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1

Performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by carbon nanoparticle-blended diesel and biodiesel

Slavinskas Stasys, Jokubynienė Vida

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 2

87--96

EN

Carbon-based nanomaterials have excellent properties and can be used in fuels to reduce emissions and improve engine performance and fuel economy. Due to their unique thermal conductivity properties, nanoparticles are widely used in various ways. The current article analyzes research results on the influence of carbon nanoparticles on the working characteristics and emissions of internal combustion engines powered by diesel and biodiesel. Fuels were mixed with the nanomaterial CPL at different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 ppm). This article analyzes the influence of nanomaterial (carbon wafers) in diesel engines using diesel and biodiesel to reduce emissions and fuel consumption, evaluates the volume of nanomaterials as a fuel additive needed to improve emission performance, and investigates the problem of the practical application of nano-fuel (i.e., regarding dosage and stability).

2

Use of Stage V compliant engine in modernized SM42 diesel locomotive

Frankowski Maciej, Cichoński Zbigniew, Stępniewski Łukasz, Andrzejewski Maciej

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2023

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Nr 1-2

27--31

EN

The article presents the result of modernization of the SM42 locomotive carried out by H. Cegielski Fabryka Pojazdów Szynowych from Poznań (Poland). The scope of modernization was discussed and the parameters of the locomotive before and after the introduced changes were presented. The new engine used in the locomotive was described and its parameters confirming the fulfillment of the requirements of the STAGE V standard were presented. Moreover, further development opportunities for the SM42 6D-FPS locomotive were discussed.

3

Utility vehicle with hydraulic transmission and hybrid energy source

Rădoi Radu – Iulian, Dumitrescu Cătălin, David Ion, Blejan Marian, Sefu Stefan, Ionescu Cristian

Mining Machines

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2023

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vol. 41, iss. 1

1--10

EN

Considering the EU's commitment to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, new tools and investments are needed to achieve this goal. Starting from this goal, the decision was made to develop a hybrid utility vehicle with a multifunctional role, which can also be used in closed spaces such as tunnels or underground parking lots or outside, contributing to the goal of zero carbon emsions. This machine will be the basis for the further development of an electric plug-in machine with increased autonomy. The machine will use a hybrid drive with a diesel engine and an electric motor coupled to a hydrostatic transmission in a closed circuit. The machine can work in heavy environments with a lot of dust, moisture or rugged terrain where the electric motors mounted in the wheel of the vehicle do not give very good results. The traction is done on all four wheels of the machine using wheel hydraulic motors with radial pistons. This type of engine ensures a high torque at low speeds, necessary for the types of work performed. The article presents the structure of this machine, the hydraulic scheme of the actuation, the configuration of the energy group powered by a LiFePO4 battery, through an inverter and the control system of the machine.

4

Modelling the suspended monorail route stresses and deflections during the transport of heavy loads with use of diesel locomotives

Shyrin Leonid, Herasymenko Andrii, Inyutkin Ivan

Mining Machines

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2023

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vol. 41, iss. 2

132--142

EN

Based on the results of tests of the monorail transport system using suspended diesel locomotives with traditional transport beams and with the use of an innovative system of transport beams for the delivery of heavy loads, it was found that to reduce the dynamics of the load to the elements of the suspended route segments fastened to the arches of the arch support, it is beneficial to use the proposed an innovative technical solution that increases the reliability of the route catches to the support arches, which is important when transporting heavy loads. The new solution significantly reduces the dynamic loads to the route catches to the support arches by redistributing the load over a greater number of sections of the suspended monorail route. It has been proven that during the period of intensification of preparatory work, these technical solutions make it possible to keep to the timely preparation of new mining pillars and are perceived as a promising direction for improving the existing transport system for the mines of the region and ensuring the operational parameters of mining transport equipment at a high technical level in the specific conditions of the mines of Western Donbass.

