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EN
In order to solve the problem of frequent drug dosing and increase its effectiveness, theophylline (THP) was deposited on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). THP-CSNPs nanocomposites with the composition of 50, 75, 100 or 150 mg of chitosan (CS) and 25, 50, 75, 100 or 200 mg of tripolyphosphate (TPP) at pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.5 were prepared, and a constant weight of THP of 100 mg. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The rate of drug release was also tested. The Minitab 18 program was used to analyze the results. The independent variables were the CS, TPP, and pH, while loading efficiency, zeta potential, and particle size were the dependent variables. The nanocomposites successfully transported and protected the drug, providing its sustained release.
PL
W celu rozwiązania problemu częstego dawkowania leku i zwiększenia jego efektywności teofilinę (THP) osadzono na nanocząstkach chitozanu (CSNPs). Przygotowano nanokompozyty THP-CSNPs o składzie 50, 75, 100 lub 150 mg chitozanu (CS) oraz 25, 50, 75, 100 lub 200 mg trójpolifosforanu (TPP) przy pH 4,0, 5,0, 6,0 i 6,5 oraz stałej masie THP wynoszącej 100 mg. Nanokompozyty charakteryzowano za pomocą dyfrakcji promieniowania rentgenowskiego (PXRD), skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej z emisją polową (FE-SEM), spektroskopii w podczerwieni z transformacją Fouriera (FTIR). Zbadano również szybkość uwalniania leku. Do analizy wyników wykorzystano program Minitab 18. Niezależnymi zmiennymi były CS, TPP i pH, podczas gdy wydajność ładowania, potencjał zeta i wielkość cząstek były zmiennymi zależnymi. Nanokompozyty z powodzeniem transportowały i zabezpieczały lek, zapewniając jego przedłużone uwalnianie.
2
Content available remote Eco-friendly bioplastic material development via sustainable seaweed biocomposite
EN
The study focused on the development of an environmentally friendly bioplastic material using sustainable seaweed-based biocomposites. Algal biomass (Gracilaria edulis) was processed and combined with starch, glycerol, glacial acetic acid, and chitosan to create flexible, homogenous biopolymer films. These films exhibited comparable physical properties to commercial plastics and retained their inherent colour post-processing. Spectroscopic analysis revealed intense UV-Vis peak points aligned with seaweed composition. Mechanical testing demonstrated adequate strength and flexibility, similar to starch-based bioplastics, with a tensile strength of 3.383 MPa and lower elongation strength of about 31.90 %. Material migration tests indicated a preference for water, suggesting suitability for low-moisture foods. The bioplastic film displayed notable biodegradability and compostability, showcasing its potential as a sustainable alternative for food packaging. This innovative contribution advances eco-friendly bioplastic material, addressing plastic pollution and promoting biocomposite use.
EN
Purpose: The review focuses on chitosan nanoparticle synthesis and its biomedical applications. The review briefly explains the biomedical applications of antimicrobials, cancer therapy, gene therapy, and anti-ageing. Notably, the chitosan biological activity can be further increased by coating metal ions such as iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, etc. Design/methodology/approach: Chitosan is the N-acetyl derivative of chitin, which has the unique properties of biodegradability, non-toxicity, polycationic property and biocompatibility— no reports of ZnO sulphated chitosan nanoparticles being produced for antibacterial. We hope for the conduction of antibacterial research of ZnO sulphated chitosan nanoparticles. Findings: The study establishes that metal oxide nano-CH, characterised by an expanded size range beyond conventional parameters, exhibits a broad spectrum of biomedical applications. Its commendable biological attributes, encompassing biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, make it a vehicle for drug delivery in medicine. Research limitations/implications: Nanomedicine is an emerging branch of medicine that applies tools and the basis of nanotechnology for disease prevention, treatment and diagnosis. Moreover, it helps overcome conventional medicine's limitations, including adverse side effects, poor pharmacokinetics and lack of selectivity. Originality/value: Using chitosan extracted from marine waste presents economic advantages. Furthermore, when coated with metal oxide nanoparticles, it enhances biomedical efficacy. Chitosan is an effective drug delivery vehicle, and its theranostic applications are valuable in the biomedical sector.
