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1

Enhanced direct torque control of a Syn-Rm, using adaptive flux observer, including magnetic saturation and iron losses

Boussouar Mohamed Essalih, Yahia Khaled, Cardoso A.J.M., Sahraoui Mohamed

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2023

|

R. 99, nr 4

255--261

EN

An enhanced direct torque control (E-DTC) system of a synchronous reluctance motor (Syn-RM) is presented in this paper. The motor system is modelled by taking into account its non-linear behaviours such as iron losses and magnetic saturation. The proposed method consists of incorporating hysteresis DTC with a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) flux observer. This technique is applied in order to achieve good torque and flux ripples reduction, which ensure a smooth operation of the Syn-RM along all the speed range. Furthermore, the proposed method has simple design and implementation in the overall control system, and can avoid the drawbacks of conventional flux estimators. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono udoskonalony układ bezpośredniego sterowania momentem obrotowym (E-DTC) synchronicznego silnika reluktancyjnego (Syn-RM). Układ ruchu jest modelowany z uwzględnieniem jego nieliniowych zachowań, takich jak straty żelaza i nasycenie magnetyczne. Proponowana metoda polega na włączeniu histerezy DTC do wzorcowego obserwatora strumienia adaptacyjnego systemu odniesienia (MRAS). Technika ta jest stosowana w celu uzyskania dobrego momentu obrotowego i redukcji tętnień strumienia, które zapewniają płynną pracę Syn-RM w całym zakresie prędkości. Ponadto, zaproponowany sposób ma prostą konstrukcję i implementację w całym systemie sterowania i pozwala uniknąć wad konwencjonalnych estymatorów strumienia. Wyniki symulacji pokazują skuteczność proponowanej metody.

2

Influence of the stator current reconstruction method on direct torque control of induction motor drive in current sensor postfault operation

Adamczyk Michal, Orlowska-Kowalska Teresa

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2022

|

Vol. 70, nr 1

art. no. e140099

EN

Modern induction motor (IM) drives with a higher degree of safety should be equipped with fault-tolerant control (FTC) solutions. Current sensor (CS) failures constitute a serious problem in systems using vector control strategies for IMs because these methods require state variable reconstruction, which is usually based on the IM mathematical model and stator current measurement. This article presents an analysis of the operation of the direct torque control (DTC) for IM drive with stator current reconstruction after CSs damage. These reconstructed currents are used for the stator flux and electromagnetic torque estimation in the DTC with space-vector-modulation (SVM) drive. In this research complete damage to both stator CSs is assumed, and the stator current vector components in the postfault mode are reconstructed based on the DC link voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) and angular rotor speed measurements using the so-called virtual current sensor (VCS), based on the IM mathematical model. Numerous simulation and experimental tests results illustrate the behavior of the drive system in different operating conditions. The correctness of the stator current reconstruction is also analyzed taking into account motor parameter uncertainties, especially stator and rotor resistances, which usually are the main parameters that determine the proper operation of the stator flux and torque estimation in the DTC control structure.

3

Correction of the operating modes of the induction motor with damage in the stator as part of an electric drive with DTC

Zagirnyak Mykhaylo, Kalinov Andrii, Melnykov Viacheslav

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2021

|

R. 97, nr 12

149--152

EN

The provision of reliable operation of power electrical systems is one of the basic requirements for most modern industrial applications. Thereby, it is necessary to develop a control strategy that would provide the continuous operation of applications in the event of equipment failures. The paper presents a method of fault-tolerant control of an induction motor as part of an electric drive system with direct torque control in the event of damage in the power circuit of the electric motor stator. The proposed control method is based on the introduction of an additional compensation signal into a closed loop for controlling the motor electromagnetic torque. The results of the research of the presented system confirm the possibility of compensating for the variable components of the electromagnetic torque and power consumption, which is reflected in the reduction of additional vibrations of the motor and a decrease in thermal overloads in the elements of the electromechanical system. The proposed control strategy is simple to implement and does not require the installation of new sensors or changes in the power circuit of a standard direct torque drive system.

