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Leaf litter decomposition and invertebrate colonization in Alpine environments above the tree line: an experimental study

Bo T., Cammarata M., López-Rodríguez M. J., Tierno de Figueroa J. M., Fenoglio S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

217--225

EN

Recent studies suggested a general warming trend in the Alps, resulting in a significant migration of forests to altitudes higher than the usual, regional tree line. As a consequence, some headwater streams will likely receive more allochthonous organic matter. For this reason, the dynamics of decomposition of terrestrial leaf detritus in stream reaches that naturally lacked this resource represents a subject of considerable interest, on which no information is currently available. The aim of this study was to analyse breakdown and macroinvertebrate colonisation of leaf bags in an Alpine headwater stream above the tree line. Results of this study indicate that decomposition of terrestrial leaves in a lotic alpine environment above the tree line takes place through a process similar to what happens at lower altitudes, but with some differences. The reduced rate of decomposition observed may be due to lower temperatures. At lower altitudes, tree cover provides a supply of organic material sufficient to support a rich guild of shredders. This study demonstrates that also above tree line, where communities are dominated by scrapers, an important part of the benthic community take part in the decomposition process of leaves. We can conclude that streams above the tree line, while hosting invertebrate communities dominated by rhithrophilous organisms that feed mostly on biofilm, also harbour a rich population of opportunist invertebrates. It seems that, in the case of expected temperature increase at higher altitudes , terrestrial organic detritus may be actively degraded by lotic benthic communities.

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Detrital components in submontane organogenic springs in relation to their morphology, microhabitats and macroinvertebrates

Ticha K., Simon O., Douda K., Kubikova L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

163-175

EN

Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), originated by aggregation of smaller particles and by decomposition of bigger particles, usually presents the dominant energy and nutrient source in the primary river net. Relationships between detrital components, environmental factors and macroinvertebrate composition were investigated in 52 submontane organogenic spring areas in small catchment in the Sumava foothills, Czech Republic. All three types of springs (helocrenes, rheocrenes and limnocrenes) were represented, as well as springs with the transitional character. The selected springs were permanent, with water discharge higher than 0.1 L s[^-1], they all were coldwater and stenothermic, with the winter water temperature at the point of the source ranging from 2.0 to 9.9[degrees]C. At each spring area, the main morphological and physical characteristics of the spring and surrounding area were recorded. Samples of detritus were collected (using the 2 mL sampling tube) from up to 5 microhabitats at each spring, usually macrophyte vegetation, point of the source, detrital deposition, sand, algal mat, leaf litter or moss, accordingly to the microhabitats, which were present. Macroinvertebrates were semiquantitatively sampled using a 15-cm circular sampler with 0.8 mm mesh, to the orders or lower taxa were determined. Water samples were taken, and analyses of the main physico-chemical factors were carried out. In our set of springs, organic substrate prevailed. Only small differences in the physico-chemical parameters (e.g. pH = 5.96 [plus or minus] 0.39; mean [plus or minus] SD) and low concentrations of nutrients (e.g. N-NO3[^-] = 0.79 [plus or minus] 0.86 mg L[^-1], ortho-PPO4[^-] = 0.0336 [plus or minus] 0.0275 mg L[^-1]) were noted, whereas studied geomorphological parameters and microhabitat types were more diverse. The proportion of basic microscopically differentiable components of the detritus was similar in all spring types and microhabitats. In all study sites, faecal pellet content was dominant in the detritus (49%) followed by plant residuals (26%) and amorphous matter (21%). High faecal pellet content is considered to be a consequence of a steadily low temperature in the springs. The correlation among the presence of macroinvertebrate groups and particular detrital components content was not significant, except for Trichoptera; the abundance of this group was positively correlated with the proportion of plant residuals in detritus in vegetation microhabitats. Faecal pellet content showed a weak negative correlation with N-NH4 concentration, which is probably the result of faster faecal pellet decomposition in springs with higher N-NH4 contents.

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The role of indicator malacofauna in pollution assessment of inland waters exposed to anthropopressure: the case of the Kielce Lake

Jóźwiak M., Jóźwiak M., Kozłowski R., Rabajczyk A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 4

