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1

Pre-Variscan palaeogeographical structures in the Cantabrian Zone, Spain: some critical considerations regarding their origin, location and significance

Van Loevezijn Gerard B.S.

Geologos

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2023

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Vol. 29, No. 2

77--97

EN

An update of the main Devonian pre-Variscan palaeogeographical features of the southern Cantabrian Zone is presented. The approximal locations of these features are recorded in sections studied, with thin, incomplete developments for the highs and thick successions for the troughs. Generally, pre-Variscan palaeogeographical features were affected by Variscan and Alpine orogenic deformations, but with a different impact. Oroclinal bending, tectonic shortening by thrusts, movements along strike-slip faults and bending by folds all affected the Devonian palaeogeographical features, and only an approximation of their location and shape can be given. Nevertheless, the palaeogeography recorded in pre-Variscan sedimentary successions and their relative positions, provide specific, clear and objective evidence of the pre-Variscan elements.

2

Historia eksploatacji surowców skalnych w dolinie Świśliny (Góry Świętokrzyskie)

Fijałkowska-Mader Anna, Stoiński Andrzej, Tyczyński Zbigniew, Gawron Paweł, Kozak Bartosz, Król Paweł, Trela Wiesław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2

100--114

EN

The beginning of exploitation of Lower Triassic (Röt, Olenekian) sandstones in Doły Biskupie dates back to the 17th century. The village is situated 12 km west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, in the Świślina Valley, in the north-eastern part of the Holy Cross Mountains. In addition to sandstones, a wide spectrum of other rocks types were excavated in the adjacent areas: Lower Devonian (Emsian) sandstones in Godów, Middle Devonian (Efelian) dolomites in the Doły Opacie quarry and Lower Triassic (Middle Buntsandstein, Olenekian) sandstonesin Wióry. The last quarry at Doły Opacie was closed in 1984. The Doły Opacie and Doły Biskupie quarries currently provide a number of inanimate nature monuments.

3

Chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Russia

Lebedev Oleg A., Ivanov Alexander O., Linkevich Valeriy V.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 3

339--362

EN

Very rare chondrichthyan spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of European Russia are referred here to ctenacanthiforms, euselachians and a chondrichthyan group of uncertain systematic position. Ctenacanthus Agassiz, 1837 is recorded from the lower and middle Famennian of the central and north-western parts of the area. Sculptospina makhlaevi Lebedev gen. et sp. nov. originates from the lower Famennian of the Lipetsk Region. The holotype of ‘Ctenacanthus’ jaekeli Gross, 1933 and a new specimen from the upper Famennian of the South Urals are shown to belong to the same taxon, which is transferred to Acondylacanthus St. John and Worthen, 1875. New specimens of Tuberospina nataliae Lebedev, 1995 from the upper Famennian of Central Russia are described in detail. The newly presented material increases our knowledge of the composition of Famennian marine assemblages from the East European Platform. It is suggested that these assemblages may be classified as chondrichthyan-dominated and dipnoan-dominated. Hypothetically, after the end- Devonian Hangenberg extinction event, which affected numerous secondary consumers in vertebrate communities, some chondrichthyan groups could have encroached to take advantage of previously occupied ecological niches. Ctenacanthus, as well as Acondylacanthus and Amelacanthus survived the end-Devonian mass extinction to continue into the Carboniferous.

4

Sporadoceratid ammonoids from the Shotori Range (east-central Iran) - a case of putative gigantism caused by hydraulic sorting?

Korn Dieter, Ghaderi Abbas, Devaere Léa, Hairapetian Vachik, Khanehbad Mohammad, Belka Zdzisław

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2019

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Vol. 69, no. 1

27--49

EN

The Shotori Range of east-central Iran (east of Tabas) has yielded Famennian ammonoid assemblages dominated by the family Sporadoceratidae. Four genera Maeneceras Hyatt, 1884, Iranoceras Walliser, 1966, Sporadoceras Hyatt, 1884 and Erfoudites Korn, 1999 are represented. The conodont assemblage of one sample containing Iranoceras revealed an Upper marginifera Zone age. The ammonoid assemblages are characterised by comparatively large specimens; they reach conch diameters of 300 mm (including the body chamber) and the mean size is larger than 100 mm. The preservation of the material from the Shotori Range and size comparison with sporadoceratid assemblages from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco and the Rhenish Mountains of Germany suggest that hydraulic sorting has resulted in a bias towards large conchs, explaining the size distribution, rather than latitudinal differences. The new species Maeneceras tabasense is described; the genus Iranoceras is revised with a new description of the two species Iranoceras pachydiscus (Walliser, 1966) and Iranoceras pingue (Walliser, 1966).