5

Utilization of Desulfurized Heavy Liquid Fuel Blends in Domestic Boiler

Al Aboushi Ahmad, Abdelhafez Eman, Hamdan Mohammad, Ajib Salman, Alsaqoor Sameh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

225--233

EN

One way to cut down the consumption of diesel fuel in domestic heating in Jordan is to blend it with shale oil, which may be extracted from oil shale. This leads to a cut down in the national fuel bill in Jordan. Unfortunately, shale oil contains significant amounts of sulfur as impurities and upon burning sulfur oxides are emitted causing a negative environmental impact, and hence desulfurization of such fuel blends is essential. This may be achieved by adding activated carbon to the fluids. The process of removing sulfur from shale oil is crucial for safeguarding the environment, human well-being, and equipment, as well as meeting regulatory requirements and creating superior-quality goods. In this study, a domestic boiler was utilized to evaluate the degree of desulfurization process of blends of diesel and shale oil fuels upon their burning in a domestic boiler, to achieve this, blends of both fuels were prepared with varying amounts of shale oil (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) and various amounts of activated carbon were added to the prepared mixtures of diesel fuel and shale oil. The assessment of performance included examining the environmental impact, specifically by analyzing exhaust gases to measure the concentration of Sulfur Oxide (SO2). It was found that an increase in the concentration of shale oil in the mixture led to an increase in the concentration of SO2. However, adding more activated carbon to the mixture from the fuels resulted in a decrease in the SO2 concentration. The lowest SO2 concentration was observed when 1g of activated carbon was added per liter of the fuel mixture at a 20% concentration of shale oil, and 0.6g of activated carbon per liter of the fuel mixture at a 40% concentration of oil shale.

6

Improving the performance of diesel engines fueled with water-fuel emulsion

Samoilenko Dmytro, Savchenko Anatolii, Kravchenko Serhii

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

116--122

EN

Due to unique properties, production and operation features, water-fuel emulsion (WFE) could be considered as one of the most promising type of alternative fuels for diesel engines. Experimental research showed that compared to traditional diesel fuel, application of water-fuel emulsion allows to reduce nitrogen oxides and soot emissions, which is due primarily to a decrease in the level of maximum temperatures in the engine cylinder, as well as a more uniform distribution of fuel over the combustion chamber volume thanks to its secondary dispersion (micro-explosion phenomena). To control the stability of water-fuel emulsion properties during engine operation it is recommended to install water content sensor in the fuel supply system.

7

Crankshaft geometry modification and strength simulations for a new design of diesel opposed-piston engine

Magryta Paweł, Pietrykowski Konrad

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

123--128

EN

The article presents simulation strength calculations of a newly designed crankshaft for a PZL 100 engine with a reciprocating piston design. This engine is the subject of a research and development project co-financed by NCBR. The article presents four successive versions of the crankshaft geometric changes which underwent strength calculations. Such elements as the outer and inner parts of the crankshaft arm were changed in these geometric versions. The geometry of the shaft was changed using Catia v5 software, while strength calculations were carried out in Abaqus software. In summary, one of the presented models was selected for further work due to the possible simplification of the manufacturing process and the reduction of mass and stresses. This model was further investigated in the project.

8

Environmental impact evaluation of diesel engine fuelled with CNG

Kumar Neeraj, Arora Bharat Bhushan, Maji Sagar

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 1

79--84

EN

The uncertainty in the supply of crude oil, increasing the number of vehicles and rising air pollution, especially in urban areas, has prompted us to look for alternative fuels. It is understood that using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in IC engines could be a mid-term solution to these problems. It is well established that CNG has better combustion characteristics and low emissions compared to conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. In the present study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emissions using various percentages of CNG in dual fuel mode. CNG was mixed in the intake manifold’s air stream, and diesel was injected after the compression of the CNG air mixture. This paper presents experimental results of 40%,60%, and 80% CNG in the air stream. Engine performance and emissions are presented and discussed at a speed of 1200 rpm to 1500 rpm in steps of 50 rpm. The results of the experiments showed that adding CNG to diesel engines in dual-fuel combustion significantly impacted performance and emissions. Compared to single diesel fuel combustion, dual fuel combustion increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at all CNG energy shares and engine speeds. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were increased, while nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke opacity were decreased in dual fuel combustion compared to single diesel fuel.