PL

Zapewnienie niezawodnej pracy systemów elektroenergetycznych jest jednym z podstawowych wymagań dla większości nowoczesnych zastosowań przemysłowych. Tym samym konieczne jest opracowanie strategii sterowania, która zapewni ciągłość działania aplikacji w przypadku awarii sprzętu. W artykule przedstawiono sposób bezawaryjnego sterowania silnikiem indukcyjnym w ramach elektrycznego układu napędowego z bezpośrednią regulacją momentu obrotowego w przypadku uszkodzenia obwodu mocy stojana silnika elektrycznego. Zaproponowany sposób sterowania polega na wprowadzeniu do pętli zamkniętej dodatkowego sygnału kompensacyjnego do sterowania momentem elektromagnetycznym silnika. Wyniki badań prezentowanego układu potwierdzają możliwość kompensacji składowych zmiennych momentu elektromagnetycznego i poboru mocy, co przekłada się na zmniejszenie dodatkowych drgań silnika oraz zmniejszenie przeciążeń cieplnych elementów elektromechanicznych system. Zaproponowana strategia sterowania jest prosta w realizacji i nie wymaga instalacji nowych czujników ani zmian w obwodzie zasilania standardowego układu bezpośredniego napędu momentu obrotowego.

4

Multilevel neural network DTC with balancing strategy of sensorless DSSM using extended Kalman filter

Elakhdar Benyoussef, Said Barkat, Sadouni Radhwane

Journal of Power Technologies

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2021

|

Vol. 101, nr 2

96--104

EN

This paper presents direct torque control based on artificial neural networks of a double star synchronous machine without mechanical speed and stator ux linkage sensors. The estimation is performed using the extended Kalman filter, which is known for its ability to process noisy discrete measurements. The proposed approach consists of replacing the switching tables with one artificial neural network controller. The output vector of the artificial neural network controller is directed to a multilevel switching table to decide which reference vector should be applied to control the two five-level diode-clamped inverters. This inverter topology has the inherent problem of DC-link capacitor voltage variations. Multilevel direct torque control based on a neural network with balancing strategy is proposed to suppress the unbalance of DC-link capacitor voltages. The simulation results presented in this paper highlight the improvements offered by the proposed control method based on the extended Kalman filter under various operating conditions.

5

Energy characteristics of a DC hybrid generator for a squirrel-cage asynchronous machine

German-Galkin Sergey

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2020

|

nr 63 (135)

58--65

EN

Analytical research methods to determine the power characteristics of generator sets with vector control in an asynchronous squirrel-cage machine were developed and used to calculate the energy characteristics of generator sets with the field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC). The analytical calculations showed that a generator set with direct torque control had slightly better energy characteristics. Confirmation of the analytical calculation results was carried out using simulation models developed in the MATLAB-Simulink package with an environment Simscape Power System.

6

Comparative study between propulsion control system failures of an electrical vehicle piloted by FOC and by DTC using dual-induction-motors structure

Yahia Cherif Salah, Benoudjit Djamel, Nait-Said Mohamed Said, Nait-Said Nasreddine

Diagnostyka

|

2020

|

Vol. 21, No. 3

41--47

EN

This paper deals with a comparative study using numerical simulations between the failures effect caused by the speed sensor faults for a propulsion control system (PCS) of an electrical vehicle (EV) using dualinduction motors structure. The PCS strategies are achieved on two types of controls where the first one is done from a flux-oriented control (FOC) and the second one is conducted from a direct torque control (DTC). For an electric vehicle, we will often guarantee service continuity, in spite of the occurred faults such as an offset fault in speed sensor and a zero-feedback sensor speed fault which both are essentially needed in the structure of the PCS-EV. The occurred fault cited above might influence one of the dual induction motors which could be conducted an unbalance in the dual used motors and from which the control of the vehicle might be also lost. The results of the realized numerical simulations on the EV conducted by the PCS demonstrate clearly the impact of the so-called-fault. Thereafter, we can also appreciate the robustness using each used control propulsion system in despite of the occurred speed sensor fault.

7

Constant switching frequency predictive control scheme for three-level inverter-fed sensorless induction motor drive

Stando D., Kazmierkowski M. P.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2020

|

Vol. 68, nr 5

1057--1068

EN

The paper presents a novel model predictive flux control (MPFC) scheme for three-level inverter-fed sensorless induction motor drive operated in a wide speed region, including field weakening. The novelty of the proposed drive lies in combining in one system a number of new solutions providing important features, among which are: very high dynamics, constant switching frequency, no need to adjust weighting factors in the predictive cost function, adaptive speed and parameter (stator resistance, main inductance) estimation. The theoretical principles of the optimal switching sequence predictive stator flux control (OSS-MPFC) method used are also discussed. The method guarantees constant switching frequency operation of a three-level inverter. For speed estimation, a compensated model reference adaptive system (C-MRAS) was adopted while for IM parameters estimation a Q-MRAS was developed. Simulation and experimental results measured on a 50 kW drive that illustrates operation and performances of the system are presented. The proposed novel solution of a predictive controlled IM drive presents an attractive and complete algorithm/system which only requires the knowledge of nominal IM parameters for proper operation.