5

The stratigraphy of the mid Cretaceous (Albian) Upper Greensand Formation of the Wessex Basin and South West England, UK

Gallois R., Owen H.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 2

161--180

EN

The Upper Greensand Formation, mostly capped by the Chalk, crops out on the edges of a broad, dissected plateau in Devon, west Dorset and south Somerset and has an almost continuous outcrop that runs from the Isle of Purbeck to the Vale of Wardour in south Wiltshire. The Formation is well exposed in cliffs in east Devon and the Isle of Purbeck, but is poorly exposed inland. It comprises sandstones and calcarenites with laterally and stratigraphically variable amounts of carbonate cement, glauconite and chert. The sedimentology and palaeontology indicate deposition in marginal marine-shelf environments that were at times subject to strong tidal and wave-generated currents. The formation of the Upper Greensand successions in the region was influenced by penecontemporaneous movements on major fault zones, some of which are sited over E-W trending Variscan thrusts in the basement rocks and, locally, on minor faults. Comparison of the principal sedimentary breaks in the succession with the sequence boundaries derived from world-wide sea-level curves suggests that local tectonic events mask the effects of any eustatic changes in sea level. The preserved fauna is unevenly distributed, both laterally and stratigraphically. Bivalves, gastropods and echinoids are common at some horizons but are not age-diagnostic. Ammonites are common at a few stratigraphically narrowly defined horizons, but are rare or absent throughout most of the succession. As a result, the age of parts of the succession is still poorly known.

6

Middle/Upper Devonian brachiopod shell concentrations from the intra-shelf basinal carbonates of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland)

Skompski S., Baliński A., Szulczewski M., Zawadzka I.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 4

607--633

EN

A huge isolated accumulation, more than 3 m thick and 10 m wide, of densely packed, uncrushed brachiopods has been found in Józefka Quarry within the Middle/Upper Devonian Szydłówek Beds deposited in a relatively deep environment of an intrashelf basin (Kostomłoty facies zone, western Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The low-diversity assemblage is strongly dominated by the atrypide Desquamatia globosa jozefkae Baliński subsp. nov. and, to a lesser degree, by the rhynchonellide Coeloterorhynchus dillanus (Schmidt, 1941), which constitute 72.8% and 22.1% of the fauna, respectively. Less frequent are specimens representing the genera Hypothyridina, Schizophoria and Phlogoiderynchus. According to the conodont fauna found within the coquina bed, the stratigraphic position of the shell accumulation is close to the Givetian/ Frasnian boundary. The brachiopods are associated with numerous crinoids and less frequent bryozoans, receptaculitids (Palaeozoic problematica), sponges and solitary corals. Although it is difficult to entirely exclude the autochthonous nature of the brachiopod coquina member, its allochthonous origin and redeposition of the brachiopod shells to the deep basin by gravity flows is much more probable. Such conclusion is supported by the following facts: (1) the position of the complex in a succession of deep-marine basinal facies impoverished in oxygen; (2) its lateral thinning-out and composite internal stratification; (3) the lensshaped geometry of the coquina bed in the section perpendicular to the bedding dip; (4) high variability of the sediments preserved within the shells; and (5) the preferred orientation of the shells. The brachiopods mixed with crinoidal debris were probably transported by low-velocity, high-density, gravity-induced debris flows. Lack of fossils typical of the Middle Devonian shallows, such as massive stromatoporoids, amphiporoids and tabulates, indicates that the source area of the bioclastic material was not located in the shallowest part of the shelf, but most probably on a submarine sea-mount to the north of present-day Józefka, as suggested by earlier investigators. The triggering mechanism of the allochthonous deposition was an earthquake rather than storm activity. The enormous thickness of the brachiopod complex is probably caused by the sinking of bioclastic material, transported in succeeding depositional multi-events, in a soft, muddy bottom, typical of the Szydłówek Beds deposition.