9

Comparative study of the performance of an internal combustion engine and its emission working on conventional fuel (Diesel) and alternative fuel (Bio-CNG)

Ingawale Shrikant M., Bagi J. S., Nikam L. S.

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 6, No 1

67--75

EN

Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollution due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Generally, the combustion of fossil fuels takes place in the Internal Combustion engine for power or electricity generation. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel, i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. Yet, this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000 kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel, i.e. Diesel.

10

Environmental Aspects of a Common Rail Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel/Diesel Blends

Lotko Wincenty, Smigins Ruslans, Tziourtzioumis Dimitrios, Górska Milena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

192--201

EN

The purpose of the study was the research concerning the emissions of limited exhaust gas components of the AVL research engine equipped with Common Rail injection system, fuelled with different biodiesel blends and diesel fuel as reference. In details, the engine was powered with mixtures of rapeseed methyl esters (RME) with DF in the volumetric ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. The tests were performed at: 1200, 1700 and 2200 rpm and the torque T = 5…35 Nm (step 5 Nm). The analysis of the obtained results showed that the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) from the tested engine fuelled with biodiesel are lower than that of diesel fuel. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are also lower, except for low rotational speeds and low engine load T = 5…20 Nm. As for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, it is also lower than that for the diesel fuel, except for high engine loads, in the range above 25 Nm, for each rotation speed of the engine load characteristics. Moreover, in this research it was confirmed that emission of particulate matter (PM) is also slightly reduced for the engine fuelled with tested blends.

11

Processing and Performance of Blended Biodiesel Produced from Microalgae Pediastrum Boryanum

Chellappa Thiago, da Silva Raphael Eliedson, Filgueira Mário Sérgio Gomes, Rabelo Daniela Aisha Silva de Souza, Lira Isadora Patriota de Aguiar, Bremgartner Afra Raquel de Almeida, Bragato Marcos, Santos Dino Lincoln Figueirôa, Rosa José Guilherme da Silva Santa, Chellappa Naithirithi T., Sanábio Robson Guimarães, Nascimento Rubens M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2021

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Tom 23

243--262

EN

In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well.

12

Autothermal Reforming of Diesel Oil for PdCeCrFeCu/Al2O3-Catalyzed Hydrogen Production

Lin Lin, Zhang Kai, Sun Chiyu, Zhang Ying

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2021

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Vol. 23, nr 2

12--19

EN

To make clear the feasibility and influence factors of diesel fuel autothermal reforming to hydrogen, PdCeCr-FeCu/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by equivalent-volume impregnation method. Experimental facility based on an adiabatic tubular reactor with preheating section was designed and set up, the behaviors of diesel reforming to hydrogen with straight-run diesel as a raw material according to the analysis of the components were studied. Diesel oil reforming over a catalyst for hydrogen production was analyzed using an adiabatic tubular reactor with a preheating section that was designed and built in-house. The operating conditions were optimized. Under the suitable operating conditions, viz., catalyst bed inlet temperature of 700°C, diesel liquid space velocity of 0.24 h–1, water-carbon ratio of 20, and oxygen-carbon ratio of 0.6, the hydrogen yield reached 28.3 (mol/mol).

13

Experimental investigations of dynamic sorption of diesel from contaminated water