EN
Phenol is an internal browning (IB) enzymatic reaction substrate and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) used to suppress IB incidence in the Comte de Paris cultivar (Queen type). There is no information on the correlation between pineapple IB to endogenous total phenol content (TPC), ABA, and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) after postharvest applications of decrowning. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the relationship of IB incidence to total TPC, ABA, and GA3 after postharvest treatments of decrowning and coating in GP3 and MD2 pineapple clones. The structure was based on a completely randomized design with 3 factors, namely clone (GP3 and MD2), decrowning (crown and crownless), and coating [50 mg L-1 ABA, 1% chitosan, ABA+Chitosan mixture, and control (H2O)]. The results showed that the MD2 had a lower IB incidence and higher TPC than the GP3 stored at 7°C for 37 days. The increased TPC was positively correlated with IB incidence. TPC was also negatively correlated with ABA but positively with endogenous GA3 2 weeks earlier. Coating with 50 mg L-1 ABA and 1% chitosan on MD2 decreased IB incidence. Pineapple crown pruning decreased ABA and increased TPC, GA3, and IB incidence.
EN
This article is a continuation of the article: Synthesis and evaluation of the possibility of using some chitosan derivatives in the leather industry. Part I: Literature Review [1]. Part II describes the synthesis of methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) chitosan (mPEGylated chitosan). Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) with two different molecular weights was used. The effective grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with chitosan was preceded by the activation of the hydroxyl group in the PEG molecule. Benzenesulfonyl chloride was used to activate the hydroxyl group. The course of the reaction for the preparation of PEG esters and PEG-chitosan was confirmed by chromatography.
PL
Praca jest kontynuacją artykułu: Synteza i ocena możliwości wykorzystania niektórych pochodnych chitozanu w przemyśle skórzanym. Część I: Przegląd literatury [1]. W części II opisano syntezę metoksypoli(glikolu etylenowego) chitozanu (mPEGylowanego chitozanu). Stosowano metoksypoli(glikol etylenowy) o dwóch różnych masach cząsteczkowych. Efektywne szczepienie poli(glikolu etylenowego) (PEG) chitozanem poprzedzone było aktywacją grupy hydroksylowej w cząsteczce PEG. Chlorek benzenosulfonylu zastosowano do aktywacji grupy hydroksylowej. Przebieg reakcji otrzymywania estrów PEG i PEG-chitozanu potwierdzono chromatograficznie.
6
Content available remote Fizyczne hydrożele na bazie pochodnych chitozanu
PL
Przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę dwóch pochodnych chitozanu: kationowego chlorku 2-hydroksypropylotrimetyloamoniowego chitozanu oraz anionowego karboksymetylochitozanu. Przeprowadzono ich syntezę oraz zbadano ich koacerwację w środowisku wodnym. Otrzymane substancje miały właściwości hydrożelu.
EN
Cationic 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) and anionic carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) were synthesized from chitosan according to the modified literature description. FTIR and 1H-NMR were used to demonstrate the structures of chitosan derivs. The degree of HACC quaternization was studied by conductometric titration (DQ = 1.15), and the degree of CMC substitution by 1H-NMR (DS = 1.0, where the ratio of mono-O : mono-N derivatives was 0.7:0.3). Their coacervative properties in the aq. environment were studied. The substances showed hydrogel-like properties and were recommended as water-absorbing additives to mineral fertilizers.