8

Synchronous reluctance machine drive control with fast prototyping card implementation

Burlikowski Wojciech, Kielan Paweł, Kowalik Zygmunt

Archives of Electrical Engineering

|

2020

|

Vol. 69, nr 4

757--769

EN

The Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM) is an electrical machine in which the useful electromagnetic torque is produced due to rotor saliency. Its high powerand torque-to-mass ratio and very good efficiency make it a cheap and simple alternative for permanent magnet or induction motors, e.g. in electromobility applications. However, because of magnetic nonlinearities, the rotational speed and torque control of a SynRM is a nontrivial task. In the paper, a control algorithm based on a Hamiltonian mathematical model is presented. The model is formulated using measurement results, obtained by the drive controller. An algorithm is tested in the drive system consisting of a SynRM with the classical rotor and a fast prototyping card. The drive dynamic response in transient states is very good, but the proposed algorithm does not ensure the best efficiency after steady state angular velocity is achieved.

9

Fuzzy direct torque control for induction motor sensorless drive powered by five level inverter with reduction rule base

Berkani Abderrahmane, Negadi Karim, Allaoui Tayeb, Marignetti Fabrizio

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2019

|

R. 95, nr 7

66--71

EN

The object of this paper is to study a new control structure for sensorless induction machine dedicated to electrical drives using a five-level voltage source inverter (VSI). However, direct torque control (DTC), known for years, provides high dynamic performance and also fast and robust response for induction motors (IM), classical DTC produces notable torque, flux ripples. In the present paper, fuzzy logic has been suggested to improve the system performance (i.e. gives faster torque and flux responses and also reducing the undesirable torque ripple that can occur in the output torque). In this controller, torque error, flux error and also the position of stator flux are as inputs and the output of it is a suitable voltage vector which should apply to the motor. In this paper to reduce the number of rules and also increase controller’s speed, we use particular mapping for the stator flux position. Compared with conventional DTC, this method is easily implemented for induction machine, the ripples of both torque and flux are reduced remarkable. Simulation results proved the superiority of the novel approach.

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest zbadanie nowej struktury sterowania bezczujnikowej maszyny indukcyjnej przeznaczonej do napędów elektrycznych z wykorzystaniem pięciopoziomowego falownika napięcia (VSI). Wiadomo jednak, że bezpośrednia sterowanie momentu obrotowego (DTC), znane od lat zapewnia wysoką dynamikę, a także szybką i solidną reakcję dla silników indukcyjnych (IM), klasyczny algorytm DTC wytwarza znaczny moment obrotowy, tętnienia strumienia. W niniejszym artykule zasugerowano logikę rozmytą, aby poprawić wydajność systemu (tzn. daje szybszą zmianę momentu obrotowego i odpowiedzi strumienia, a także zmniejsza niepożądane tętnienia momentu obrotowego, które mogą wystąpić w wyjściowym momencie obrotowym). W tym regulatorze, błąd momentu obrotowego, błąd strumienia, a także położenie strumienia stojana są jako wejścia, a jego wyjście jest odpowiednim wektorem napięcia, który powinien być zastosowany do sterowania silnika. W tym artykule, aby zmniejszyć liczbę reguł, a także zwiększyć szybkość kontrolera, używamy konkretnego odwzorowania dla położenia strumienia stojana. W porównaniu z konwencjonalnym kodem DTC ta metoda jest łatwa do zastosowania w maszynach indukcyjnych, a tętnienia momentu obrotowego i strumienia są znacznie mniejsze. Wyniki symulacji dowiodły wyższości nowatorskiego podejścia.

10

Analysis of Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Motion Control Applications and a Comparison with Other Torque-Control Algorithms

Vajsz Tibor, Számel László, Handler Árpád

Power Electronics and Drives

|

2019

|

Vol. 4 (39)

103--113

EN

Motion control is facing an increasing popularity in the present research activities. Owing to the expected wide spreading of motion control applications, it can be predicted that the advancements in the field of electric motor drives will have a high level of influence on the new results in the field of motion control. The synchronous reluctance motor drives mean an excellent and yet cost-effective solution for actuators in motion control applications. In this article, the direct torque control with space vector modulation is analysed as a possible candidate for synchronous reluctance motor motion control applications. Its torque-control performance is investigated as a function of torque-control sample time, and a comparison of the torque ripples is made with other torque-control algorithms by an FFT analysis.

