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1

Method for calculating the individual hydrocarbon composition from the accumulated fractional composition of oil and condensate samples

Karimova Arifa Q.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 11

730--735

EN

The composition of oils is the main source of information that enables the evaluation and modeling of their physical, thermal and chemical properties (including their critical properties) across a wide range of state parameters. The more comprehensively the composition of oils is analyzed, the more precise information is provided for calculations and problem-solving in the field of oilfield mechanics and related areas, such as the extraction, preparation, transportation, and processing of oils and their fractions. The principal constituents of oils are hydrocarbons. Oils contain hydrocarbons of three homologous series: paraffins, naphthenes and aromas. In oils, there may be hydrocarbons of a mixed composition containing both naphthenic and aromatic rings. In addition to hydrocarbons, oils also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and other constituents. These compounds are the primary elements of asphaltene-resinous substances (ARS) found in oil. They are characterized by high relative densities (often exceeding 1 g/cm3 ), dark coloration, and relative chemical instability when exposed to elevated temperatures, oxygen, adsorbents, etc. The composition of asphaltene-resinous substances encompasses a wide range of substances. The validity of the proposed technique is justified by the observation that the data of molecular weight, Watson characteristic factor, and experimental density calculated from molar compositions should align on the same surface with a high degree of correlation. In addition, the experimental and calculated values, in terms of molecular composition, of molecular weights should lie on a straight line passing through the origin of coordinates with a slope coefficient equal to unity and exhibit high degree of correlation.

PL

Skład ropy jest głównym źródłem informacji umożliwiającym ocenę i modelowanie jej właściwości fizycznych, termicznych i chemicznych (włącznie z właściwościami krytycznymi) w szerokim zakresie parametrów stanu. Im bardziej dokładnie analizowany jest jej skład, tym dokładniejsze informacje są dostarczane na potrzeby obliczeń i rozwiązywania problemów w dziedzinie mechaniki złóż ropy i powiązanych obszarach, takich jak wydobycie, przygotowanie, transport i przetwarzanie rop i ich frakcji. Głównymi składnikami ropy są węglowodory. Ropa zawiera węglowodory z trzech szeregów homologicznych: parafiny, nafteny i aromaty. W skład ropy mogą wchodzić węglowodory o mieszanym składzie, zawierające zarówno pierścienie naftenowe, jak i aromatyczne. Oprócz węglowodorów, ropa zawiera także tlen, siarkę, azot i inne składniki. Związki te są podstawowymi składnikami substancji asfaltenowo-żywicznych (ARS) występujących w ropie naftowej. Charakteryzują się one wysoką gęstością względną (często przekraczającą 1 g/cm3 ), ciemnym zabarwieniem i względną niestabilnością chemiczną po ekspozycji na działanie podwyższonych temperatur, tlenu, adsorbentów itp. Skład substancji asfaltenowo-żywicznych obejmuje szeroki zakres substancji. Uzasadnieniem proponowanej techniki jest fakt, że dane dotyczące masy cząsteczkowej, współczynnika Watsona i gęstości eksperymentalnej obliczonej na podstawie składu molowego powinny znajdować się na tej samej powierzchni z wysokim stopniem korelacji. Ponadto, wartości eksperymentalne i obliczone w odniesieniu do składu molekularnego mas cząsteczkowych powinny znajdować się na linii prostej przechodzącej przez początek współrzędnych ze współczynnikiem nachylenia równym jedności i wykazywać wysoki stopień korelacji.

2

Filtration of compressible viscous-plastic oil in a porous medium

Dadash-Zade Mirza A., Aliyev Inglab N.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 6