EN
High molecular weight chitosan was synthesized from shrimp shells. Chemical structure of chitosan was confirmed using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and SEM analyses. Physicochemical properties of chitosan such as molecular weight (800 000 g/mol), deacetylation degree (80%), ash content (1%) indicating effectiveness of demineralization step in removing minerals, water binding capacity (4220%), and fat binding capacity (537%), were determined. FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic joint band at 3365 cm-1 due to –OH and –NH2 regarding to the conversion of chitin acetyl group to NH2 of chitosan.
PL
Z muszli krewetek zsyntetyzowano chitozan o wysokiej masie cząsteczkowej. Strukturę chemiczną chitozanu potwierdzono metodami FT-IR, XRD, TGA i SEM. Określono właściwości fizykochemiczne chitozanu takie jak masa cząsteczkowa (800 000 g/mol), stopień deacetylacji (80%), wskazu jącą na skuteczność procesu demineralizacji zawartość popiołów (1%), zdolność wiązania wody (4220%) i zdolność wiązania tłuszczu (537%). Widma FT-IR wykazały charakterystyczne pasmo przy liczbie falowej 3365 cm-1, pochodzące od grup –OH i–NH2, wynikające z przekształcenia grupy acetylowej chityny w NH2 chitozanu.
PL
Materiały hydrożelowe stanowią grupę polimerów o dużym potencjale aplikacyjnym, a jedną z ich unikatowych właściwości jest zdolność odwracalnego pochłaniania różnorodnych płynów. Ponadto materiały te można w łatwy sposób modyfikować z wykorzystaniem substancji pochodzenia naturalnego bądź syntetycznego. W pracy opisano badania, podczas których opracowano hydrożele chitozanowe zawierające dodatek w postaci ekstraktu z nagietka (Calendula officinalis). Następnie scharakteryzowano strukturę otrzymanych materiałów za pomocą spektroskopii FT-IR, zweryfikowano ich zdolności sorpcyjne w symulowanych płynach fizjologicznych oraz ich zachowanie w środowisku tych płynów, przy czym skupiono się przede wszystkim na ocenie wpływu wprowadzonego ekstraktu na właściwości fizykochemiczne hydrożeli. Dowiedziono, że opracowane materiały charakteryzują się zdolnością do pęcznienia w badanych płynach, a także że są względem nich biokompatybilne. Wykazano tym samym, że badane hydrożele mają potencjał do zastosowań biomedycznych, zwłaszcza jako innowacyjne opatrunki wzbogacone ekstraktem o właściwościach terapeutycznych oraz chłonące wysięk z rany.
EN
Hydrogel materials constitute a group of polymers with a great application potential while one of their unique properties is a capability of reversible sorption of various liquids. Moreover, these materials may be easily modified with the use of substances of natural or synthetic origin. In this work, chitosan-based hydrogels containing Calendula officinalis extract have been developed. Next, their structure has been characterized via FT-IR spectroscopy. Additionally, their sorption properties as well as the behavior in simulated physiological liquids has been verified while the main focus was on determining the impact of introduced extract on physicochemical properties of the hydrogels. It was demonstrated that developed materials were characterized by the swelling properties in tested media, and were biocompatible towards them. Thus, it was proved that the hydrogels showed a potential for application for biomedical purposes, in particular as innovative dressing materials enhanced with extract with therapeutical properties and with an ability to absorb wound exudate.
PL
Tradycyjne systemy dostarczania substancji aktywnej wiążą się z ograniczeniem terapeutycznego działania leku. Spowodowane jest to m.in. dystrybucją danej substancji w całym organizmie oraz szybkim jej uwolnieniem skutkującym krótkotrwałym działaniem leku. Rozwiązaniem tych problemów jest stosowanie odpowiednich nośników substancji aktywnej. Odpowiednio zaprojektowany nośnik umożliwia dostarczenie substancji aktywnej w sposób kontrolowany. Zapewnia to transport leku do określonego miejsca oraz jego uwolnienie w przedłużonym czasie. W pracy otrzymano nośniki polimerowe na bazie chitozanu i żelatyny modyfikowane zawiesiną nanosrebra oraz ekstraktem roślinnym Hypericum perforatum. Materiały otrzymano w procesie polimeryzacji w polu promieniowania mikrofalowego. Przeprowadzona analiza fizykochemiczna otrzymanych układów potwierdziła ich właściwości sorpcyjne oraz możliwość efektywnego uwolnienia ekstraktu roślinnego w środowisku kwasowym, tj. 2-proc. roztworze kwasu cytrynowego.