485-495

EN

Organisms showing the properties of bioindicators respond to changes in the biotope in a specific way. Those organisms are susceptible to toxic substances or on the contrary they are tolerant to toxins brought into the biotope. Such tolerance means that bioindicators are able to accumulate the pollutants to such extent that is lethal to other living organisms. Using molluscs and their abilities to accumulate heavy metals in amounts higher than those in the environment makes it possible to use this group of organisms as bioindicators of water biotopes. The diversity of types of nutrition and variety of nourishment (deposit-feeding, filtration of suspension and phytophagous properties) allow to indicate differences in concentration of heavy metals despite the origin of species in the same water area. In case of malacofauna preying on bottom deposits it is possible to detect the relation of migration of elements in a water - plant - bottom deposit - malacofauna system. The research was carried out in the Kielce Lagoon - a reservoir formed within the borders of the city of Kielce by closing the Silnica River valley with a weir at 8 km. There are recreational, residential and industrial areas surrounding the reservoir. The trunk road in direction to Lodz being the source of transportation-related pollution is located in the close neighbourhood. The municipal swimming pool from which chlorinated water is discharged to the reservoir is also located nearby. The lagoon is fed by a watercourse collecting the municipal pollutants from the Masłow Village located near the city of Kielce. The water of the Kielce Lagoon is highly polluted because of wide range of organic and inorganic compounds brought into the reservoir. The obtained results of chemical analyses allow to evaluate the cleanliness of the reservoir, form a warning system against danger and show malacofauna response to changes in the biotope.

PL

Organizmy wykazujące cechy bioindykatorów w charakterystyczny dla siebie sposób reagują na zmiany w biotopie. Są to najczęściej organizmy o dużej wrażliwości na substancje toksyczne lub odwrotnie, tzn. wykazujące wysoki stopień tolerancji względem wprowadzanych do biotopu toksyn. Tolerancja ta polega na zdolności bioindykatorów do kumulowania zanieczyszczeń w ilościach, które dla innych form życia stanowią wartości letalne. Wykorzystanie mięczaków i ich zdolności do koncentracji metali ciężkich w ilościach wyższych niż w środowisku stwarza możliwość użycia tej grupy organizmów jako bioindykatorów biotopów wodnych. Różnorodność sposobów odżywiania i rodzaj pobieranego pokarmu (żerowanie na osadach, filtracja zawiesiny, roślinożerność) pozwalają na wskazanie różnic w koncentracji metali ciężkich mimo pochodzenia gatunków z tego samego akwenu. W przypadku malakofauny żerującej na osadach dennych możliwe jest uchwycenie zależności migracji pierwiastków w układzie: woda - roślina - osad denny - malakofauna. Badaniami objęto Zalew Kielecki, zbiornik utworzony w granicach miasta Kielce poprzez zamknięcie doliny rzeki Silnicy jazem, na jej 8 km. Tereny wokół zbiornika zagospodarowane są zarówno na cele rekreacyjne, mieszkaniowe, jak i gospodarcze. Dodatkowo w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie przebiega droga krajowa w kierunku Łodzi, będąca źródłem zanieczyszczeń komunikacyjnych, oraz zlokalizowany jest basen miejski, z którego wprowadzana jest do zbiornika woda chlorowana. Zalew zasilany jest ciekiem wodnym stanowiącym odbiornik zanieczyszczeń komunalnych z miejscowości Masłów, położonej w pobliżu Kielc. Ilość oraz różnorodność związków zarówno organicznych, jak i nieorganicznych, dostających się do zbiornika, powoduje, że wody zalewu są bardzo zanieczyszczone. Uzyskane wyniki analiz chemicznych oraz biologicznych pozwalają na ocenę stanu czystości zbiornika, stwarzają system ostrzegania przed zagrożeniem oraz pokazują reakcje malakofauny na zmiany zachodzące w biotopie.

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Food and feeding of Viviparus viviparus (L.) (Gastropoda) in dam reservoir and river habitats

