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1

Podział zadań w obronie wybrzeża pomiędzy marynarkę wojenną i wojska lądowe po drugiej wojnie światowej. Cz. 3

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 1(58)

269-287

EN

The article is the continuation of the series describing coastal defence in Poland in 1920 - 2002. It relates to the coastal defence conceptions after the war, in particular the division of tasks between the navy and army. The changes in Europe’s political and military situation after 1989 and Polish Republic’s new defence doctrine enforced taking into consideration changes in preparing and conducting the coastal defence. This resulted mostly from the fact that due to new doctrinal assumptions, the first operation for the Polish Armed Forces to carry out could only be defence on their own territory, coastal defence including. The coastal defence was to include a series of various activities and operations conducted by various services and troops aimed at not allowing the enemy forces to enter the coast. Air, maritime and land defence was differentiated. The navy tasks comprised defending Polish maritime areas, whereas the army took over the leading role in the anti-landing and anti-diversion defence of the coast. The coastal defence system included navy groupings, land forces operational grouping, lines, regions and positions of anti-landing defence, unified sub-system of all assets and forces attack, subsystem of engineering barrage in water and on the shore.

2

Podział zadań w obronie wybrzeża pomiędzy marynarkę wojenną i wojska lądowe po drugiej wojnie światowej. Cz. 1

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

329-342

EN

This is a consecutive article dealing with coastal defence in Poland in 1920-2002. It concerns coastal defence concepts (developments) in after the war period, in particular the division of tasks between the navy and land forces. The basic introductory concepts of the navy and land forces development and use to defend our maritime border and coast were established in 1945-1949. Later they were modified but their general sense remained. After 1946 the Coast Areas started to be organised (the areas of Ustka, Kołobrzeg, Gdynia and Szczecin). Each area was supposed to be equipped with appropriate land and navy forces. In Pomerania and on the Coast, numerous land forces troops were located (they were subordinated to 2nd Military District Command in Bydgoszcz). The posts of coastal artillery were rebuilt. Two kinds of tasks connected with coastal defence were clearly distinguished (prevention and defence). After the change of the Navy commander in 1950 (Rear Admiral W. Steyer was replaced by W. Cherokhov), it was recognised that the coast areas structures did not correspond to the modern fleet and did not represent a major combat force. A prompt organising of naval bases was started. These bases were supposed to be equipped in appropriate assets for land, air and maritime fighting. In the article there have also been presented numerous publications of both land forces and navy representatives that suggest various developments of coastal defence tasks division.

3

Podział zadań w obronie wybrzeża między marynarkę wojenną i wojska lądowe po drugiej wojnie światowej. Cz. 2

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 4(53)

380-394

EN

The article is the next of a series of articles on coastal defence in Poland in 1920-2002. It concerns the concepts of coastal defence after the war, particularly the division of tasks between the navy and the army. The initial principles of co-operation between the Navy and Military District 2 (since 1953 the Pomeranian Military District) commands were developed in 1951-1956. The Navy was to limit its tasks to defend the Main Base in Gdynia, whereas the rest of the coast was included in the general anti-landing defence system organised by the land forces with the co-operation of the air force. Great forces of army troops were concentrated in Pomerania, battalion fortified areas were extended along the coast, which were included them into then existing defence system based on coast artillery batteries. Anti-landing Brigades were created in these areas to extend the defence. Apart from changes in the army and the navy, also the air forces were undergoing dynamic changes. After 1956, there were significant transformations in the armed forces resulting from the detente of so far tense political relations between the two opposing blocks. The idea of these changes was a rational reorganisation of the forces due to the real defence needs of the country. A reduction of troops on a large scale was conducted also in Pomerania and the Coast. The reorganisation of the 70s had a smaller scale and resulted mainly from the necessity to adapt new technological developments into then existing systems. Much attention was drawn to a possible threat of probable landing operations. On the other hand, combined landing operations of our own troops were given much training, predicting even mechanised divisions to include into landing operations.

4

Przygotowania do obrony wybrzeża w Polsce (koncepcje obrony), w okresie międzywojennym :1920-1939

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 2(47)

391-402

EN

This article is the first of series of articles touching on coast defence in Poland in the years 1920 - 2000. It concerns coast defence developments (concepts) in Poland in the between the wars period and preparations to its defence. Coast defence was dealt with in independent Poland since 1920. Then a few defence plans were developed and the units to conduct the defence tasks were organised. The First Regiment of Coast Artillery was formed first. It existed from December 1920 to December 1921. At the beginning of the 30s coast defence was transformed from theoretical considerations to accomplishing stage. Coast and anti-aircraft artillery units were formed. Battalions (later regiments) of marine gunners were organised The naval base in Hel was enlarged. Much attention was drawn to the problem of command over the entire force. In 1933 the Coast Sea Defence Command was set up. Eventually (as the forces grew) the command system was re-organised just before the outbreak of World War 2. The coast defence was headed by the Fleet Commander (Coast Sea Defence commander, Coast Land Defence commander, Sea Air Division commander, and Torpedo Boats Division commander were subordinated to him). The article also discusses a large spectrum of preparations to coast defence in 1939, on the one hand Polish forces, on the other German land, air and naval forces deployed on the coast just before the outbreak of the war, taking into consideration Polish and German forces’ initial deployment on the coast in August 1939.

5

Działania wojenne w obronie polskiego wybrzeża : 1 września - 2 października 1939 roku. Cz. 2

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 3-4(48-49)

315-329

EN

This is a successive article concerning defending the Polish coast in 1920-2000. Fighting on the coast in 1939, due to its specific character, took the form of operations on isolated directions. Battles that the literature mentions as „ the defence of the coast” included in fact five „operations”. The first three refer to land defence of the Coast, naval defence of the Coast and War Fleet operations. The successive two include defending the Polish Post Office in Gdańsk and the defence of Polish Transit Depot at Westerplatte. In 1939 names such as Westerplatte, Gdynia, Kępa Oksywska, Hel proved that the commanders and soldiers who defended the Polish Coast passed their examination and capitulated after Warsaw had capitulated and the naval base at Hel had lost its operational importance. It is an indisputable merit of Col. Dębek and his units that the forces of Land Coast Defence fought twice as long as it had been expected from them. This long defence enabled the defenders of Hel to endure two weeks. The coast defence in 1939 was assumed and remained an independent operation, not dependent operationally on the armed forces operations. It became a kind of a „micro-campaign” first of all thanks to Land Coast Defence and its unforgettable commander.

6

Lotnictwo wojskowe w systemie obrony wybrzeża morskiego w latach 1945-1989

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

205-219

EN

Presenting the Air Force in Polish coastal defence it has to be stated that this was a problem of interest at the end of 1944. The reborn shipyard industry and newly created administration and political centres at the Coast had to be protected against possible operations of Hitler's Luftwaffe that in spite of losing its air domination was still a threat for the front rears. The experiences gained in air defence at that time were used to develop Poland's future air defence plans. A turning point year for activities connected with air defence organisation (coast defence including) was the year 1949. Due to the Minister's of National Defence order an observation-report system was created basing on existing observation-report system basing on navy fighters aircraft and newly created systems of this kind in land forces and border defence forces. In the first half of the fifties, the earlier theoretical developments concerning coastal defence were implemented. The coastal defence problem, the air force participation in it in particular, contains many question marks. Therefore there is the need to undertake deep studies in order to work out a real concept. Representatives of the air force, air defence and navy should participate in these works.

7

Poglądy na zadania operacyjne i rolę sił morskich w obronie wybrzeża morskiego w II Rzeczypospolitej

Piwnicki G., Zalewski B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 2(35)A Numer specialny

55-69