406--411

EN

Numerous laboratory studies have shown that the change in physical and chemical properties and the geological conditions of the occurrence of hydrocarbons depend on depth. It should be noted that the change in oil properties with depth and the identification of the properties of such oils are poorly understood. In this research work, an attempt is made to study the filtration properties of anomalous oils, taking into account compressibility in reservoir conditions. The work carried out shows that the density, dynamic viscosity and the content of resins, sulfur, paraffin and asphaltene of different oil reservoirs are mainly depth dependent. The filtration characteristics of such oils that manifest themselves at a given pressure have been established. The results of modeling the filtration processes leading to the emergence of zones of increased oil compressibility, forming deep hydrocarbon fields, were used to discuss the regularities obtained. This makes it possible to determine filtration characteristics of anomalous liquid, taking into account the compressibility, which determine their higher quality indicators. The analysis shows that in the development of oil fields with anomalous properties of hydrocarbons, when recalculating the volumetric flow rate of individual wells in reservoir conditions it is necessary to use the value of the volumetric oil coefficient, taking into account its non-Newtonian properties. This technique will enable future works to study the effect of hydrodynamic imperfection of wells and the effect of formation permeability violation in their bottomhole zone on the reservoir pressure redistribution characteristics and well test results.

PL

Liczne badania laboratoryjne wykazały, że zmiana właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych oraz warunki geologiczne występowania węglowodorów zależą od głębokości usytuowania akumulacji. Należy zauważyć, że charakter zmiany właściwości ropy naftowej wraz z głębokością jest słabo rozpoznany. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę zbadania właściwości filtracyjnych rop anomalnych, biorąc pod uwagę ściśliwość w warunkach złożowych. Przeprowadzone prace wykazały, że gęstość, lepkość dynamiczna oraz zawartość żywic, siarki, parafiny i asfaltenów w różnych złożach ropy naftowej zależą głównie od głębokości. Określono właściwości filtracyjne tych rop, ujawniające się przy określonym ciśnieniu. Do omówienia uzyskanych prawidłowości wykorzystano wyniki modelowania procesów filtracji, prowadzących do powstania stref o zwiększonej ściśliwości ropy w głębokich złożach węglowodorów. Pozwala to na ustalenie charakterystyki filtracyjnej cieczy anomalnej z uwzględnieniem ściśliwości, które determinują ich wyższe wskaźniki jakościowe. Analiza pokazuje, że przy zagospodarowaniu złóż ropy naftowej o anomalnych właściwościach, przy przeliczaniu objętościowego natężenia przepływu poszczególnych odwiertów w warunkach złożowych, konieczne jest wykorzystanie wartości współczynnika objętościowego ropy, z uwzględnieniem jego właściwości nienewtonowskich. Technika ta umożliwia w przyszłych pracach badanie wpływu niedoskonałości hydrodynamicznej odwiertów i wpływu naruszenia przepuszczalności formacji w strefie przyodwiertowej na cechy redystrybucji ciśnienia złożowego, jak również na wyniki opróbowania odwiertów.

3

Water Extracts from Waste Rocks of the Coal Industry of Chernvonograd Mining Area (Ukraine) – Problems of Environmental Safety and Civil Protection

Kochmar Iryna, Karabyn Vasyl

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

247--255

EN

The article presents the results of the research on mining production waste in the Chervonohrad Mining Area. For the first time the water extracts from certain types of waste rock, namely: burned and unburned argillite, siltstone, siliceous siltstone, coal, and sandstone were investigated. The studies covered the main chemical composition, as well as the pH and concentration of the main components of the aqueous extracts. Based on the obtained results, the properties of the investigated mining wastes were characterized, taking into account the impact on the environment. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that there is high content of Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3- in argillite and sandstone within the tericon of the central coal enrichment plant “Chervonohradska” and burnt argillite from the tericon of the Vizeyska mine.

4

Characterization of the Chemical Properties of Deposited Red Clay Soil Using GIS Based Inverse Distance Weighted Method in Kirkuk City, Iraq

Salahalden Veyan Farhad, Shareef Muntadher Aidi, Al Nuaimy Qahtan A. M.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

46--60

EN

This study focuses on the physical and chemical properties of soils and their geographical distribution, with a specific focus on red clay. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique, integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), was employed to predict the chemical characteristics of the soil. Sampling was conducted at twenty-one locations in three areas: Bor Mountain, Jambor, and Kirkuk Hills, all located within Kirkuk City. Seven soil properties were examined: acidity, organic matter content, total dissolved salts (TDS), gypsum, chlorides, and sulfates. The chemical analysis revealed that the soil pH ranged within an acidic range. One sample exhibited a high TDS level. Chloride levels varied within a specific range. The concentration of organic matter in the soil exhibited variability. Sulfur trioxide and gypsum concentrations were found to be below average in the study region. The IDW technique effectively mapped the distribution of the different soil parameters within Kirkuk City, demonstrating a range from good to excellent accuracy. Additionally, a cross-validation method was employed to assess the correlation between the fundamental and investigated chemical properties. The results showed good to excellent degrees of correlation in the different structures studied.

