opisano zastosowane rozwiązania mechaniczne oraz technologie wykorzystane w konstrukcji obwodu elektromagnetycznego, co pozwoliło na wykonanie silnika i pomyślne wdrożenie w napędzie wentylatora.
EN
The article presents the process of implementing the project of an electric motor designed to drive a high-performance industrial fan with a large rotor diameter and variable blade geometry. The use of the electric motor for a specific type of installation, power supply and climatic conditions required the fulfillment of specific requirements and the use of unconventional construction solutions as well as the development of comprehensive construction and technological documentation. The article describes the applied mechanical solutions and technologies used in the construction of the electromagnetic circuit, which allowed the construction of the motor and successful implementation of the fan in the drive.
EN
In mining, super-large machines such as rope excavators are used to perform the main mining operations. A rope excavator is equipped with motors that drive mechanisms. Motors are easily damaged as a result of harsh mining conditions. Bearings are important parts in a motor; bearing failure accounts for approximately half of all motor failures. Failure reduces work efficiency and increases maintenance costs. In practice, reactive, preventive, and predictive maintenance are used to minimize failures. Predictive maintenance can prevent failures and is more effective than other maintenance. For effective predictive maintenance, a good diagnosis is required to accurately determine motor-bearing health. In this study, vibration-based diagnosis and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-D CNN) were used to evaluate bearing deterioration levels. The system allows for early diagnosis of bearing failures. Normal and failure-bearing vibrations were measured. Spectral and wavelet analyses were performed to determine the normal and failure vibration features. The measured signals were used to generate new data to represent bearing deterioration in increments of 10%. A reliable diagnosis system was proposed. The proposed system could determine bearing health deterioration at eleven levels with considerable accuracy. Moreover, a new data mixing method was applied.
EN
In this work, the temperature dependence of motor resistive losses has been analytically evaluated by using a quantum mechanical approximation. It is well known that the Bloch-Gruneisen approximation is a fundamental quantum theory to the study of the resistivity of the conductor with the change of temperature by using analytical formulation. By using the proposed method, the motor resistive losses can be controlled with respect to the temperature changes. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm has been tested by comparison with different theoretical approaches. It is demonstrated that the new analytical method for the motor resistive losses controlled with the change of temperature will be used for improving motor power and mechanical systems.
EN
Variable-speed DC drives with series-excited motors are widely used in the mining industry, transport and lifting equipment. The purpose of the study is to determine the dynamic characteristics of a variable direct current (DC) drive with a series-excited motor in the dynamic braking mode. In the article, there have been developed schematic diagrams of the power section that ensure stable braking of a variable-speed electric drive with a series-excited motor. The requirements for the braking mode have been developed. The studies have been carried out for a saturated and unsaturated magnetic circuit of an electric motor. The scientific novelty of the work consists in determining the zone of stable operation of the dynamic braking mode. As a result, there has been proposed technical implementation of the power section of a variable-speed electric drive with a series-excited motor that ensures stable braking. A special place in the study is the development of two models of an electric motor with subsequent excitation taking into account the saturation of the magnetic circuit - mathematical and simulation. Thus, the article has not only theoretical but also visual and practical significance in the context of already conducted studies on the subject. Options for the technical implementation of the braking regime were also considered in the course of the sequential implementation of the planned stages of the study.
EN
The article analyzes and evaluates costs, transport time and CO2 emissions by selected vans. The research was carried out on the example of three models of Iveco Daily vehicles powered by: diesel oil, electricity and compressed natural gas (CNG). The result of the research presented in the article is the determination of the operating costs of vehicles powered by various energy sources and the level of CO2 emissions. The comparative analysis was carried out on real data for the established transport task. Vehicles with engines powered by compressed natural gas are characterized by the highest savings in terms of transport costs. As the authors pointed out, this may be due to the fact that this type of engines, despite the low interest of buyers at the moment, may gain much more popularity in the future. On the other hand, in relation to vehicles with electric motors, the cost of transport is the highest, which means that this type of technology is ineffective in relation to long-distance transport.