11

An Investigation of Direct Torque Control and Hysteresis Current Vector Control for Motion Control Synchronous Reluctance Motor Applications

Vajsz Tibor, Számel László, Handler Árpád

Power Electronics and Drives

|

2019

|

Vol. 4 (39)

115--124

EN

Synchronous reluctance motor drives are one of the most attractive alternatives of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives and induction motor drives in the field of conventional industrial and household applications. This tendency is expected to be continued in the case of motion control applications as well. This article investigates two torque-control algorithms that are possible candidates for motion control synchronous reluctance motor applications. The examined torque-control algorithms are direct torque control (DTC) and hysteresis current vector control (HCVC).

12

Comparative study of pi and fuzzy logic based speed controllers of an ev with four in-wheel induction motors drive

Ghezouani A., Gasbaoui B., Nair N., Abdelkhalek O., Ghouili J.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

|

2018

|

Vol. 12, No. 3

43--54

EN

This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of an electric vehicle with four in-wheel 15 kw induction motors drive 4WDEV controlled by a direct torque control DTC strategy, where two control techniques are presented and compared for controlling the electric vehicle speed: the first one is based on a classical PI controller while the second one is based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The aim is to evaluate the impact of the proposed FLC controller on the efficiency of the 4WDEV taking into account vehicle dynamics performances, autonomy and battery power consumption. When the classical controller can’t ensure the electric vehicle stability in several road topology situations. To show the efficiency of the proposed new control technique on the traction system by 4WDEV. The vehicle has been tested in different road constraints: straight road, sloping road and curved road to the right and left using the Matlab / Simulink environment. The analysis and comparison of the simulation results of FLC and PI controllers clearly show that the FLC ensures better performances and gives a good response without overshoot, zero steady state error and high load robustness rejection, compared to the PI controller which is present an overshoot equal 7.3980% and a rise time quite important (0.2157 s with PI controller and 0.1153 s with FLC). As well as the vehicle range has been increased by about 10.82 m throughout the driving cycle and that the energy consumption of the battery has been reduced by about 1.17% with FLC.

13

Maximum Torque Control of 3-phase induction motor drives

Wach P.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. 67, nr 2

433–-445

EN

Maximum Torque Control (MTC) is a new method applied for control of induction motor drives. The drive is controlled by dc voltage supplying a converter in the range below nominal speed and by a field that weakens for a speed range above the nominal speed. As a consequence, the control is quite similar to the control of a classical separately excited dc motor. This control method could be explained as a kind of simplification of Direct Torque Control (DTC), because the switching scheme is the same as for the DTC, but the variable responsible for a torque control is constantly set for “torque increase”. This kind of control of induction motor drive is simpler than DTC because torque values need not be estimated. The proposed control method offers very good performance for 3-phase induction motors and requires smaller switching frequency in comparison to DTC and Field Oriented Control (FOC). The application of the control is widely demonstrated for a 3-phase 315 kW, 6 kV motor drive by use of computer simulation.

14

DTC-ST and DTC-SVM Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor with MRASCC estimator

Listwan J., Pieńkowski K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2016

|

R. 92, nr 11

252--256

EN

The paper presents the methods of the Direct Torque Control of five-phase squirrel-cage induction motor with MRASCC estimator. The mathematical models of the five-phase induction motor, voltage inverter and the MRASCC estimator have been described. The structures of Direct Torque Control with Switching Table (DTC-ST) and the Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation (DTC-SVM) are analyzed. Results of simulation studies of the Direct Torque Control methods are presented.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metody bezpośredniego sterowania momentem 5-fazowego silnika indukcyjnego klatkowego z zastosowaniem estymatora MRASCC. Opisano modele matematyczne 5-fazowego silnika indukcyjnego, falownika napięcia i estymatora MRASCC. Przeprowadzono analizę bezpośredniego sterowania momentem DTC z wykorzystaniem tablicy przełączeń (DTC-ST) oraz z zastosowaniem modulacji wektorowej (DTC-SVM). Przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne układów sterowania momentem oraz przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych.

15

Direct torque control of a doubly-fed induction generator connected to unbalanced grid

Pura P., Iwanski G.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2016

|

R. 92, nr 5

40--44

EN

The paper presents a direct control of a DFIG electromagnetic torque and proposed scalar variable indirectly responsible for reactive component of instantaneous stator power. The principles of the control are presented and the simulation results of control method performance for balanced and unbalanced grid are given.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia algorytm sterowania maszyny dwustronnie zasilanej gdzie bezpośredniej kontroli podlega generowany moment elektromagnetyczny oraz zaproponowana zmienna skalarna, która pozwala na kontrolę chwilowej wartości generowanej mocy biernej. Przedstawiono zasadę działania metody sterowania oraz wyniki symulacyjne przy współpracy maszyny dwustronnie zasilanej z siecią symetryczną i asymetryczną.