5

Analysis of the Chemical Compositions of Locally Branded Manufactured Cement of Pakistan

Sultan Muhammad Adil, Jawad Muhammad, Din Salah Ud, Cheema Shahan M., Mushtaq Aamir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

147--152

EN

Cement is a key component of concrete; its qualities impact the properties of concrete created using a particular type of cement. In Pakistan, cement brands are used for an enormous amount. As a result, the cement qualities must fulfill the standards defined by the rules. This research compares the chemical properties of Paidaar, Lucky, DG, Fauji, and Bestway cement brands. This research compares the chemical properties of Paidaar, Lucky, DG, Fauji, and Bestway cement brands. The chemical analysis of cement was used to compute the compound composition of C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF. It was discovered that the Al2O3 and SO3 levels in Paidaar and Fauji cement exceeded the specified limits. The presence of more SO3 causes sulphates in cement to expand. Furthermore, a study of four key components (C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF) revealed that Paidaar, Lucky, and Fauji cement have less C3S and more C2S, as a result, when compared to other cement brands, it has the lowest strength. When different brands’ chemical compositions were compared, the Paidaar, Lucky, DG, Fauji, and Bestway cements fulfilled the standards’ recommended ranges. To ensure the quality specified by the standards, Paidaar, Lucky, and Fauji cement require significant quality control during the manufacturing process.

6

Chemical and energetical properties in methane fermentation of morphological parts of corn with different variety earliness standard FAO

Wojcieszak Dawid, Pawłowski Artur, Dammer Karl-Heinz, Przybył Jacek

Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

273--287

EN

In the last decades, the production of biomass biofuels for thermochemical conversion to replace fossil fuels has attracted increasing attention as it offers significant environmental benefits. A very common way to convert biomass to energy is methane fermentation. The importance of biogas as a source of energy is growing. The use of biomass to biogas production on a large, global scale may lead to controversial competition for arable land, water, and consequently, food. Therefore, only waste materials and agricultural by-products and residues should be used for biogas production. Corn stover is a good example of agricultural residues for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to determine the influence of corn variety earliness FAO on the chemical compositions and energy value of morphological parts (fractions) of corn plants. The research material consisted of morphological parts of corn plants: stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs of selected corn cultivars, differing in terms of their FAO earliness: early (FAO 220), medium-early (FAO 240) and late (FAO 300) varieties. The research included laboratory investigations, elemental analysis, methane fermentation and statistical analyses of results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the FAO earliness of a corn variety had a significant impact on the elemental composition, ash content, biogas, and methane yield in the corn morphological fractions. The highest methane yield of 267.4 m3 x Mg-1 TS was found for the cucurbit cover leaves of a variety with an FAO 240 earliness standard.