EN
Traditional drug delivery systems may limit to some extent the therapeutic activity of the active substance. This is due among others to the distribution of the drug through the whole organism as well as its fast release causing the short-term drug action. The solution of these drawbacks is the use of the adequate drug carriers. Appropriately designed carrier allows to deliver the active substance in a controlled manner. This, in turn, provides that the drug is delivered to the desired site in the body, and allows it to be released over an extended period of time. In this work, polymer carriers based on chitosan and gelatin and modified with nanosilver suspension and Hypericum perforatum extract were developed. These materials were obtained via the microwave assisted polymerization. Performed physicochemical analysis of obtained carriers confirmed their sorption properties and the possibility of the effective release of the plant extract from their interior in an acidic environment, i.e. in 2% citric acid solution.
EN
Chitosan as a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible biopolymer with film-forming properties can also be modified to improve its parameters. Modification of polymer films by the addition of nanoparticles is an increasingly common solution due to the higher efficiency of products at the nanoscale compared to the macroscale. In this work, thin chitosan films enriched with biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from Fusarium solani IOR 825 were obtained by the solvent evaporation method. The influence of nanoadditive on the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the polymeric matrix was evaluated. Two different concentrations of ZnONPs were added to the chitosan solution. Spectrometric measurements, mechanical tests, microscopic imaging, and microbiological tests were performed for nanoparticlesmodified and control samples. Analysis revealed that ZnONPs influence the properties of chitosan films. FTIR spectroscopy showed changes that are the result of interactions between polymer matrix and the additive. Modified samples were characterized by increased values of Young’s modulus and tensile strength. SEM analysis combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry confirmed the presence of zinc in the modified films. The addition of nanoparticles slightly affected the surface morphology of the tested samples, and an increase in roughness was observed. Microbiological tests showed the biostatic activity of the films containing ZnONPs. The obtained films based on chitosan with the addition of ZnONPs can be considered easy-to-obtain biomaterials with potential use as cosmetic and biomedical products.
EN
Natural polymers, like chitosan, collagen, and alginate, offer promising solutions for wound healing. Derived from natural sources, they exhibit biocompatibility and bioactivity, promoting tissue regeneration. These polymers can form scaffolds or dressings that accelerate wound closure while reducing infection risks. Their inherent properties make them promising options in the quest for effective wound care materials. In this work, composites based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (Chi), and curcumin (Cur) were prepared. PVA, a synthetic water-soluble polymer, finds extensive use in biomedical and wound-healing applications. It is approved by the U.S. FDA for cosmetic, medical, and wound healing products. Chi, a polysaccharide, is widely used in biomedicine and possesses antibacterial properties. Both PVA and chitosan are biocompatible and exhibit good filming characteristics. Curcumin (Cur) with antibacterial and antioxidant properties is being explored for regenerative medicine. PVA, chitosan, and curcumin were blended. The structure was studied by FTIR, microscopic observations were done with optical and scanning electron microscopes, and the mechanical properties were assessed. FTIR revealed component interactions, while microscopy showed a flat film surface. The polymeric blend (PVA/Chi/Cur) had a Young’s modulus of 1.49 GPa, tensile strength of 47.69 MPa, stress value of 8.39 N, and 35.34% elongation at break. These properties make the blend suitable for consideration in wound healing applications.