16

Direct torque control of an induction motor using the fuzzy controller

Olesiak K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2015

|

R. 91, nr 12

179-181

EN

The paper presents a drive model with an induction motor fed by DTC converter. The application of the rotational speed fuzzy controller in the control system drive was proposed. The general rule base and the tuning procedure for the Mamdani fuzzy controller was presented. The simulation tests of the drive model were carried out during start-up, braking and reverse. The results of simulation tests are presented as time characteristics of the stator current, the rotor speed, the electromagnetic torque and the reference torque.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono model napędu z silnikiem indukcyjnym zasilanym przez przekształtnik DTC. W układzie sterowania napędu zaproponowano zastosowanie regulatora rozmytego prędkości obrotowej. Przedstawiono ogólną formułę bazy reguł oraz procedurę strojenia dla regulatora rozmytego typu Mamdaniego. Przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne modelu napędu podczas rozruchu, hamowania oraz rewersu. Rezultaty badań zaprezentowano w postaci przebiegów czasowych prądu stojana, prędkości wirnika, momentu elektromagnetycznego oraz momentu odniesienia.

17

Implementation of a Neuro-Fuzzy Direct Torque and Reactive Power Control for Doubly Fed Induction Motor

Jacomini R. V., Rocha C. M., Altuna J. A. T., Azcue-Puma J. L., Capovilla C. E., Sguarezi Filho A. J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2014

|

R. 90, nr 10

179-187

EN

This paper proposes a Takagi-Sugeno neuro-fuzzy inference system for direct torque and stator reactive power control applied to a doubly fed induction motor. The control variables (d-axis and q-axis rotor voltages) are determined through a control system composed by a neuro-fuzzy inference system and a first order Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic controller. Experimental results are presented to validate the controller operation for variable speed under no-load and load conditions and stator reactive power variation under load condition. For this last validation, a PI controller is used to control the rotor speed, thereby its output is used to manipulate the torque in order to follow the demanded speed value.

XX

W artykule opisano inferencyjny neuro-fuzzy system Takagi-Sugeno użyty do sterowania momentem i mocą bierną w podwójnie zasilanym silniku indukcyjnym. Przeprowadzono eksperymenty sterowania silnikiem obciążonym i nieobciążonym.

18

Control of the DTC-FSVM based induction motor drive in a wide speed range

Nguyen Thac K., Orlowska-Kowalska T.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały

|

2014

|

Vol. 70, nr 34

3--15

EN

In this paper the direct flux and torque control structure based on Flux-error Space Vector Modulation (DTC-FSVM) has been analyzed and compared to a classical DTC-SVM system. The control structures have been tested in a wide speed range including field weakening algorithm based on the voltage and current limits of the voltage inverter and the induction motor. The proposed control strategies are verified through simulation with a 3 kW induction motor drive.

19

A modified load angle based DTC-SVM scheme for three-phase induction motors

Azcue-Puma J. L., Gaziolla H., Sguarezi Filho A. J., Ruppert E.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2013

|

R. 89, nr 9

309-313

EN

This work proposes a direct torque control with space vector modulation based on load angle using PI controllers. This controller calculates dynamically the load angle between stator and rotor flux vectors using a PI controller. A reference of stator flux on stationary reference frame is calculated by using the load angle, rotor position and the stator flux magnitude. Another PI controller calculates the stator voltage to be supplied to the induction motor based on stator flux error. Thus, the electromagnetic torque necessary to supply the motor load is achieved. This strategy is easy to implement and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed strategy.

PL

W artykule opisano bezpośsrednie sterowanie momentem z przestrzenną modulacją wektora bazującą na kącie obciążenia i regulatorze PI. Sterownik dynamicznie oblicza kąt między wektorami strumienia stojana i wirnika. Ta strategia jest łatwa do zastosowania co potwierdziły wyniki eksperymentu.

20

Improved direct torque control of induction motors using adaptive observer and sliding mode control

Kouchih D, Tadjine M., Boucherit M. S.

Archives of Control Sciences

|

2013

|

Vol. 23, no. 3

361--376

EN

This paper presents the synthesis of an adaptive observer which is used for the improvement of the direct torque control of induction motor drives. The observer detects stator flux components in two-phase stationary reference frame, rotor speed and stator resistance by measure of the stator terminal voltages and currents. The observer is adapted using a simple algorithm which does not imply a high computational load. Stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory is performed in order to guarantee the closed loop stability. Simulation tests under load disturbance and stator resistance variation are provided to evaluate the consistency and performance of the proposed control technique in the low and high speeds.