PL

W ostatnich dekadach produkcja biopaliw z biomasy do konwersji termochemicznej w celu zastąpienia paliw kopalnianych przyciąga coraz większą uwagę, ponieważ oferuje istotne korzyści dla środowiska. Fermentacja metanowa jest bardzo popularnym sposobem konwersji biomasy na energię. Znaczenie biogazu jako źródła energii wzrasta. Zastosowanie biomasy do produkcji biogazu na dużą, światową skalę może prowadzić do kontrowersji związanych z konkurowaniem o grunty orne, wodę, a w konsekwencji o żywność. Dlatego do produkcji biogazu powinny być wykorzystywane wyłącznie odpady, produkty uboczne oraz pozostałości rolnicze. Dobrym przykładem pozostałości rolniczych do produkcji biogazu jest słoma kukurydziana. Dlatego celem tych badań było określenie wpływu wzorca wczesności odmian FAO na skład chemiczny i wartość energetyczną części morfologicznych kukurydzy. Materiałem badawczym były morfologiczne części kukurydzy: łodygi, liście, liście okrywe, rdzenie kolb wybranych odmian kukurydzy zróżnicowane pod względem wskaźnika wczesności odmiany FAO: wczesne (FAO 220), średnio-wczesne (FAO 240) oraz późne (FAO 300). Badania obejmowały analizę chemiczną, fermentację metanową oraz analizę statystyczną wyników. Na podstawie wyników badań stwierdzono, że wskaźnik wczesności odmian FAO miał istotny wpływ na skład chemiczny, zawartość popiołu, uzysk biogazu i metanu z części morfologicznych kukurydzy. Najwyższy uzysk metanu 267,4 m3 Mg-1 TS osiągnięto dla liści okrywowych kukurydzy odmiany o wskaźniku wczesności FAO 240.

7

Separation and physicochemical properties of residual carbon in gasification slag

Fan Xiaoting, Fan Panpan, Liu Xiaodong, Ren Zhenyang, Bao Weiren, Wang Jiancheng, Dong Lianping, Fan Minqiang

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 154928

EN

Gasification slag is the solid waste produced in the coal gasification process, and its treatment and disposal problems are becoming more and more serious. In this study, the gasification slag produced in a chemical base in northern China and its residual carbon obtained by gravity separation of water medium were taken as the research objects, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed comprehensively. The residual carbon products, ash-rich products and high-ash products were obtained from the gasification slag after gravity separation. Under the optimal structure, the ignition loss of residual carbon products was reduced from 79.80% to 16.84%, and the yield was 11.64%. The high content of amorphous carbon and developed pores in the residual carbon provide the possibility of manufacturing high value-added materials. Raman spectrum showed that the residual carbon had lower aromaticity, higher content of small and medium aromatic ring structures, lower structural stability and easier combustion. Thermogravimetric combustion kinetics showed that the average combustion rate of residual carbon was 0.325(dm/dt)mean/%•min−1, the comprehensive combustion characteristic index was 1.41•10−9%2•min−2•°C−3. It has excellent performance and can be used as a raw material for mixed combustion in a circulating fluidized bed. The analysis of physical and chemical properties of residual carbon is of great significance for follow-up exploration of the resource utilization and high-value utilization of the residual carbon.

8

Relationships between comminution and chemical, petrographic and mineralogical properties of ores, and their effect on concentration

Deniz Vedat

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 5

art. no. 149892

EN

Especially in terms of energy costs, data on chemical, petrographical, and mineralogical analyses of ores or minerals can provide very important information for their production in the desired size distribution. Therefore, suitable crushing and grinding machines can be selected, taking into account the data affecting the comminution such as grain size, texture, metamorphism, and mineral or element contents. However, in most mineral processing plants, these data are rarely used to understand the response of ores or minerals to comminution. Analysis of the relationships between the chemistry, petrography, and mineralogy of ores and the breakage mechanism during crushing or grinding has been the subject of researchers in the comminution field in recent years. This study is a review of studies done so far on the relationships between the comminution and the chemical, petrographic, and mineralogical properties of different ores and minerals, and their effect on concentration.

9

Wodór w chemii, chemia wodoru

Zawadzka Ewa, Brzeziński Henryk

Inżynieria Elektryczna

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2022

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nr 10

8--10

10

Wybrane właściwości chemiczne oleju z lnianki siewnej (Camelina sativa L.) suplementowanego naturalnymi dodatkami przeciwutleniającymi

