Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Budownictwo modułowe jako odpowiedź na współczesne wyzwania

Plis Arkadiusz, Prałat Karol

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 7-8

151--154

PL

W pracy przedstawiono budownictwo modułowe - technologię zyskującą na popularności jako odpowiedź na współczesne wyzwania takie jak: pandemia Covid-19, wojna na Ukrainie, migracje ludności, relokacje wojsk, katastrofy naturalne czy deficyty mieszkaniowe na europejskich rynkach. Dokonano przeglądu rozwiązań modułowych dostępnych na rynku, jak również przedstawiono przykłady zastosowań technologii modułowej. Ponadto opisano wady i zalety współczesnego budownictwa modułowego oraz określono możliwe kierunki jego rozwoju.

EN

The paper presents modular construction - a technology that is gaining popularity as a response to modern challenges such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, population migrations, military relocations, natural disasters or housing deficits on European markets. A review of modular solutions available on the market was made, as well as examples of the use of modular technology were presented. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of modern modular construction were described and the possible directions of its development were determined.

2

Sorting, Logistics and Secondary Use of Solid Household Waste in Ukraine on the Way to European Integration

Tokarchuk Dina, Pryshliak Natalia, Yaremchuk Natalia, Berezyuk Sergiy

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

207--220

EN

The study is aimed at solving the problem that has arisen in Ukraine in the field of household waste management, namely the generation, accumulation, storage, processing and disposal of waste. This issue is of particular importance for the population of each country, which is explained by the extremely negative impact of waste and landfields on the health and quality of life of the population, as well as the ecological situation of the respective territories. The purpose of the study is to improve the sorting, logistics and secondary use of solid household waste in Ukraine by adapting the waste management system in Ukraine to EU requirements. As a result of the research, it was confirmed that the volumes of waste generation are quite significant in different countries, their morphological composition varies depending on the level of economic development of countries, the level of application of advanced technologies, etc. The authors’ logically ordered scheme of domestic waste management in Ukraine showed a number of shortcomings: lack of deep separation of waste and practically no motivation to use solid waste for energy. As a result of the research, the authors suggested using eight containers for sorting household waste, which will become the basis for its further efficient use as a secondary resource. The authors proposed a system for improving the logistics chain of waste management, in particular, proposed vacuum transportation of sorted waste to processing lines, which will ensure the environmental friendliness of useful disposal processes. An analysis of the experience of the secondary use of solid waste in different countries showed the prevalence of energy utilization of waste, the current level of which in Ukraine is insignificant. In connection with the invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, the volumes of waste generation of all types increased. There is an urgent need to use the bioenergy potential of waste in connection with the energy crisis caused by hostilities and fuel shortages. The concept of sustainable development of the field of solid waste management, which is based on economic, social, ecological and energy effects, with the interaction of which the phenomenon of synergy takes place, is substantiated.

3

Rośliny w pojemnikach

Falkowski Grzegorz

Zieleń Miejska

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2022

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Nr 4

28--30

PL

Problem deficytu przestrzeni niezbędnej do posadzenia i utrzymania drzew w miastach dotyczy przede wszystkim niewystarczającej ilości gleby lub jej nadmiernej kompresji. Najczęściej dotyczy ściśle zabudowanych centrów miast, dzielnic biznesowych i handlowych, gdzie pod ziemią buduje się parkingi oraz kryje się rozległa infrastruktura wodociągowo-kanalizacyjna, energetyczna i komunikacyjna. Wprowadzenie i utrzymanie zieleni w tego typu miejscach wymaga zastosowania rozwiązań niestandardowych.

4

Good practices in the cargo preparation process in intermodal transport

Warczek Jan, Wójak Rafał

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 115

193--210

EN

Increasing exports of goods between countries over long distances and increasing amounts of cargo generated by ports and transported on roads and railways require the organization of cargo transportation using several modes of transport, forcing the construction of places (container terminals) where it is possible to reload them to other means of transportation. An important aspect of cargo transportation by intermodal transport is its proper securing with the use of properly selected packaging and a loading unit. This article shows how to properly prepare cargo for transport. It also presents a diagram of the correct calculations of the permissible masses that may be in the container during transport to prevent overloading of the container and evenly distribute the load so that the reloading devices located in container terminals are not damaged during reloading to another mode of transport. Therefore, appropriate securing of the load against its displacement and damage was also selected.