7

A preliminary note of egg-case oviparity in a Devonian placoderm fish

Carr R. K., Jackson G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

381--389

EN

Six enigmatic fossils from the Famennian (Devonian) Cleveland Shale in Ohio, U.S.A., are interpreted here as arthrodiran (Placodermi) egg cases. Recognition as egg cases is confirmed based on the observation of layered collagen fibers. The presence of a tuberculated bone fragment preserved within one case confirms a vertebrate source. The nature of the tubercles and the unique morphology of the egg cases supports the interpretation of an arthrodiran source. Reports of Devonian egg cases are limited to either assumed chondrichthyan producers or a putative ‘egg sac’ with a morphology atypical for any vertebrate. The Cleveland Shale egg cases thus represent the first record for a non-chondrichthyan producer. Among placoderms, behaviors of a pelagic life style with obligate nesting sites, reef fishes with live birth, and estuarine and fluvial nurseries, along with eggcase oviparity testifies to the diversity of reproductive strategies. As with modern fishes these strategies may be ecologically driven and the derived and variable reproductive biology of extant chondrichthyans is actually a primitive condition among gnathostomes. One consequence of the diversity of reproductive strategies (dependent on the topology of relationships) is the independent origin of internal fertilization within placoderms, possibly suggesting external fertilization as the primitive gnathostome reproductive mode.

8

A new aspinothoracid arthrodire from the Late Devonian of Ohio, U.S.A.

Carr R. K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

363--379

EN

The Cleveland Shale fauna represents a unique view of the time after a major Devonian extinction event (Frasnian–Famenian) with the recovery of arthrodires (Placodermi) best represented by this most specious North American fauna. This time was followed by an additional event (Hangenberg Biocrisis) leading to the extinction of arthrodires (and all other placoderms). An understanding of the diversity and interrelationships of North American arthrodires can aid our understanding of this critical time in vertebrate evolution. A new aspinothoracid arthrodire Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Late Devonian of northern Ohio, U.S.A., which adds to our knowledge of this group. It provides a point of comparison to other members of the fauna whose interrelationships are poorly known. A phylogenetic analysis supports an assignment of Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. among the aspinothoracid arthrodires. This work has drawn attention to the continued need for descriptive and phylogenetic analyses of this unique fauna. Decades old species descriptions need revision along with preparation and description of new taxa. The work on Hlavinichthys jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. here is one step in that process.

9

Ślady po kryształach halitu w dolomitach dewońskich w kamieniołomie Zachełmie

Jaworska J.

Przegląd Solny

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2017

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T. 13

135--140

PL

Nieczynny kamieniołom w Zachełmiu jest znany z racji odkrycia i opisu śladów najstarszego lądowego kręgowca – tetrapoda. W tym samym kamieniołomie znaleziono dobrze zachowane 3 ślady po pojedynczych kryształach halitu (na 2 próbkach skał). Wielkość śladów po tych kryształach wynosi od 1 do ok. 2,5-3 cm. Przypuszczalnie jeden ślad zostawił kryształ sześcienny, a 2 ślady powstały po kryształach typu hopper. Kilkakrotnie szczegółowo przebadane i opisane utwory dolomitowe z tego miejsca wskazują, że środowiskiem ich depozycji była płytka, rozległa laguna odsłaniająca kilkakrotnie dno i okresowo sprzyjająca sedymentacji ewaporatów. W niniejszym artykule autorka rozważa możliwość miejsca oraz czasu krystalizacji halitów, tzn. czy te kryształy wytrąciły się z roztworu w zbiorniku, czy też nieco później, już w obrębie osadu węglanowego, na skutek penetracji sedymentu przez solanki. Oba „miejsca” i czas precypitacji halitu wydają się równie prawdopodobne.

EN

The abandoned Zachełmie Quarry has been known for the discovery and descriptions of the trackways of a tetrapod, the oldest land vertebrate animal. Three well-preserved casts of single halite crystals were found on two salt samples collected from the same site. The sizes of the halite traces range from 1 to ca. 2.5-3 cm. Most certainly, they are two casts of hopper and one of cube form crystals. The local dolomite formations, studied and described several times in detail, indicate that a shallow and vast lagoon that had uncovered the sea bottom several times and periodically allowed for the sedimentation of evaporites was the sedimentation environment. In this paper, the author considers possible place and time of halite crystallisation, i.e. whether the crystals were precipitated from the basin’s solution or somewhat later, as a result of brine penetration through the carbonate sediment. Either halite “location” and precipitation time seem to be equally probable.