Paliulis Dainius

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 4

30--39

EN

Surface wastewater pollution due to accidental runoff or release of oil or its products is a longstanding and common environmental problem. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of concentrations of oil products (diesel) and suspended solids, the sorbent type, the water flow rate and the interfering factors (chlorides) on the dynamic sorption of diesel and to test regeneration of polypropylene after its use for sorption. The sorbents used for study included common wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), polypropylene and sorbents modified with hydrogen peroxide solution. Standard methods were used for the determination of the investigated parameters and an in-house procedure employing a gas chromatograph was used for the determination of diesel concentration. The following factors that impact the sorption of diesel were investigated during the study: diesel concentration, concentration of suspended solids; type of sorbent (common wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), wheat straw modified with hydrogen peroxide, and polypropylene), water flow rate; and influence of the interfering factors (chlorides). Filtration speed in the range of investigated speeds does not affect the efficiency of diesel removal. Removal efficiency does not depend on the concentration of diesel before the sorbent reaches its maximum sorption capacity. Filling containing 50% of polypropylene and 50% of wheat straw was used for the study. It was found that polypropylene and wheat straw do not remove chlorides and suspended solids from solution. The study found that the solution of hydrogen peroxide boosts the hydrophobic properties of common wheat straw, but does not affect the sorption of diesel. The recommended number of regenerations of polypropylene should be limited to two.

14

Wpływ oleju napędowego na destrukcję powłok akrylowych nadwozi samochodowych

Kotnarowska Danuta, Urban Paulina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 12

1723--1726

PL

Przedstawiono skutki oddziaływania oleju napędowego na destrukcję chemiczną i fizyczną trójwarstwowych systemów powłok akrylowych. Destrukcja chemiczna powłok nawierzchniowych wpłynęła na zwiększenie ich swobodnej energii powierzchniowej, zwłaszcza jej składowej polarnej. Większą destrukcję fizyczną powłok (w postaci wytrawień oraz zwiększonej chropowatości powierzchni) obserwowano w przypadku powłok, które przed rozpoczęciem badań oddziaływania oleju napędowego były uprzednio starzone klimatycznie przez 2 lata. Oddziaływanie oleju napędowego spowodowało ponadto znaczną zmianę ich barwy, dostrzegalną okiem nieuzbrojonym.

EN

Diesel oil was applied on 3-layer acrylic coating systems with an av. thickness of 139 μm prepd. by a pneumatic spraying method and on acrylic coatings previously climatically aged for 2 years. The phys. and chem. properties of the acrylic coatings (hardness, water contact angle, roughness parameter, thickness, color and gloss) were detd. before and after the exposure to diesel oil for 336 h. Effect of diesel oil on chem. and phys. destruction of 3-layer acrylic coating systems was obsd. Chem. destruction of surface layers caused their surface free energy increase, especially its polar component. Significant phys. destruction of the coatings (in the form of etched places and increased surface roughness) was obsd. in the case of the coatings which were aged climatically for 2 years before the exposure to diesel oil. Impact of diesel oil caused a significant change of their color, visible with the naked eye.

15

Construction of a reduced mechanism for diesel-natural gas -hydrogen using HCCI model with Direct Relation Graph and Sensitivity Analysis

Rui Zhao, Leping Xu, Shiquan Feng

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2020

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Vol. 22, nr 4

55--60

EN

Based on the theory of direct relation graph (DRG) and sensitivity analysis (SA), a reduced mechanism for diesel CH4-H2 tri-fuel is constructed. The detailed mechanism of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which has 654 elements and 2827 elementary reactions, is used for mechanism reduction with DRG. Some small thresholds are used in the process of simplifying the detailed mechanism via DRG, and a skeletal mechanism of 266 elements is obtained. Based on the framework of the skeletal mechanism, the time-consuming approach of sensitivity analysis is used for further simplification, and the skeletal mechanism is reduced to 262 elements. Validation of the reduced mechanism is done via a comparison of ignition delay time and laminar flame speed from the calculation using the reduced mechanism and the detailed mechanism or experiment. The reduced mechanism shows good agreement with the detailed mechanism and with related experimental data.

16

Analiza porównawcza kosztów zużycia paliwa oraz parametrów technicznych autobusów marki Mercdens-Benz wykorzystywanych w MZK Jelenia Góra

Tubis Monika

Journal of TransLogistics

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2020

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Vol. 6, nr 1

31--39

PL

Artykuł przedstawia porównanie autobusów marki Mercedes-Benz, które wykorzystują 3 różne typy jednostek napędowych, każda zasilana na inne źródło – olej napędowy, CNG oraz energię elektryczną. Wszystkie 3 pojazdy były eksploatowane w MZK w Jeleniej Górze, pokazane analizy bazują na danych uzyskanych z tej firmy. Analiza dotyczyła porównania parametrów technicznych oraz kosztów zużycia paliwa danego pojazdu.