5

Assessment of the quality of pharmaceutical packaging in the light of the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia

Sieczyńska Katarzyna, Lasoń-Rydell Magdalena, Krępska Małgorzata

Technologia i Jakość Wyrobów

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2022

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R. 67

90--105

EN

The article presents the results of the analysis of metal contents in selected plastic products used for the production of containers which are divided into polyolefins, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate). This work includes the sample preparation and testing by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and FT-IR spectroscopy (ALPHA II). All tested packaging met the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) in the context of heavy metals content. The spectra of the tested materials showed peaks at those mentioned in Ph. Eur. wavenumber for a given sample. The spectrum obtained is identical to that obtained with the material selected for the type sample. This study showed that packaging for medicinal products can be approved for use in the European Union.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy zawartości metali w wybranych wyrobach z tworzyw sztucznych, stosowanych do produkcji pojemników - poliolefin, do których zalicza się m. in. polietylen, polipropylen, poli(tereftalan etylenu). W pracy uwzględniono etap przygotowania i badania próbek metodą atomowej spektrometrii emisyjnej z plazmą wzbudzoną indukcyjnie ICP-OES oraz spektroskopii podczerwieni FT-IR (ALPHA II). Wszystkie badane opakowania spełniły wymagania określone w Farmakopei Europejskiej (Ph. Eur.) w kontekście zawartości metali ciężkich i analizy tożsamości A. Widma badanych tworzyw wykazują maksima przy wymienionych w Ph. Eur. liczbach falowych dla danej próbki i są identyczne z widmem otrzymanym dla tworzywa wybranego na próbkę standardową. Badania wykazały, że opakowania do produktów leczniczych mogą zostać dopuszczone do zastosowania ich na terenie Unii Europejskiej.

6

Transport materiałów promieniotwórczych

Rzymkowski Krzysztof

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2022

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z. 4

14--22

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono różne rodzaje i sposoby transportu materiałów promieniotwórczych zalecane przez wymagania ochrony radiologicznej i międzynarodowe organizacje transportowe.

EN

The paper presents various types and methods of transport of radioactive materials recommended by radiation protection requirements and international transport organizations.

7

Review of the container ship loading model – cause analysis of cargo damage and/or loss

Kaup Magdalena, Łozowicka Dorota, Baszak Karolina, Ślączka Wojciech, Kalbarczyk-Jedynak Agnieszka

Polish Maritime Research

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2022

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nr 4

26--35

EN

As the maritime transport of containers continues to grow and container ships change in terms of design and construction, it is important to ensure the appropriate level of safety for this type of transport. Over the decades, the size and cargo capacity of container ships have been changing, and so have their manoeuvring restrictions and required stability criteria. It seems that changes in the regulations, technological development and increased stability requirements are not yielding satisfactory results – the causes of container ship accidents continue to show similar patterns. The present article refers to the problem of ensuring safety in sea container transport, with a particular focus on cargo processes. Its purpose is to determine cause-and-effect relations leading to the loss of containers at sea, and to develop a model of loading that could significantly raise the level of safety of container transport. The article provides a general description of threats to ships related to weather conditions, loading methods or stability limitations. A statistical analysis of the occurrence of damage and/or loss of cargo from container ships was carried out and the risk of cargo loss was assessed on the basis of data from 2015‒2019. A Pareto diagram was used for this purpose. The authors present the concept of the container ship loading model, which may contribute to increasing the safety of shipping in the future.