Jakubik B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

321-330

EN

Studies on feeding of V. viviparus were carried out in the years 1995-2005 in dam reservoir (Zegrzyński Reservoir, Central Poland, 60 km long, mean depth ca 3.5 m, maximum depth at the dam up to 9 m, mean retention time from 1 to 15 days) and in the outlets of its tributaries (the Bug, Narew and Rządza rivers), in the Narew River and - in the years 2003-2006 - also in oxbow lakes of the Bug River. Sex ratio and size structure of snails were estimated. Both the content of intestines (detritus, algae, inorganic matter) and the gut fulfilment were analysed. Performed multi-factor analysis showed the effect of habitat, season and snail size (estimated from shell height) on food mass in the gut. Snails from dam reservoir and outlet stretches of three rivers showed the largest food mass in the gut. Intestines of snails from rivers and oxbow lakes were less filled. The largest food volumes were found in spring and summer. Only in viviparids from oxbow lakes the largest food mass in the gut was noted in the autumn. Food mass in the gut was largest in snails of the I (<8 mm) and IV (20-35 mm) size class. Food mass was similar in females and males. Differences were, however, noted in the ingested food mass between fertile and infertile females which was smaller in the former. In all studied sites the snails fed mainly on detritus which constituted from 70 to 90% of food mass ingested of all individuals. Detritus abundance in studied habitats might result in using it by snails as obligatory though low-energetic food source. Detritus contributed more to the food of viviparids from Zegrzyński Reservoir and from oxbow lakes, slightly less - to the food of those from outlet stretches of rivers and from the Narew River. Algae contributed from 5% (Zegrzyński Reservoir) to 15% (the Narew River) to the food mass in snail guts. Apart from diatoms, green algae, dinoflagellates and chrysophytes, also cyanobacteria were found in snail food mass. Green algae (46% of all algae) and diatoms (37% of all algae) constituted the largest part of viviparids algal diet in the reservoir. The share of chrysophytes and dinoflagellates made about 10%. More diatoms (up to 48%) and less green algae (up to 25%) were found in snails from outlet stretches of rivers. Guts of snails from the Narew River contained mainly diatoms (over 50%) and green algae (30%). Gut content of snails from oxbow lakes was dominated by green algae (50% of all algae) and diatoms (35% of all algae). Inorganic matter in a form of mineral particles contributed least to the food of snails in the reservoir and in oxbow lakes (ca 5%) in comparison with snails from other sites. No food of animal origin was found. In general, it can be stated that the amount of food mass ingested and its composition differed rather slightly among studied habitats, seasons and individuals.

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Charakterystyka żużli i popiołów lotnych pochodzących z elektrociepłowni Tychy.

Zapadka-Żurek B.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2007

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Vol. 120, nr 49

335-344

PL

Praca zawiera identyfikację form morfologicznych niespalonej materii organicznej pozostających w żużlach i popiołach lotnych, określenie ich zawartości oraz porównanie ich form z zawartością części palnych. Stwierdzono częste występowanie cenosfer i koronek w popiołach, a form masywnych w żużlach. Słaba korelacja pomiędzy zawartością części palnych, a zawartością form morfologicznych przypuszczalnie wynika z warunków spalania.

EN

The research presents the identification of char morphological forms in slags and fly ashes, determination of their quantity, comparison between their morphology and the unburned organic matter content. Cenospheres and laces are frequently present in ashes and massive forms are frequently present in slags. The weak correlation between the content of unburned organic matter and the content of char morphological forms probably can be related to combustion conditions.

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Disinfection of sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants with parallel immobilization of heavy metals

Zdenkowski J. A., Słomkiewicz P. M.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2001

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Vol. 3, nr 3

33-35

EN

The increasing quantity of municipal and industrial sewage is a growing menace to water-soil systems. This paper describes a method of disinfections of municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge with parallel immobilization of heavy metals. A special concern was devoted to immobilizing heavy metals in prepared organic-mineral manure. The main source of heavy metals is industrial sewage mixed with municipal sewage. The application of detritus basalt, which contains aluminosilicates connected with iron (di-and trivalent), calcium and magnesium and which places the function of natural sorbent and ion exchange material having strong relation to heavy metals has produced good results.

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Heavy metal concentrations (Co, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb AND Cd) in molluscs from the Zegrzyński Reservoir (central Poland) as compared with their levels in other element s of the ecosystem

Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska E., Królak E.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 11

1189-1198

EN

Concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cadmium and lead were investigated in chosen mollusc species from the Zegrzyński Reservoir (Central Poland) against the background of metal content in water, seston, bottom sediments, macrophytes, periphyton, and detritus. These concentrations were generally comparable to values reported from environments slightly contaminated with heavy metals. Relatively small interspecific variation in accumulation of non-essential metals (Pb, Cd) distinctly lower than in the case of essential metals resulted mainly from the lack of regulation of their level in an organism. It is conducive to molluscs application in bioindication of environmental contamination with Pb and Cd.

PL

Badano stężenie miedzi, cynku, manganu, żelaza, kadmu i olowiu w tkankach miękkich i muszlach wybranych gatunków mięczaków ze Zbiornika Zegrzyńskiego na tle ich poziomu w wodzie, sestonie, osadach dennych, makrofitach, peryfitonie i detrytusie. Stężenia te osiągały na ogół wartości porównywalne do podawanych ze środowisk w niewielkim stopniu zanieczyszczonych metalami ciężkimi. Stosunkowo małe zróżnicowanie gatunkowe kumulacji metali ksenobiotycznych (Pb i Cd) w badanych ślimakach i małżach (dużo mniejsze, niż w przypadku metali biofilnych) wynikające głównie z braku regulacji poziomu tych pierwiastków w organizmie sprzyja wykorzystaniu mięczaków w bioindykacji skażenia badanego ekosystemu ołowiem i kadmem.-