Purpose: The aim of the represented study was to model the impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming. Design/methodology/approach: The model of polymer ampoules forming is built in SolidWorks software on the basis of finite element method. Using the developed model the study of temperature condition changes is carried out. Numerical modelling was carried out for two types of polymer packaging materials – polypropylene and polyvinylchloride – in similar conditions. Findings: During polymer ampoule forming the highest temperature of liquid is obtained at the bottom of it. The most effective packaging method is to form the ampoule from polypropylene by means of aluminium die. Investigation results have shown that the highest obtained liquid temperature has linear dependence from initial one. Linear coefficients of heating were evaluated for polypropylene (equal to 0.72) and polyvinylchloride (equal to 0.58). Practical implications: Decrease of initial liquid temperature value gives an opportunity to expand the range of products allowed to be packed in polymer ampoules in represented method. Safe conditions for packaging of liquid products in polymer ampoules are formulated, The results of the study may be used to improve the quality of liquid products packaging in polymer ampoules. Originality/value: For the first time the model was developed for determination of liquid heating degree during its packaging in polymer ampoules. The calculations of the temperature distribution are represented for polypropylene and polyvinylchloride ampoules forming by means of aluminium and ceramic dies. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in the field of polymer packaging manufacturing for food or pharmaceutical industry.
Purpose: The aim of the represented study was to model the behaviour of two-layer combined material during its manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach: The model of material layers joining by means of calender method is built in LS-DYNA software on the basis of finite element method. Using the developed model the study of stress and strain condition changes is carried out. Numerical modelling was carried out for two types of two-layer combined materials in similar conditions. First combination was of high-density polyethylene top layer and aluminium foil bottom layer. Second combination was of high-density polyethylene top layer and low- density polyethylene bottom layer. Joining materials had equal thicknesses. Findings: During formation of two-layer combined materials the primary strain always occurs at the bottom plate of the bottom layer. However, the maximum plastic strain will be represented for the layer with lower elastic modulus value. At the point of the highest loading applied to the two-layer combined material the elasticity condition is changed to the plasticity one and the yield process is registered. Practical implications: Multi-layer combined materials are some of the most advanced types of materials. The quality of the joining of the layers, the strains and the stresses arising in their manufacturing process are the main causes of low interlayer strength. It leads to easy exfoliation and destruction of the material. The results of the study may be used to improve the quality of multi-layer combined materials. Originality/value: For the first time the model was developed for the determination of strains and stresses arising during the formation of multi-layer combined materials by means of calendering method. The calculations of the stresses and strains distribution dynamics for two-layer combined materials are represented for polymer-metal and polymer-polymer layers combinations. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in the field of multi-layer combined materials designing and manufacturing.
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Purpose: This article is presenting the Material Science Virtual Laboratory. Developed laboratory is an open scientific, investigative, simulating and didactic medium helpful in the realisation of the scientific and didactic tasks in the field of material Science. It is implemented in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials of Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The laboratory is a set of testers and training simulators, set in the Virtuality and created in several languages and the programming techniques, which interprets the properties, functionality and manual rules of actual equipment installed and accessible in the real science labs of scientific universities. Findings: Application of the equipment, that is practically imperishable, cheap in exploitation and ease in the use encourages students and scientific workers to independent audits and experiments in places, where the possibilities of their performance in the real investigative laboratory will be restricted because of the high material costs, difficult access to real equipment or the possible peril of his impairment. Research limitations/implications: The proposed solutions allow the utilisation of the developed virtual environment as a new medium in both, the scientific work performed remotely, as well as in education during classes. Practical implications: The usage possibilities of the virtual laboratory are practically unrestricted; it can be a foundation for any surveys, course or training plan. Originality/value: The project of the virtual laboratory corresponds with the global tendency for expand the investigative and academic centres about the possibilities of training and experiments performance with use of the virtual reality. This enriches investigation and training programmes of the new abilities reserved so far exclusively for effecting only on actual equipment.
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Purpose: The paper introduces analysis results of selected alloying elements influence on mechanical properties of alloy structural steels for quenching and tempering. Design/methodology/approach: Investigations were performed in virtual environment with use of materials science virtual laboratory. Virtual investigations results were verified in real investigative laboratory. Findings: Materials researches performed with use of material science virtual laboratory in range of determining the mechanical properties are consistent with the results obtained during the real research in real laboratory. Practical implications: Development of virtual tools, which are simulating the investigative equipment and simulating the research methodology, can serve as a basis for combining aspects of laboratory research, simulation, measurement, and education. Application of these tools will allow the transfer of research and teaching procedures from real laboratory to virtual environment. This will increase the number of experiments conducted in virtual environment and thus, it will increase the efficiency of such researches. Originality/value: Modelling of structural steels mechanical properties is valuable for steel designers and manufacturers, because it is associated with financial benefits, when expensive and time-consuming researches are reduced to necessary minimum.