Sagan Agnieszka, Krajewska Marta, Osmólska Emilia, Starek-Wójcicka Agnieszka

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2021

|

T. 100, nr 10

935--938

PL

Przeprowadzono analizy chemiczne świeżo tłoczonego na zimno oleju z lnianki siewnej wzbogaconego naturalnymi dodatkami przeciwutleniającymi (rozmarynem, sumakiem, tymiankiem i pieprzem). Próbki olejów przechowywano, a następnie badano pod względem zaawansowania zmian hydrolitycznych (liczba kwasowa), zawartości pierwotnych produktów utlenienia (liczba nadtlenkowa) i stabilności oksydacyjnej w teście Rancimat. Aktywność przeciwutleniającą zastosowanych dodatków wyrażono za pomocą współczynnika ochronnego (WO). Wykazano, że rozmaryn i tymianek charakteryzowały się największą efektywnością przeciwutleniającą i przedłużyły trwałość oleju lniankowego, a suplementacja oleju sumakiem lub pieprzem czarnym nie wpłynęła na jego stabilność oksydacyjną.

XX

To the freshly cold-pressed camelina oil was added ground rosemary, sumac, thyme or pepper in an amt. of 1% by mass and stored for 1, 2 and 3 months. The oil samples were tested for acid no., peroxide no. and oxidative stability in the Rancimat test. The antioxidant activity of the additives used was expressed by the protective factor (WO). Rosemary and thyme showed the greatest antioxidant effectiveness and extended the life of the oil, while supplementing the oil with sumac or black pepper did not affect its oxidative stability.

11

Sandy Soil Reclamation Using Biochar and Clay-Rich Soil

Thi Diep Pham, Hang Nga Nguyen Thi, Viet On Tran, Van Loc Nguyen, Viet Anh Nguyen, Lan Phuong Dinh Thi, Van Nguyen Vu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

26--35

EN

The investigations on the effects of biochar application in improving the physio-chemical properties of soil have been carried out in many studies; however, there are very few studies on the combined use of both biochar and clay-rich soil for poor nutrient soil reclamation. Therefore, this study demonstrates improved water retention and nutrient retention of sandy soil by using biochar and biochar combined with clay-rich soil. The experiments were conducted on a small scale (greenhouse) with nine different application rates of biochar and clay-rich soil were mixed and then cultivated peanut, along with the drip irrigation technique using field moisture limit (about 70-80%) was applied under the condition of ensuring a sufficient supply of NPK for plant’s growth. The results showed that at the rates from 10.0-15.0% (w/w) clay-rich soil mixed with from 0.5-1.5% (w/w) of biochar applied to the tested sandy soil resulted in the positive effects on soil water holding, bulk density, permeability, pH, CEC, OM, total N, total P and peanut yield. The physical and chemical characteristics of the tested sandy soil have been improved by time and the application rate of 10.0% clay-rich soil and 0.5% biochar had the highest efficiency of pod fresh weight and pod dry weight during three studied seasons.

12

Characterization of Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Sri Lankan Coir Fibers

Dharmaratne Prasad Dhammika, Galabada Harsha, Jayasinghe Randika, Nilmini Renuka, Halwatura Rangika Umesh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

55--65

EN

This study was carried out to determine the characterization of brown coir fiber which is used as a potential reinforcement in polymer composites. The fiber is extracted from the husk of the coconut seeds which are collected in Sri Lanka. Anyhow the above-mentioned characterization can hardly be seen when it comes to the Sri Lankan context. Since the evaluation of their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties are significant before commencing the material development process and applications for this fiber. Several testing were carried out to evaluate the above-mentioned properties. There, the functional groups of coir fiber were obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis and Crystallinity Index and Crystallite size were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology and cross-sectional features were investigated through Scanning Electron Microscopy. The thermo-gravimetric method was adopted to study the thermal stability of coir fiber. The density and diameter of coir fiber were measured utilizing pychometric method and optical microscope respectively. Tensile strength was measured using an electronic tensometer and then find out the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at breaking point. The average density of brown coir fibers was 1.018 g/cm3 and average diameters were 0.30 mm. The Crystallinity Index and the crystal-line size were 37.28% and 0.4331 nm respectively. Ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Elongation of the coir fiber were ranging from 94–159 MPa, 1.2–1.8 GPa, and 21–67%, respectively.