8

Survival Rate of Willow Depending on the Storage Methods of Planting Material

Daniuk Yurii, Sinchenko Viktor, Dryha Viktoriia, Balan Vasyl, Karpuk Lesia, Topchiy Oksana, Mykolaiko Valerii

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

25--32

EN

The paper presents the research results of the survival rate of willow planting material depending on the storage methods and varietal peculiarities. The studies of the storage methods of planting material and their effect on the survival rate of cuttings and shoots were carried out in the years of 2019–2021 in the experimental field of the Institute of bio-energy crops and sugar beets, Ukraine. Two willow (Salix spp.) species: three-stamina variety Panfilivska and common willow variety Zbruch, were studied. Rot-affected cuttings and shoots as well as the number of the sprouted ones were monitored during the period of their placing in the storage till their planting in the field. It was found that both cuttings and shoots stored well in all treatments. During the storage, a small number of sprouted cuttings and disease - affected ones were recorded. Rot-affected cuttings and shoots of both varieties were recorded only when they were stored in plastic bags both with and without lime treatment of incisions. Rot-affected planting material was not recorded when other storage methods were used. It was established that during the storage moisture losses in cuttings and shoots of both varieties were not seen on any record date and as far as the content of nutrition elements (NPK) is concerned, there was a decreasing tendency. It was found that the survival rate of planting material depended on both variety peculiarities and its species, and it was high even on the first record date. Common willow variety Zbruch had the highest percentage of survival rate of cuttings and shoots as compared with the three-stamina variety Panfilivska. All storage methods of cuttings and shoots at air temperature 3–5°C ensure their good shelf-life with small damages caused by disease and slight germination in some years. The survival rate of planting material depended on both varietal peculiarities and its species. The highest percentage of survival rate of cuttings and shoots was typical for common willow variety Zbruch as compared with three-stamina variety Panfilivska.

9

A Study of a Protective Container for Combined Blast, Fragmentation and Thermal Effects from Energetic Materials Detonation

Ahmed Khurshid, Malik Abdul Qadeer

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2022

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Vol. 19, no. 2

135--157

EN

A composite protective container is experimentally investigated to counter combined blast, fragmentation and thermal effects from either a 1.0 kg bare or 0.6 kg cased (pipe-bomb) TNT equivalent charge. Commercially available shaving foam was used as the internal filling material. The shaving foam quenched the initial fireball and afterburning reactions. The composite case contained the blast overpressure and prevented the escape of primary fragments. The novel combination of extended polystyrene (EPS) foam, bakelite and polyurethane (PU)-silica composite employed at the container base provided protection against in-contact explosive detonation. Maximum peak reflected overpressure of 86.87 kPa (12.6 psi) was measured at 1.0 m distance for 1.0 kg TNT equivalent charge detonation inside the container. The protective container provided 97% peak overpressure reduction compared to the equivalent surface burst detonation. The fragmentation and their impact on container were simulated using a coupled SPH-ALE approach. Steel casing fragments weighing up to 8.0 g with velocities in the range of 1260-1550 m/s were produced and impacted the container. This investigation provides a basis in the design of a device to combat terrorist devices in public places, high profile meeting venues and transportation systems.

10

Decision support for the intermodal terminal layout designing

Szczepański Emilian, Jacyna Marianna, Jachimowski Roland, Vašek Rostislav, Nehring Karol