EN

The artcile presents a comparison of Mercedes-Benz buses that use 3 different types of drive units, each powered by a different source – Diesel, CNG, and electricity. All 3 vehicles were operated at municipal department of transport (MZK) in Jelenia Góra, the presented analyzes are based on data obtained from this company. The analysis concerned the comparison of technical parameters and fuel costs of a given vehicle.

17

Energy Efficient Technologies at Oil Field Facilities

Ulyasheva V., Ponomarev N., Vasil’ev V.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2020

|

Vol. 4, nr 2

98--101

EN

One of the most appropriate solutions to reduce diesel consumption is the use of associated petroleum gas, which inevitably accompanies the oil production process. In the analysis performed, the use of APG significantly reduces greenhouse gases emission into the atmosphere.

18

Highest efficiency and ultra low emission - internal combustion engine 4.0

Friedl Hubert, Fraidl Günter, Kapus Paul

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 1

8--16

EN

In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE. Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE - also in passenger cars - will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.

19

Bacillus pumilus and Paenibacillus lautus effectivity in the process of biodegradation of diesel isolated from hydrocarbons contaminated agricultural soils

Mauricio-Gutiérrez Amparo, Machorro-Velázquez Rocio, Jiménez-Salgado Teresita, Vázquez-Crúz Candelario, Sánchez-Alonso Maria Patricia, Tapia-Hernández Armando

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

|

Vol. 46, no. 4

59--69

EN

In Mexico, one of the principal natural resources is oil, however, the activity related to it has generated hydrocarbon spills on agricultural soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of diesel by means of indigenous bacteria isolated from agricultural soil contaminated with 68 900 mg kg-1 diesel. We examined indigenous bacterial strains in agricultural soils contaminated with diesel from Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. We performed a physicochemical soil characterization, and a bacterial population quantification favoring sporulated bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus taken from the study site. Six bacterial strains were isolated. The identification was made based on the 16S rRNA gene and API systems. The tolerance and biodegradation capacity in diesel were determined at 4 000 to 24 000 mg L-1 of diesel. Residual concentrations of diesel were determined by GC-FID. Soil contaminated with diesel alters the concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen. Analysis of soil samples showed heat resistant bacterial populations of 106 cfu g-1 dry soil. Six strains from soil pollution were identified – Pseudomonas stutzeri M1CH1, Bacillus pumilus M1CH1b, Bacillus cereus M1CH10, Bacillus subtilis M1CH15a, and Paenibacillus lautus strains M1CH19 and M1CH27. These bacteria showed different degradation behavior. Bacillus pumilus M1HC1b and Paenibacillus lautus M1CH27 use diesel oil as the sole carbon source. Bacillus pumilus degraded high concentrations of diesel (24 000 mg L-1), while for Paenibacillus lautus it became toxic and the degradation was less.

20

Comparative life cycle impact assessment of chosen passenger cars with internal combustion engines

Burchart-Korol Dorota, Folęga Piotr

Transport Problems

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2019

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T. 14, z. 2

69--76

EN

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of chosen internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). It addresses an LCA of both petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelled passenger cars. The analyses pertained to the carbon footprint and respiratory inorganics related to the cars in question, considered against the relevant system from cradle to grave. The comparative analysis has shown that the carbon footprint of a diesel-fuelled car is lower than that of a petrolfuelled car. However, the environmental indicators of respiratory inorganics induced by diesel-fuelled cars are higher than those attributable to petrol-fuelled cars. The main determinant of carbon footprint for the life cycle of these ICEVs is the direct atmospheric emission of carbon dioxide associated with their operation. The main determinants of respiratory inorganics for the diesel passenger cars’ life cycle are nitrogen oxide emission and car production. As for the life cycle of petrol-fuelled passenger cars, the largest share of the respiratory inorganics indicator is attributable to the car production and petrol production.