10

Brachiopods and stratigraphy of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) succession of the Radlin Syncline (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Baliński A., Racki G., Halamski A. T.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 2

125--174

EN

The lower part of the Frasnian succession in the Radlin Syncline (Kielce–Łagów Synclinorium, southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains), in the two studied successions: Józefka at Górno and (for the first time) Radlin, consists of the rhythmic marly Szydłówek Beds, the fossil-rich limestones of the Wietrznia Beds (locally) and the atypically developed, calcareous Kostomłoty Beds. The carbon isotope chemostratigraphic pattern overall corresponds well to the global Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbation, even if the major punctata positive excursion is only fragmentarily recorded in the Kostomłoty intrashelf basin. Two brachiopod assemblages are abundantly represented in both sections: the Phlogoiderhynchus polonicus Assemblage, typical of the Szydłówek Beds, and the Biernatella lentiformis Assemblage, limited to the middle part of the Wietrznia Beds. Both are highly dominated by the index species. Twenty nine lower Frasnian brachiopod species (Craniida – 1 species, Strophomenida – 1, Productida – 2, Protorthida – 1, Orthida – 5, Pentamerida – 1, Rhynchonellida – 4, Atrypida – 4, Athyridida – 3, Spiriferida – 4, Spiriferinida – 3) are described from the Szydłówek and Wietrznia Beds. Seven new species are introduced: Skenidioides cretus Halamski sp. nov., Biernatium minus Baliński sp. nov., Monelasmina montisjosephi Baliński sp. nov., Atryparia (Costatrypa) agricolae Halamski and Baliński sp. nov., Davidsonia enmerkaris Halamski sp. nov., Leptathyris gornensis Baliński sp. nov., and Echinocoelia parva Baliński sp. nov. Davidsonia enmerkaris Halamski sp. nov. is intermediate between Davidsonia Bouchard-Chantereaux, 1849 and Rugodavidsonia Copper, 1996 and is the youngest known representative of the suborder Davidsonioidea Copper, 1996. Skenidioides cretus Halamski sp. nov. is the last representative of the genus. Statistical investigation of a large sample of Spinatrypina (Exatrypa) explanata did not confirm the existence of two dimorphic forms, coarse- and fine-ribbed. The high-diversity Biernatella lentiformis Assemblage is quite dissimilar to coeval brachiopod assemblages described heretofore from the Holy Cross Mountains region. It is interpreted as consisting of mostly parautochthonous dwellers of deep-slope muddy habitats and a local, occasionally storm-agitated, intra-basin brachiopod-crinoid-coral shoal. The fauna was adapted probably to cooler and nutrient-poor waters during an initial phase of the severe carbon cycle perturbation.

11

Dojrzałość termiczna utworów dewonu, karbonu i triasu masywu małopolskiego na podstawie wskaźnika CAI (Colour Alteration Index)

Malec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 462

29--39

PL

Na obszarze środkowej części masywu małopolskiego, w ośmiu profilach wiertniczych wykonano badania paleotermiczne utworów węglanowych dewonu, karbonu i triasu na podstawie przeobrażenia termicznego substancji organicznej zawartej w konodontach. Na podstawie stopnia przeobrażenia barw konodontów pod wpływem temperatury (wskaźnik CAI – Colour Alteration Index) określono zakresy paleotemperatur jakim zostały poddane skały zawierające te organizmy. W otworze wiertniczym Węgrzynów IG 1 utwory żywetu górnego, franu, famenu i karbonu dolnego (turnej, wizen) mają wskaźnik CAI od 3 (dla żywetu) do 2 (dla karbonu dolnego). Wskazuje on na podgrzanie w zakresie 60‒110°C, na obszarze frontu waryscydów o wysokiej wartości paleogradientu termicznego. Dla profilu dewonu górnego w otworze Pągów IG 1 wartość CAI 4,5 dokumentuje stopień podgrzania skał do temperatury powyżej 230°C, w wyniku udziału podwyższonego strumienia cieplnego w rejonie strefy tektonicznej. W utworach triasu wskaźnik CAI 1‒1,5 świadczy o podgrzaniu skał w granicach 50‒90°C. Stosunkowo niska paleotemperatura materii organicznej w utworach triasu wskazuje, że utwory dewonu i karbonu osiągnęły dojrzałość termiczną w późnym karbonie, przed orogenezą waryscyjską. Objawy ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego w utworach dewonu i karbonu centralnej części masywu małopolskiego mogą świadczyć o ich perspektywiczności w aspekcie poszukiwań bituminów.