EN
This research was devoted to the creation of a protection system for electric motors used in industry and transport, based on modern and traditional sensors. In the course of operation, the malfunctions of electric motors have been investigated and it was found that the accident modes occur mainly due to exceeding the permissible values of the current, voltage and temperature parameters. Modern sensors of current, voltage, and temperature have been compared and the most effective ones were selected for use in electric motors. Based on reasoning from these sensors, a protection system for a low-power electric motor has been developed in the laboratory. In addition, in the Multisim application software package, a simulation of the operation of the protection system at different voltage and current values was performed, and a circuit of the sensor control unit and the power source for powering the protection system was constructed. It has been proposed to apply such a multi-parametric complex protection system for electric motors, especially in transport.
9
Content available remote Metody analizy wibroakustycznej silników z magnesami trwałymi
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe metody jakie zastosować można do analizy wibroakustycznej napędów elektrycznych wykorzystujących silniki z magnesami trwałymi. Wraz ze zwiększaniem mocy, przy próbie utrzymania korzystnego stosunku masy do mocy generowanej, dochodzić może do ujawniania się niekorzystnych zjawisk będących następnie źródłami hałasu. Może to prowadzić do niekorzystnego oddziaływania takiego napędu na otoczenie, w którym pracuje.
EN
The article presents the basic methods that can be used for vibroacoustic analysis of electric drives using synchronous motors with permanent magnets. Along with increasing power, while trying to maintain a favorable ratio of mass to generated power, unfavorable phenomena, which are then sources of noise, may appear. This can lead to an unfavorable impact of such a drive on the environment in which it operates.
10
Content available remote Use of electric motors in the context of glider aviation
EN
In sailplane aviation, I attach great importance to the achieved aerodynamic parameters due to the main idea of sailplane flights, which is the flight of a sailplane without external energy supply for staying in the air and only in favourable weather conditions, e.g. increasing thermal movements of the air. Only during take-off, external devices, such as a winch or a towing plane, can be used. Therefore, the use of a propulsion installed in sailplanes and operating only during take-off is a very convenient solution. This is a step towards facilitating the access to flying for a wider group of people due to the reduction of costs related to the take-off processes, and also increases the level of safety of sailplane flights by enabling the use of propulsion at critical moments of the flight. The study presents the current trends in the development of gliding, in particular motor gliders. Additionally, as a result of research works, the energy storage system was shown, which is the weakest element of the system, and at the same time the one with the greatest development potential.
PL
W lotnictwie szybowcowym dużą wagę przywiązuje się do osiąganych parametrów aerodynamicznych ze względu na główną ideę, jaką jest lot bez zewnętrznego zasilania energią do przebywania w powietrzu i tylko w sprzyjających warunkach atmosferycznych, np. zwiększenie ruchów termicznych powietrza. Jedynie podczas startu można korzystać z urządzeń zewnętrznych, takich jak wyciągarka czy samolot holowniczy. Bardzo wygodnym rozwiązaniem jest zainstalowanie w szybowcach napędu działającego tylko podczas startu. To krok w kierunku ułatwienia dostępu do latania szerszej grupie osób ze względu na redukcję kosztów związanych z procesami startu, a także zwiększenie poziomu bezpieczeństwa lotów szybowcowych poprzez umożliwienie wykorzystania napędu w krytycznych momentach. W opracowaniu przedstawiono aktualne trendy w rozwoju szybownictwa, w szczególności motoszybowców. Dodatkowo w wyniku prac badawczych wykazano najsłabszy element systemu, a jednocześnie mający największy potencjał rozwojowy – układ magazynowania energii.
EN
This paper presents an analysis of selected propulsion units dedicated to test stands for unmanned aircraft systems. It focuses on engines suitable for aircraft with a maximum take-off mass up to 150 kg. The study includes an analysis of propulsion units that can be used to power systems on stationary test stands dedicated to advanced research and measurement of prototype aerospace technologies intended for use in rotorcraft. The analysis of propulsion units shows that electric units are a better choice for powering UAV rotorcraft test stands. Their main advantages include the possibility to simplify the construction of the device by eliminating gears and to mount the motor in a vertical position, simpler power supply, cooling and control systems and the lack of an exhaust system. Additional advantages are undoubtedly lower vibration generation, cheaper and easier operation as well as better comfort.