13

Backfill of a Mined-Out Gold Ore Deposit with the Cemented Rubber-Cord and Waste Rock Paste: Environmental Changes in Aqueous Media

Danilov Alexander, Korelskiy Denis, Matveeva Vera, Horttanainen Mika

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 7

190--203

EN

Assessment of the dynamics of changes in the physical and chemical properties and morphological composition of the filling mixture as well as the identification of the elements capable of migrating into the environment is an important part of assessing the environmental efficiency of such an environmental measure during the filling of mined-out space of an ore deposit. During scientific research, the environmental safety mined-out space filling technology at the gold ore deposit by the mixture of rock waste, cement and crushed car tires was investigated. The authors carried out a set of laboratory studies and created a physical model of groundwater infiltration. Under laboratory conditions, this model allowed the experiment to evaluate the migration of elements and substances from the filling mixture into the environment to assess the risks of secondary pollution. The potential hazard of element migration from the backfill mixture into the environment was determined as a result of testing the backfill mixture on a bench with washing using the model solution that emits drainage water. During research, it was revealed that under the conditions of an ore deposit, the filling mixture components transformation would not lead to hazardous hydrochemical and hydrogeochemical areas or pollution stream formation.

14

Wpływ dodatków przeciwutleniających na wybrane właściwości chemiczne oleju z nasion maku tłoczonego na zimno

Blicharz-Kania Agata, Pecyna Anna, Andrejko Dariusz, Sagan Agnieszka, Zdybel Beata, Kobus Zbigniew

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

|

T. 99, nr 1

109--112

PL

Przedstawiono wybrane właściwości chemiczne oleju tłoczonego na zimno z dwóch odmian maku: niebieskiego i białego. Zbadano wpływ dodatku kurkumy i rozmarynu na zmiany parametrów określających jakość otrzymanego oleju: liczby kwasowej (LK), liczby nadtlenkowej (LN) i stabilności oksydacyjnej. Dodatek naturalnych przeciwutleniaczy, takich jak rozmaryn i kurkuma wydłuża trwałość oleju, pozwala spowolnić proces hydrolizy tłuszczu w oleju z nasion maku oraz wydłuża czas indukcji badanych olejów.

EN

Cold-pressed white and blue poppy seed oils were improved by the addn. of rosemary or turmeric herbs (1% by mass). The oils were stored at 10 ± 1°C for 14 days, studied for acid index (AN), peroxide value (PN) and oxidative stability and compared with the corresponding values of the unmodified oils. The storage of oils with both additives resulted in a decrease in AN and PN values as well as improved their oxidative stability.

15

Preparation of ternary (35 – x)Sb2O3–xBi2O3–65P2O5 glasses for lead-free glass application

Li Yu-Ting, Zhang Jing-Jing, Wang Zhi-Qiang, Xu Fei-Long, Lin Hai

Materials Science Poland

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2020

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Vol. 38, No. 1

28--33

EN

Glasses composed of ternary components (35 – x)Sb2O3–x Bi2O3–65P2O5 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 20 mol%) have been prepared and investigated as a potential alternative to lead-free glass for low temperature applications. Their structural properties were studied by Infrared Spectroscopy IR and Differential Thermal Analysis DTA. Results from the IR showed that Sb3+ and Bi3+ were responsible for glass network structure, which was supported by the diversification of density ρ and molar volume Vm with an increasing amount of Bi2O3. Glass transition temperature Tg, thermal stability, and coefficient of thermal expansion increased after substitution of Bi2O3 for Sb2O3 within the range of 0 mol% to 20 mol%. The water durability decreased and then increased; it could be attributed to the corrosion resistant P–O–Sb bonds. A typical sample of 25Sb2O3–10Bi2O3–65P2O5 possesses excellent properties and can be a promising candidate for further applications.