EN

A paleothermal study of Devonian, Carboniferous and Triassic carbonate rocks was carried out in eight boreholes from the central part of the Małopolska Massif by using data on thermal alteration of organic matter contained in conodonts. The maturity of organic matter expressed as the CAI (Colour Alteration Index) values was used to calculate palaeotemperatures that affected the conodont-bearing rocks. In the Węgrzynów IG 1 borehole, the CAI values for the Upper Givetian, Frasnian, Famennian and Lower Carboniferous rocks range from 3 (Givetian) to 2 (Lower Carboniferous). It suggests heating of rocks (at temperatures from 60 to 110°C) in the area of high palaeogeothermal gradient, close to the Variscan front. In the Upper Devonian sequence of the Pągów IG 1 borehole, the CAI value of 4.5 proves heating of rock at a temperature exceeding 230°C as a result of higher heat flow near a fault zone. The low CAI values (1‒1.5) of Triassic rocks provide the evidence for heating of rocks in the range of 50 to 90°C. The relatively low maturity of organic matter in the Triassic rocks indicates that the Devonian and Carboniferous sediments must have reached their thermal maturity in the Late Carboniferous prior to the Variscan orogeny. The signs of crude oil and natural gas observed in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks in the central part of the Małopolska Massif attest their potential for hydrocarbon exploration.

12

Biostratygrafia utworów dewonu i karbonu z centralnej części masywu małopolskiego na podstawie konodontów

Malec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 462

41--81

PL

W profilach otworów wiertniczych Pągów IG 1 i Węgrzynów IG 1 (centralna część masywu małopolskiego) wykonano badania konodontów z utworów węglanowych dewonu i najniższego karbonu. W profilu Węgrzynowa na podstawie konodontów udokumentowano utwory żywetu, franu i famenu datowane na poziomy dolny falsiovalis–górny postera, oraz turneju i wizenu z poziomów delicatus–texanus. W profilu Pągowa na podstawie konodontów udokumentowano fran i famen w zakresie poziomów jamieae–górny rhenana oraz dolny expansa. Niepełna sukcesja poziomów konodontowych w profilach Pągowa i Węgrzynowa wskazuje na obecność luk stratygraficznych. W Pągowie luki stwierdzono w utworach dewonu górnego oraz między utworami dewonu i karbonu, natomiast w Węgrzynowie w utworach z pogranicza dewonu i karbonu. W rejonie Węgrzynowa osady dewonu górnego były deponowane w zbiorniku o znacznie większej subsydencji niż w rejonie Pągowa. Utwory dewonu górnego masywu małopolskiego i obszarów ościennych odpowiadające zbliżonym przedziałom biostratygraficznym są podobne pod względem litologicznym i biofacjalnym.

EN

The conodont study was performed on Devonian and lowermost Carboniferous carbonate rocks from the Pągów IG 1 and Węgrzynów IG 1 boreholes located in the central part of the Małopolska Massif. Based on the conodont biostratigraphy, sediments assigned to the Givetian, Frasnian and Famennian (lower falsiovalis–upper postera zones) and to the Tournaisian and Visean (delicatus–texanus zones) were examined in the Węgrzynów section. The Pągów section is represented by Frasnian and Famennian sediments ascribed to the jamieae–upper rhenana and lower expansa zones. The incomplete conodont zone succession in the Pągów and Węgrzynów sections indicates the presence of stratigraphic gaps. In Pągów, these hiatuses were pinpointed in the Upper Devonian and between the Devonian and the Carboniferous, whereas in Węgrzynów at the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary. In the Węgrzynów area, deposition of the Upper Devonian sediments occurred in a basin, showing much greater subsidence than that in the Pągów area. In the Late Devonian sediments of the Małopolska Massif and neighbouring areas of much the same biostratigraphic intervals are similar in terms of lithologic and biofacies characteristics.