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 67, nr 2

611--630

EN

The article presents the issue of container handling processes at a rail-road intermodal terminal. In the article, we have focused on the problem of a terminal layout design from the point of view of parking lots for external trucks. The main purpose of this article is the assessment of the necessary parking lots for the trucks considering daily turnover of containers and the trucks appointment time windows. We analyze how the length of the truck’s appointment time windows as well as the difficulties in containers loading operations and a number of handling equipment influence the necessary parking lots for trucks in the intermodal terminal. The trucks planned for loading of import containers may arrive at the terminal before the loading moment that is specified in crane operations schedule. The container handling time is given by a probability distribution. The equations defining the most important elements of the considered problem were presented in the general form. The special case of this model has been developed in the FlexSim simulation software. Based on the simulation research and calculations we pointed out that right truck’s appointment time windows can significantly reduce necessary parking lots at the yard. The literature analysis presented in the article indicates that most of the research in the field of intermodal terminal is focused on operations in container ports. There is lack of literature considering rail-road terminal layout planning in terms of the necessary parking lots and truck’s appointment time windows.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie procesów obsługi kontenerów w kolejowo-drogowym terminalu intermodalnym. W artykule skupiono się na problemie projektowania układu terminali z punktu widzenia niezbędnych parkingów dla pojazdów ciężarowych dowożących/odwożących kontenery do/z terminala. Głównym celem artykułu jest wyznaczenie niezbędnej liczby miejsc parkingowych dla ciężarówek, biorąc pod uwagę dzienny obrót kontenerów, a także okna czasowe awizacji pojazdów ciężarowych. Analizowano, w jaki sposób szerokość okien czasowych awizacji pojazdów ciężarowych a także trudności w operacjach załadunku kontenerów i liczba urządzeń przeładunkowych wpłyną na niezbędną liczbę miejsc parkingowych dla pojazdów ciężarowych na placu terminala intermodalnego. Założono, że ciężarówki planowane do załadunku kontenerów importowych mogą przybyć do terminalu przed momentem załadunku określonym w harmonogramie pracy suwnicy. Założono również, że czas przeładunku kontenera wynika z rozkładu prawdopodobieństwa. Równania definiujące najważniejsze elementy rozważanego problemu zostały przedstawione w formie ogólnej. Badane problem zamodelowano w narzędziu symulacyjnym FlexSim. Na podstawie badań symulacyjnych i przedstawionych obliczeń wskazano, że właściwe ustalenie okien czasowych awizacji pojazdów ciężarowych może znacznie zmniejszyć liczbę potrzebnych miejsc parkingowych na terminalu. Analiza literatury przedstawiona w artykule wskazuje, że większość badań w obszarze terminali intermodalnych koncentruje się na optymalizacji operacji w portach kontenerowych. Brakuje literatury na temat układu terminali intermodalnych z punktu widzenia liczby niezbędnych miejsc parkingowych dla pojazdów ciężarowych.

11

Evaluation of sinking effect in container stack

Kuznetsov A. L., Kirichenko A. V., Semenov A. D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

159--162

EN

The container yard is the key element of any modern container terminal. The huge amount of boxes dwelling on the operational areas of the terminals could occupy a lot of space, since one-time storage capacity of the container mega terminal handling over one million TEUs annually is something around 20 000 TEUs. The ecological pressure imposed on modern container terminal does not permit to allocate for this storage large land areas, thus forcing the box stacks grow high. The selection of the individual boxes becomes a complex and time-consuming procedure, demanding a lot of technological resources and deteriorating the service quality. The predicted combinatorial growth of redundant moves needed to clear the access to the individual container is aggravated by the well-known and widely discussed ‘sinking effect’, when containers arrived earlier are gradually covered by the ones arriving afterwards. While the random selection could be adequately assessed by combinatorial methods, the ‘sinking effect’ allows neither intuitive consideration, nor any traditional mathematical means. The only practical way to treat this problem today is in simulation, but the simulation itself causes yet another problem: the problem of model adequacy. This study deals with one possible approach to the problem designated to prove its validity and adequacy, without which the simulation has naught gnoseological value.

12

A simplified forecasting model for the estimation of container traffic in seaports at a national level – the case of Poland

Matczak M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

153--158

EN

Comprehensive forecasting of future volumes of container traffic in seaports is important when it comes to port development, including investments, especially in relation to costly transport infrastructure (e.g. new terminals). The aim of this article is to present a specific, simplified model of demand forecasting for container traffic in seaports as well as to give a practical verification of the model in the Polish seaport sector. The model consists of relevant indexes of containerisation (values, dynamics) referring to the macroeconomic characteristics of the country of cargo origin as well as destination-predictor variables (e.g. population, foreign trade, gross domestic product). This method will facilitate the evaluation of three basic segments of the container market: foreign trade services, maritime transit flows and land transit flows. International comparisons of indexes (benchmarking) as well as extrapolations of future changes can support this prediction process. A practical implementation of this research has enabled us to calculate that the total container volume in Poland will be approximately 4.69 – 4.87 million TEU by the year 2023.