EN
Chitosan (CS) is a polysaccharide readily used in tissue engineering due to its properties: similarity to the glycosaminoglycans present in the body, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, antibacterial character and owing to the fact that its degradation that may occur under the influence of human enzymes generates non-toxic products. Applications in tissue engineering include using CS to produce artificial scaffolds for bone regeneration that provide an attachment site for cells during regeneration processes. Chitosan can be used to prepare scaffolds exclusively from this polysaccharide, composites or polyelectrolyte complexes. A popular solution for improving the surface properties and, as a result enhancing cell-biomaterial interactions, is to coat the scaffold with layers of chitosan. The article focuses on a polysaccharide of natural origin – chitosan (CS) and its application in scaffolds in tissue engineering. The last part of the review focuses on bone tissue and interactions between cells and chitosan after implantation of a scaffold and how chitosan’s structure affects bone cell adhesion and life processes.
13
Content available remote Możliwości zastosowania chitozanu w otoczkach do nawozów
PL
Chitozan to biopolimer otrzymywany w procesie deacetylacji chityny. Dzięki zdolności tworzenia powłok, nietoksyczności, biokompatybilności oraz aktywności biologicznej znalazł zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach, m.in. w rolnictwie. To naturalny i biodegradowalny polimer. Przedstawiono właściwości chitozanu oraz omówiono jego zastosowanie w rolnictwie do otoczkowania nawozów.
EN
A review, with 47 refs., of structure, preparation, phys. chem. properties and antimicrobial activity of chitosan as a very attractive material for agricultural applications that can be used for the manufg. of fertilizers with prolonged release of nutrients. The patent base was reviewed.
EN
Gracilaria sp. is well known as one kind of species of red algae. The major component of polysaccharide in this alga is agar that mostly used for making thin film. In this study, the Gracilaria sp.-based thin film had been prepared using two plasticizers (glycerol and sorbitol, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt %), and chitosan (1, 2, and 3 wt %). The FT-IR analysis confirmed the interaction that happened among the component of the mixture of Gracilaria sp., plasticizers, and chitosan was based on hydrogen bonding due to the presence of -OH and -NH2 groups. The plasticizers and chitosan concentration have significant role to the mechanical properties of Gracilaria sp.-based thin film. The optimum concentration of plasticizers and chitosan based on mechanical testing result was found at 0.2 and 3.0 wt %, respectively. At those concentrations, the thin film that prepared with sorbitol showed the highest mechanical properties. Other characterizations, i.e. TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and WVP (Water Vapor Permeability) also brought the same result. The antimicrobial properties of the as prepared thin film in the presence of chitosan on agar medium and as a packaging on selected bread showed the Gracilaria sp.-based thin films was able to inhibit the growth of microbes. This antimicrobial activity can be used to declare the potential of Gracilaria sp.-based thin film as a new active food packaging.
PL
Gracilaria sp. to dobrze znany gatunek krasnorostów. Głównym składnikiem tych alg jest agar (polisacharyd), najczęściej używany do wytwarzania cienkich folii. Na bazie Gracilarii sp. z dodatkiem dwóch plastyfikatorów: glicerolu i sorbitolu (0,1; 0,2; 0,3% mas.) oraz chitozanu (1, 2 i 3% mas.) otrzymano mieszaniny, z których wytworzono cienkie folie. Na podstawie analizy FT-IR stwierdzono powstawanie wiązań wodorowych pomiędzy grupami -OH i -NH2. Na właściwości mechaniczne folii miała wpływ zawartość zarówno plastyfikatora, jak i chitozanu. Najlepsze właściwości mechaniczne uzyskano z zastosowaniem 0,2% mas plastyfikatora i 3% mas. chitozanu. Badania metodami analizy termograwimetrycznej, skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej i oznaczona wartość przepuszczalności pary wodnej (WVP) potwierdziły te ustalenia. Wykazano, że otrzymane folie hamowały rozwój drobnoustrojów, mogą więc być stosowane jako nowe aktywne opakowania do żywności.
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