13

Analiza inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach w skałach osadowych Polski - przegląd ogólny i uwagi

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 464

25--41

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę i wyniki mikrotermometrycznych badań inkluzji fluidalnych występujących w spoiwie skał osadowych wieku od kambru po perm oraz od jury po paleogen i miocen. Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny; na ogół są jedno- lub dwu-, rzadziej trójfazowe. Wypełniają je paleofluidy o zróżnicowanym składzie i różnej gęstości. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z rodzajem spoiwa i z historią geologiczną badanego obszaru. Zasolenie fluidów również jest zmienne i zależy od rodzaju spoiwa i od lokalizacji. Połączenie analiz inkluzji np. z badaniami izotopowymi pozwala na szerszą interpretację wyników oznaczeń mikrotermometrycznych.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of the age oscillating form Cambrian to Permian and from Jurassic to Paleogene and Miocene are presented. The inclusions studied are primary and secondary in origin. They display one, two or, less frequently, three phases. The inclusions are filled by the paleofluids of variable compositions and densities. The homogenization temperature, which corresponds to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperature, shows variability in respect to the cement type and geological history of the study area. Salinities of fluids are also variable in respect to the cement type and locality. Wider interpretation of the microthermometric analyses is enabled when they are combined, e.g., with the isotopic studies.

14

The uppermost Emsian and lower Eifelian in the Kielce Region of the Holy Cross Mts. Part I: Lithostratigraphy.

Wójcik K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 2

141--179

EN

The paper provides a description of primary geological logs, characteristics and formal lithostratigraphy of the uppermost Emsian and lower Eifelian of the Kielce Region of the Holy Cross Mts., central Poland. Nine sections of this interval, representing the whole area of the Kielce Region, and ranging between the Lower Devonian clastics of the Winna Formation and the Middle Devonian carbonates of the Kowala Formation were studied. The succession is divided into the Barania Góra Dolomite and Limestone Formation and the Wojciechowice Dolomite Formation. Six members are distinguished within the former. In the western part of the region these are (in stratigraphical order): Porzecze Claystone Member, Dębska Wola Dolomite Member, Dąbrowa Limestone Member, and Brzeziny Dolomite Member. In the eastern part, the formation is divided into the Janczyce Dolomite Member and the Jurkowice Dolomite Member. Additionally, the Wszachów Dolomite Member and Nowy Staw Dolomite Member are distinguished within the overlying Wojciechowice Formation. The thickness of the uppermost Emsian–Eifelian succession ranges from ca. 200 m in the eastern part to ca. 130 m in the western part of the Kielce Region.

15

Do the available data permit clarification of the possible dependence of Palaeozoic brachiopod generic diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes? A viewpoint

Ruban D. A.

Geologos

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2014

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Vol. 20, No. 3

215--221

EN

At a glance, progress in palaeontology and eustatic reconstructions in the past decade permits to prove or to disprove the possible dependence of Palaeozoic brachiopod generic diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes. However, the available diversity curve is of much lower resolution than the eustatic curve. This problem can be resolved by decreasing the resolution of the latter. The other restriction linked to the chronostratigraphical incompatibility of the available data allows to focus on the Middle Palaeozoic only. A series of mass extinctions and other biotic crises in the Silurian-Devonian does not allow to interpret correctly the results of direct comparison of the brachiopod generic diversity dynamics with global sea-level changes. With the available data, it is only possible to hypothesize that the eustatic control was not playing a major part in diversity dynamics of Middle Palaeozoic brachiopods. The resolution of the stratigraphic ranges of Palaeozoic brachiopods should be increased significantly, and these ranges should be plotted against the most up-to-date geologic time scale. Until this task will be achieved, it is impossible to judge about the existence of any dependence (either full or partial) of the Palaeozoic brachiopod diversity dynamics on global sea-level changes.