13

Game theory analysis in Indonesia’s shipping industry: Case study agreement between PT. X and PT. Y

Susanto Heru

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2020

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nr 113

7--16

EN

Nowadays, the container shipping industry in Indonesia has a tendency to oligopoly, even in one shipping route. Two big shipping liners in Indonesia, PT. X and PT. Y, have been dominating sales on the Surabaya-Banjarmasin route. The aim of this study is to know how the liners behave in an oligopoly, making decisions that are profitable for both parties. The agreement on challenge, competition, and cooperation between PT. X and PT. Y in serving shipping services is the main focus in this study. The methodology used is a game theory approach to show the possible strategies in rates and supply competition. The result shows that the agreement between PT. X and PT. Y consisted of price decision and supply quantity. The price decision is rated at a lower price of USD 300/TEU where P = MC which has no incentive. While the agreement on supply quantity is 26.000 TEUs in total. Moreover, the cooperative agreement between the shipping liners is a joint allience which not depend on each capacity ratio.

14

Experimental study of dam-break-like tsunami bore impact mechanism on a container model

Chen Cheng, Chen Jun, Lin Peng, Chen Chiwei, Chen Haozhe

Polish Maritime Research

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2020

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nr 1

53--59

EN

Tsunami disasters have frequently occurred in recent years. More and more researchers are focusing on this topic. To investi-gate the tsunami bore impact mechanism on a container model, a multi-functional slope-changing tsunami flume is built in this study. To simulate a tsunami bore, a dam-break wave was generated by a free-falling gate in a reservoir. A needle water level gauge and a high-speed camera were used to measure the tsunami wave heights and velocities for different storage water levels in the test flume, and the corresponding Froude numbers of tsunami waves were also calculated. The factors af-fecting the movement distance of the tsunami wave impacting the container model are explored in this experiment, and the results show that the movement distance is positively correlated with the storage water level, and negatively correlated with the container density and the coast slope.

15

Genesis of intermodal transport

Nowaczyk Tomasz

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2020

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Nr 1

42--48

EN

The article presents a short history of intermodal transport, combining the different transport systems using the same loading unit, starting from the transport lines from the end of the 18th century. The original structures for the transport of containers and semi-trailers are presented.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano krótką historię transportu intermodalnego, łączącego różne systemy przewozów przy użyciu tej samej jednostki ładunkowej, począwszy od linii transportowych z końca XVIII wieku. Przedstawiono pierwotne konstrukcje do przewozu kontenerów oraz naczep siodłowych.

16

Effects of Belt and Road Initiative on port selection

Esmer Soner

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2020

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Vol. 5, No. 1

115--123

EN

Purpose: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was announced by China in 2013. In the initiative, railway lines are operated (Belt), and sea transportation is continuing with sea routes (Road) between China and Europe. The geographical scope of the initiative covering the Chinese-European route is increasing day by day. The purpose of this study is to identify the strategies that container terminals in sea routes need to consider to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Methodology: To achieve the goal, I focused on the criteria that container ship operators considered in port selection as the main user of the container terminals. In the study, a qualitative research process was followed, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Results: It is seen that the bilateral agreements between the countries where the ports are located have gained importance especially with China and the other countries involving the initiative. Moreover, it has been determined that the connections with the railway infrastructure will create a competitive advantage. The contribution: The container terminals located on the route have not only enough with classical advantages such as location, equipment, and infrastructure to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The new criteria found in the study are the areas where the port cannot directly intervene individually. However, the port operator may negotiate with the relevant parties.

17

Współczesne budownictwo modułowe kontynuatorem budownictwa wielkopłytowego

Runkiewicz Leonard, Szulc Jarosław, Sieczkowski Jan

Budownictwo i Prawo

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2020

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R. 23, nr 3

3--8

PL

Współczesne problemy deficytu mieszkań i infrastruktury towarzyszącej wymuszają poszukiwanie nowych rozwiązań systemowych, które mogłyby spełnić wszystkie funkcjonujące w kraju oczekiwania społeczne. Innowacyjne budownictwo kontenerowe i modułowe stanowi kontynuację historycznego i tradycyjnego budownictwa prefabrykowanego. Moduły są obecnie coraz szerzej stosowane w obiektach mieszkalnych i użyteczności publicznej, mogą stanowić też tymczasowe zaplecze na terenach budowy, działań wojskowych, a także być wsparciem w przypadku imprez masowych, epidemii czy klęsk żywiołowych.