EN
Results of research about influence of mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena on electric motor vibration in different supply options has been shown in this paper. Three different supply options have been taken under consideration: typical star connection, single-phase connection with work capacitor and connection through an inverter. Vibration signals recorded on electric motor end shield and frame has been digitally processed using Multi-Synchronous Averaging (MSA). This technique allowed to decompose total vibration signal into signals associated with mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena occurring in electric motor. The comparison of rms values and spectra shapes of total and decomposed vibration signals has been made. Energy shares of previously mentioned phenomena in vibration signal for different supply options has been also estimated.
EN
In this paper, the authors present a computational model of a fin-based air cooling system for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) electric motors. The model can be used as a method for fast and efficient feasibility studies of air cooling for PMSM motors in hybrid-electric or all-electric aviation applications, supplementing further research (thermal resistance networks, and FEA/CFD-CHT models). In the paper, authors provide temperature distributions along the fin height which are calculated and presented for a straight fin, followed by heat transfer rate from fin surface and fin efficiency. A parameter to compare different fin materials for aviation applications is introduced – heat transfer rate from the fin to fin mass ratio. Aluminum and copper fins are compared. Different shapes of straight fin are considered and compared. The above parameters and comparison are then calculated and given for circular fins. Parameters of the whole fin-based air cooling system for specific 140 kW PMSM motor are calculated and presented.
EN
Aformalized method for obtaining theanalytical dependencies for the evaluation of the main dynamic and static metrological characteristics of a torque measuring channel with a capacitance sensor operating under the regulation of a microcontrolleris proposed. Thestatic and dynamic characteristics of such a typical torque measuring channel based on a capacitance force sensor wereevaluated.
PL
Zaproponowano sformalizowaną metodę uzyskiwania zależności analitycznych do oceny głównych dynamicznych i statycznych charakterystyk metrologicznych kanału pomiaru momentu obrotowego z czujnikiem pojemnościowym działającym pod kontrolą mikrokontrolera. Ocenie poddano charakterystykę statyczną i dynamiczną typowego kanału pomiaru momentu obrotowego opartego na czujniku siły pojemnościowej.
EN
The combination of two drive sources: the internal combustion engine and the electric motor in the hybrid drive system requires an appropriate control system to manage their operation. It relies on many variables, and the greater the degree of drive hybridization the greater is the degree of interdependence of the parameters involved. The article presents solutions of electric drive control algorithms with an additional power source in the form of an internal combustion engine (Range Extender). The results of simulation analyzes in the AVL Cruise program are presented, taking into account three control algorithms and two driving cycles. The obtained results indicate the necessity to take various input quantities into account in order to optimize the use of the combustion engine.
EN
In this paper, the influence of electromechanical interaction in an electric motor on the railway vehicle driving system dynamics was investigated. This is the train driven by DC. In particular, there is considered influence of electromagnetic field between a rotor and stator on excitation of resonant torsional vibrations of the drive system. Conclusions drawn from the computational results can be very useful during the design phase of these devices as well as helpful for their users during regular maintenance.
17
Content available remote Analysis of a modified-structure switched reluctance motor designed for an e-bike
EN
This paper presents an analysis of a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) with modified special stator structure. The presented motor is designed to propel vehicles, in particular electric bikes. The paper determines the variability of the electromagnetic torque, self-inductance and mutual inductance. A control system for the SRM and simulation results of calculations concerning time plots for currents and electromagnetic torque of the examined converter are presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę stanów ustalonych przełączalnego silnika reluktancyjnego (SRM -Switched Reluctance Motor) o zmodyfikowanej geometrii stojana. Prezentowany silnik przeznaczony jest do napędu pojazdów elektrycznych, a w szczególności do roweru elektrycznego. W pracy wyznaczono zmienność momentu elektromagnetycznego, indukcyjności własnej oraz wzajemnej. Zaproponowano i przedstawiono układ sterowania dla silnika SRM, pokazano wstępne wyniki obliczeń przebiegów czasowych prądów oraz momentu elektromagnetycznego badanego przetwornika.