16

Przejawy mineralizacji kruszcowej w skałach nawierconych otworami Trojanowice 2 i Cianowice 2

Markowiak M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

83--91

PL

Okruszcowanie w skałach ediakaru w otworze wiertniczym Cianowice 2 jest bardzo ubogie. Dość bogaty jest jednak zespół mineralny reprezentowany przez: chalkopiryt, piryt, piryt framboidalny, bornit, minerały szeregu galena–clausthalit, minerały szeregu tennantyt– tetraedryt, kowelin, chalkozyn, wittichenit, markasyt, sfaleryt, anglezyt oraz minerały ziem rzadkich (calcioancylite-(Ce), bastnäsyt). Stwierdzona mineralizacja ma wyraźnie charakter hydrotermalny, niskotemperaturowy, a w okruszcowaniu znaczącą rolę odgrywa piryt framboidalny. Natomiast w utworach kambru w otworze Trojanowice 2 występuje okruszcowanie o charakterze śladowym. Stwierdzono tu ubogi zespół minerałów kruszcowych reprezentowany przez piryt (głównie framboidalny) i chalkopiryt. To okruszcowanie jest prawdopodobnie również w znacznej części epigenetyczne. W młodszych utworach obydwu otworów wiertniczych (dewon dolny i środkowy, jura dolna i środkowa) dominują siarczki żelaza – piryt i markasyt, lokalnie występuje wtórny getyt i limonit. We wszystkich osadach klastycznych powszechnie występują tlenki tytanu i tytanit. W otworze Trojanowice 2 w skałach węglanowych jury górnej zaobserwowano niewielkiej miąższości brekcje tektoniczne z pirytem i markasytem w spoiwie oraz z impregnacjami skały otaczającej drobnokrystalicznym pirytem.

EN

Ore mineralization in Ediacaran rocks from the Cianowice 2 borehole is very poor, but despite that, the mineral association is quite variable and represented by framboidal pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, galena-clausthalite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, covellite, chalcocite, wittichenite, marcasite, sphalerite, anglesite and two rare earth elements minerals (calcioancylite-(Ce), bastnäsite). The mineralization is of low temperature and hydrothermal nature. Cambrian sediments in the Trojanowice 2 borehole contain only traces of mineralization. The poor assemblage of ore minerals is represented by pyrite (mainly framboids) and chalcopyrite. Most of this mineralization is probably epigenetic in origin. In the younger sediments drilled by both boreholes (Lower and Mid-Devonian, Lower and Mid-Jurassic) iron sulphides (pyrite and marcasite) predominate, and locally secondary goethite and limonite can be found. In all the clastic sediments titanium oxides and titanite are common. In the Trojanowice 2 borehole in the Upper Jurassic carbonates contain thin tectonic breccias with pyrite and marcasite in the cement as well as fine-grained pyrite impregnation in the hosting rocks.

17

Palinologia dolnodewońskich i środkowodewońskich osadów klastycznych z otworu wiertniczego Trojanowice 2

Filipiak P.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

7--31

PL

Kompleksowe badania palinologiczne przeprowadzono na 37 próbkach z otworu wiertniczego Trojanowice 2, z interwału 502,0–558,8 m. Na podstawie rozpoznanych gatunków miospor wyróżniono dwa standardowe poziomy miosporowe: Emphanisporites annulatus-Camarozonotriletes sextantii z emsu oraz Grandispora douglastownense-Ancyrospora eurypterota z pogranicza emsu i eiflu. Przeprowadzone anlizy palinofacjlne pozwoliły określić środowisko sedymentacji spągowych partii profilu na morskie, bliskiego brzegu, z intensywną dostawą materiału organicznego z lądu.W części stropowej stwierdzono natomiast nieco głębsze warunki depozycji, w większym oddaleniu od obszarów źródłowych. Analiza kolorystyczna wykazała dojrzały stopień przeobrażenia termicznego materii organicznej. Formalnie opisano po raz pierwszy dwa nowe gatunki miospor: Camptozonotriletes reticulum sp.n. i Perotrilites asymmetricus sp.n.

EN

The palynological investigation were carried out on 37 samples from the Trojanowice 2 borehole from a depth interval of 502.0–558.8 m. Based on the presence of index and important microflora species two standard miospore zones were recognized: Emphanisporites annulatus-Camarozonotriletes sextantii, from the Emsian and Grandispora douglastownense-Ancyrospora eurypterota from the Emsian/ Eifelian transition interval. Palynofacies from the lower part of the section indicate marginal marine palaeoenvironmental conditions. Palynofacies from the upper part prove deeper marine conditions further from the shoreline. Additionally, spore colour analyses revealed a high degree of thermal transformation. Two new miospore taxa have been formally erected: Camptozonotriletes reticulum sp.n. and Perotrilites asymmetricus sp.n.