EN

Contemporary problems of housing deficit and accompanying infrastructure force the search for new systemic solutions that could meet all social expectations functioning in the country. Innovative container and modular construction is a continuation of historical and traditional prefabricated construction. Modules are now more and more widely used in residential and public facilities, they can also provide temporary facilities on construction sites, military operations, as well as support in the event of mass events, epidemics or natural disasters.

18

Cooperation forms between participants of the inland waterways cargo delivery: a case study of the Dnieper region

Scherbina Olga, Drozhzhyn Oleksii, Yatsenko Oleksander, Shybaev Oleksander

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 103

155--166

EN

The society’s main trend for globalisation requires the restructuring of the global transport system as a whole. The ‘Dnieper region’ is no exception, as it needs changes in its practice of organising and managing its process of cargo delivery in accordance with the current trends. This paper considered the main solution directions of this problem in the aspect of ‘container on barge system’ transportation in accordance with the potential of the region. Based on international experience, the competitiveness of the container on barge system can be ensured by applying the different forms of cooperation between the business-players. In the case of horizontal cooperation, it’s raising the problem of distribution of structural elements of the container on barge system during the container-flows adoption. So, the paper proposed the mathematical decision to maximise the use of the linear ship's characteristics by the barge’s loading capacity and by the tug’s engine power.

19

Global container shipping market development and Its impact on mega logistics system

Grzelakowski A. S

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

529--535

EN

The main purpose of the paper is to recognize and characterize the substantial trends and ongoing phenomena as well as processes on the supply and demand side of the global ocean container market and then evaluate their impact on global supply chains and the whole mega logistics system. The author has analysed the dynamics of potential supply and effective demand growth on this market in the recent years and assessed changes observed on both market sides with respect to global logistics area. On this basis, the influence of global container market development on global logistics supply chains has been estimated. There were also presented and analysed the main effects of speeding-up implementation of disruptive innovations such as blockchain technology and digital trade platforms development in maritime container transport and trade sectors on the efficiency and effectiveness of global logistics chains and the whole logistics area. The issues related to the security of smooth digital development of container maritime transport and the mega logistics area were taken into consideration as well.

20

Box selectivity in different container cargo-handling systems

Kuznetsov A. L., Kirichenko A. L., Semenov A. D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

797--801

EN

The box selectivity in operational stack of container terminal is a quite common and long studied question. The pure random choice is governed by the theory of probability offering some combinatorial estimations. The introduction of operational rules like import/export separation, storage by shipping lines, sorting by rail or truck transportation etc., as well as the most notorious ‘sinking’ effect, i.e. covering of boxes arrived earlier by next cargo parties – all these blur the clear algebraiс picture and lead to appearance of many heuristic outlooks of the problem. A new impetus to this problem in last decades was given by the rapid development of IT, AI and simulation techniques. There are quite many examples of the models described in the scientific publication reflecting many real and arbitrary terminals, which embed very advanced and complicated mechanisms reflecting selected features and strategies. Unfortunately, these models usually are created ad hoc, with some pragmatic objectives and under the demand of closest possible proximity to the simulating objects. There are much less models designated to pure scientific study of the deep inner mechanisms responsible for the primal behavior of the operating container stack, enabling to introduce step by step new rules and restrictions, providing regular proving of every next stage’s adequacy and easy to use. This paper describes one attempt of this kind to create a new theoretical tool to put into the regular toolkit of the container terminal designer. The study starts with mathematical (combinatorial) considerations, proceeds with some restrictions caused by physical and technological characteristics, and ends up with the simulation model, which adequacy is confirmed by practical results.