EN
The dynamics analysis of the rear suspension system of the Fiat Panda III with electric motors mounted in wheels is presented in the paper. The simplified model of this system modeled using the multibody system dynamics method and the MSC. Adams package is proposed. In order to validate the proposed numerical model, the road tests were carried out consisting on passing the vehicle without motors in wheels at constant speed through the obstacle. The vertical displacement of the center of the vehicle wheel was measured during the tests. During the validation, parameters of the wheel-to-road contact, stiffness coefficients of springs and shock absorber damping coefficients of the suspension of the simulation model were modified so that the numerical results were consistent with the experiment. Further, such a tuned model was used to simulate the motion of suspension with the motors mounted into the wheels. The obtained results were validated, obtaining the accepted compatibility. In the following, a series of calculations was carried out in order to analyze the influence of stiffness coefficients of springs and shock absorber damping coefficients on the dynamic response of the suspension.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę dynamiki układu tylnego zawieszenia samochodu Fiata Panda III z silnikami elektrycznymi wbudowanymi w koła. Uproszczony model układu uzyskano przez zastosowanie metod dynamiki układów wieloczłonowych i ich implementacji programowej w postaci pakietu MSC.Adams. W celu walidacji zaproponowanego modelu symulacyjnego wykonano testy drogowe polegające na przejeździe pojazdu bez silników wbudowanych w koła przez przeszkodę ze stałą prędkością. Podczas badań mierzono pionowe przemieszczenia środków kół pojazdu. W procesie walidacji modyfikowano parametry kontaktu koła z nawierzchnią, współczynniki sztywności sprężyn zawieszenia oraz współczynniki tłumienia amortyzatorów, tak aby otrzymać akceptowalną zgodność wyników numerycznych z eksperymentem. Dostrojony model symulacyjny został dalej użyty do symulacji ruchu zawieszenia z silnikami wbudowanymi w koła. Otrzymane wyniki dalej porównano z badaniami uzyskując akceptowalną zgodność. W pracy wykonano również szereg symulacji mających na celu zbadanie wpływu współczynników sztywności sprężyn zawieszenia i współczynników tłumienia amortyzatorów na odpowiedź dynamiczną układ tylnego zawieszenia.
19
Content available remote Zastosowanie metody FRA do diagnostyki maszyn wirujących
PL
Metoda FRA (analizy odpowiedzi częstotliwościowej) stosowana jest w diagnostyce stanu mechanicznego uzwojeń transformatorów. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań metodą FRA uzwojeń silników o napięciu znamionowym 6 kV. Ich celem było określenie możliwości wdrożenia tej metody do diagnostyki maszyn wirujących. Dokonano porównania odpowiedzi poszczególnych faz danego silnika, porównano także krzywe zarejestrowane dla kilku jednostek takiego samego typu. Następnie zbadano wpływ położenia wirnika na rejestrowane dane.
EN
FRA method (Frequency Response Analysis) is used for diagnostics of mechanical condition of transformer windings. The paper presents FRA tests of motors’ windings with nominal voltage 6 kV. The aim of the research was determination of FRA method applicability in the diagnostics of rotating machines. A comparison of the response of three phases was performed, as well as comparison of curves recorded for several unit of the same type. In addition the influence of rotor’s position on measured data was tested.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rożne sposoby ograniczania prądów rozruchowych w silnikach indukcyjnych klatkowych. Wszystkie sposoby omówione zostały na przykładzie silników produkowanych przez DFME DAMEL S.A. Przedstawiono i porównano kilka podstawowych i powszechnie stosowanych sposobów rozruchu silników klatkowych wraz z ich zaletami i wadami, począwszy od najprostszego rozruchu bezpośredniego, a skończywszy na najbardziej zaawansowanym technologicznie − sterowaniu wektorowym z przemiennika częstotliwości.
EN
Article presents various methods of limiting of start-up currents in induction squirrel-cage motors. All methods were discussed on the example of motors produced by DFME DAMEL S.A. Several basic and commonly used methods of start-up of squirrel-cage motors along with their advantages and disadvantages were presented and compared, starting from the simplest direct start-up and concluding with the most technologically advanced – vector control from frequency converter.
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