18

Dewońska seria węglanowa w otworze wiertniczym Trojanowice 2

Tomaś A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

167--168

PL

Dewońską serię węglanową badano w otworze wiertniczym Trojanowice 2, usytuowanym na północny zachód od Krakowa. Jest ona reprezentowana przez dolomity, z nielicznymi poziomami brekcji śródwarstwowych i warstwę wapienia mikrytowego. Dolomity zawierają ślady pierwotnych struktur, ziarn (bioklasty, peloidy, intraklasty, ooidy) oraz relikty substancji mikrytowej. Powstały one w wyniku wczesnej dolomityzacji wapieni mikrytowych, które osadzały się w płytkim, spokojnym, prawdopodobnie izolowanym środowisku morskim. Serię dolomitową z otworu Trojanowice 2 zaliczono do eiflu–żywetu dolnego na podstawie podobieństwa do dolomitów występujących w innych otworach w masywach górnośląskim i małopolskim.

EN

The Devonian carbonate succession was examined in the Trojanowice 2 borehole located northwest of Kraków. It is represented by dolomites with infrequent intrastratal breccias and a micrite limestone layer. The dolomites contain traces of primary structures, grains (bioclasts, peloids, intraclasts and ooids) and relics of micritic matter. They formed as a result of early dolomitization of micrite limestones deposited in a shallow, quiescent and probably isolated marine environment. The dolomite succession from the Trojanowice 2 borehole has been assigned to the Eifelian–Lower Givetian based on the similarity to the dolomites known from other boreholes in the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks.

19

The late Silurian-Middle Devonian long-term eustatic cycle as a possible control on the global generic diversity dynamics of bivalves and gastropods

Ruban Dmitry A.

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 3

193--200

EN

A long-term eustatic cycle (fall and subsequent rise of the global sea level) embraced the late Silurian-Middle Devonian time interval. Potentially, these sea-level changes could drive global biodiversity. The stratigraphic ranges of 204 bivalve genera and 279 gastropod genera included into the famous Sepkoski database allow reconstructing changes in the total diversity and the number of originations and extinctions of these important groups of marine benthic macro- -invertebrates during this interval. None of the recorded parameters coincided with the long-term global sea-level cycle. It cannot be not excluded, however, that the global sea-level changes did not affect the regions favourable for bivalve and gastropod radiation because of regional tectonic mechanisms; neither can it be excluded that the eustatic control persisted together with many other extrinsic and intrinsic controls. Interestingly, the generic diversity of gastropods increased together with a cooling trend, and vice versa. Additionally, the Ludlow, Eifelian, and Givetian biotic crises affected, probably, both fossil groups under study. There was also a coincidence of the relatively high bivalve generic diversity, initial radiation of gastropods and the entire biota, and the diversification of brachiopods with the Early Devonian global sea-level lowstand, and this may be interpreted as evidence of a certain eustatic control on the marine biodiversity.

20

Heavy-mineral, mineral-chemical and zircon-age constraints on the provenance of Triassic sandstones from the Devon coast, southern Britain

Morton Andrew, Hounslow Mark W., Frei Dirk

Geologos

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2013

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Vol. 19, No. 1-2

67--85

EN

An integrated heavy-mineral, mineral-chemical and zircon-dating study of the Triassic succession exposed on the south Devon coast, in the western part of the Wessex Basin, indicates derivation from a combination of granitic and metasedimentary lithologies of ages of mostly over 550 Ma. These sources were probably located at a relatively proximal location near the southern margin of the basin. Derivation from more distal sources in the Armorican Massif or local Variscan sources to the west appears unlikely in view of the scarcity of Permo-Carboniferous (Variscan-age) zircons. The Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed Formation was derived from a different combination of source lithologies than the Otter Sandstone Formation, the former including staurolite-grade metasediments that were absent in the catchment area of the Otter Sandstone. The Devon coast succession has provenance characteristics that differ from equivalent sandstones further east in the Wessex Basin, and from sandstones in the East Irish Sea Basin to the north. These differences indicate that sediment supply patterns to the linked Triassic basin systems in southern Britain are complex, involving multiple distinct sub-catchment areas, and that heavy-mineral studies have considerable potential for unravelling these sub-catchment area sources.