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Purpose: The influence of processing parameters, such as pouring temperature and cooling rate during the casting, as well as application of hot working and pre-heat treatment, on strength and toughness of quenched and tempered steel was investigated. Design/methodology/approach: Strength and toughness were presented by yield strength and Charpy-V notch toughness, respectively. Experimental procedure of material properties optimization was done using the 25-2 factor experiment. Findings: It was found out that yield strength is insensitive on differences between applied manufacturing processes, but by application of hot working and with appropriate pouring temperature the Charpy-V notch toughness is increased. Also, Charpy-V notch toughness is increased by interactive effect of the appropriate cooling rate during the casting and application of hot working. Research limitations/implications: The research was focused mainly on Charpy-V notch toughness of carbon and low alloyed heat treatable steels. Practical implications: The established algorithms can be used for prediction of tensile strength, yield strength and Charpy-V notch toughness in heat treating practice. Originality/value: Original relation for prediction of quenched and tempered steel and cast steel Charpy-V notch toughness are developed.
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Purpose: of this paper is to present virtual strength machine from material science virtual laboratory, which can be used for laboratory staff or students training. Material Science Virtual Laboratory, is an open scientific, simulating and didactic medium helpful in the realization of the didactic and educational tasks from the field of material engineering in Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland. Design/methodology/approach: Computer application for simulation of virtual strength machine was written in JAVA and C++ programming language. Main programme was written in NetBeans 5.5 Java Programming Environment. Findings: Cheap computers and common access to internet network allow use simulator from any place. User can be train at home or at school. This simulator allows training infinite amount of people at once. Research limitations/implications: This programme only simulate methodology of testing, it doesn't predict any parameters. Practical implications: implications Virtual laboratory is great idea when we have expensive laboratory equipment and untrained staff to use it. Even after reading user manual use of the equipment is not easy and can lead to equipment damage. It is better to train people on a simulator before first using the real machine.
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Purpose: The development of a control valve for closed circuit requires comprehensive technologies in the overall precision machinery industry, from the development of casting materials for the housing to various types of parts. The development of a new type of control valve would have great advantage with a long lifecycle. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the MCV (Main Control Valve) development technology that applies various sensors. This paper aims at providing a fundamental base for the establishment of design systems including the flow chamber design database of the MCV for wheel loaders, strength and rigidity design system, and the system for energy efficiency improvement. Particularly, this study set up the basic design database for the flow chamber design to establish the flow chamber design database, and secured the stability of the flow chamber from the basic design stage. In addition, major design variables were determined by utilizing a statistical technique in order to design such flow chamber. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses the I-DEAS to analyze the MCV structure characteristics. In addition, it uses the factorial design and sensitivity analysis to select important factors for the MCV design. Findings: This study establishes the unit flow chamber database for the MCV housing unit and the governing equation for the flow chamber. Research limitations/implications: Since the MCV damage often occurs due to the problem with the material itself and in the manufacturing process, it is difficult to tell clearly whether it occurred as the MCV reached the failure pressure. Practical implications: The basic data needed to design the MCV can be provided, and the required time for the design and the reliability of the design can be reduced and improved respectively. Originality/value: The verification of the design factors obtained from the flow analysis and structural analysis as well as the DOE was made by fabricating a sample MCV and performing tests on it.
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Purpose: The qualification of influence of model repaired car body parts on the value of coefficient of restitution and evaluation of impact energy absorption of model repaired car body parts. Design/methodology/approach: Investigation of plastic strain and coefficient of restitution of new and repaired model car body parts with using impact test machine for different impact energy. Findings: The results of investigations show that the value of coefficient of restitution changes with speed (energy) of impact. Moreover, coefficient of restitution is smaller for repaired model parts than for new parts. This could have influence on passive safety of vehicle. Research limitations/implications: In the investigations aerodynamic resistance, friction in bearing of pendulum, part of impact energy changing to heat and vibrations were disregarded. Moreover, the investigations have been carried out on model of longitudinal. Only one grade of steel has been tested with using one type of welding. Originality/value: The results of investigation show that repair of post-accident car body parts influences on value of coefficient of restitution and in a result on plasticity of car body and level of passive safety of post-accident vehicle.
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Purpose: Article describes kinds and use procedures of mathematical parametric models describing dynamics of the systems based on excitation and vibration response signals. Design/methodology/approach: As a sample of identification of mathematical parametric models and estimation their parameters was a composite beam investigated under a white noise excitation force activity. Findings: Model based identification leads to finitely parameterised models described by differential equations. Research limitations/implications: Such models provide important features, in comparison with non-parametric systems: direct relationship with differential equation or physically significant modal representations used in engineering analysis, improved accuracy and frequency resolution, compactness/parsimony of representation. Practical implications: Ability to provide complete system characterisation by relatively few parameters, suitability for analysis, prediction, fault detection and control. Originality/value: Article is valuable for persons, that are interesting for identification of mathematical parametric models and vibration systems.
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