16

Properties of de-icing agents for use on paved airfield pavements after their expiration dates

Rumak Aleksandra, Kowalska Danuta, Kowalewska Agata

Journal of KONBiN

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2020

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Vol. 50, iss. 1

391--405

EN

The NO-17-A205:2017 "Airfield maintenance in winter. Use of de-icers. Requirements and tests" Military Standard is applicable at Polish Armed Forces airports in the process of winter maintenance of airport pavements, both in the process of supplying airports with de-icing agents based on acetates and formates, as in testing, acceptance and control of de-icing agents based on formates, acetates and urea. After the expiration date of product, the tests specified in NO-17-A205:2017 shall be repeated. Purpose of the research is to determine physico-chemical properties changes of de-icing agents applied on artificial airfield pavements, after its expiration dates. The results of research on physical and chemical parameters of de-icing agents obtained at the stage of delivery and after its expiration dates have been given. The tests included determination of appearance, density, refractive index and pH value measurement, as well as checking the freezing point temperature and, in the case of deicing agents in form of granulate, checking the granules size distribution. The requirements and test methods for deicing agents in accordance with NO-17-A205:2017 are also presented. In case of parameters changes, recommendations regarding further use of these agents shall be made. Positive tests results shall be the basis for extending the shelf life of de-icing products for the next winter season.

17

Migration of Hazardous Components of Municipal Landfill Leachates into the Environment

Popovych Vasyl, Telak Jerzy, Telak Oksana, Malovanyy Myroslav, Yakovchuk Roman, Popovych Nataliya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

52--62

EN

The research on the physical and chemical properties of landfill leachates and migration of its hazardous components into hydrosphere and biosphere is a current problem in the global context. The object of the research is landscape-changing factors of the Lviv municipal landfill (Ukraine). It was defined that the largest part of oil products accumulates in the leachates at the south-western side of the landfill (23.6 mg/dm3) and it is 2.36 times higher than the value of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) (10 mg/dm3); the most saline leachates with chlorides and sulfites are those accumulating at the foot and at the northwestern side; the phosphate content of the investigated leachate samples was the highest at the foot of the landfill and amounted to 12.8 mg/dm3, which exceeds the MPC (10 mg/dm3) by 1.28 times; high concentration of ammonium nitride was discovered in the leachates at the foot (76.1 mg/dm3) and at the northwestern side (46.3 mg/dm3), which exceeds the MPC (30 mg/dm3) by 2.53 and 1.54 times, respectively; the highest indicators of total iron are typical for basins nearby (at the foot – 68.2 mg/dm3, at the northwestern side – 56.3 mg/dm3) and exceed the MPC norms (2.5 mg/dm3) by 27.28 and 22.52 times, respectively. According to certain indicators, the content of hazardous components in the leachates, which accumulate at the foot and at the northwestern side, exceeds the MPC and is several times higher than in the natural basins at the distance of 800 and 1200 m.

18

Chemiczne właściwości oleju z nasion jabłek tłoczonego na zimno

Krajewska Marta, Szmigielski Marek, Andrejko Dariusz, Szczepanik Małgorzata, Kuna-Broniowska Izabela

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 5

761--763

PL

Poddano analizie olej tłoczony na zimno z nasion dwu odmian jabłek. W nasionach oznaczono wilgotność oraz zawartość tłuszczu. Średnia zawartość wody i tłuszczu w nasionach wynosiła odpowiednio 8,08 i 8,38%. Otrzymany olej oceniano pod względem stopnia hydrolizy (LK), pierwotnego stopnia utlenienia (LN) oraz stabilności oksydacyjnej w teście Rancimat. Badany olej charakteryzował się wysoką wartością liczby kwasowej, przekraczającą dopuszczalną normę dla olejów tłoczonych na zimno, ale spełniał normę jakościową pod względem liczby nadtlenkowej. Czas indukcji oleju wynosił 3,31 h. Pod względem składu i zawartości kwasów tłuszczowych oleje z nasion jabłek charakteryzowały się wysoką zawartością nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (oleinowego 40% i linolowego 50%). Badane oleje mogą stanowić wartościowy dodatek do żywności w mieszance z innymi olejami roślinnymi lub mogą być wykorzystane jako substrat do produkcji substytutu oleju napędowego (FAME).

EN

Seeds from varieties of apples (jonagold and idared) were analyzed for moisture and fat contents (the mean values 8.08% and 8.38% by mass, resp.). The seeds were coldpressed to oils. An acid value, primary oxidn. degree, oxidative stability and fatty acid content in the oils were detd. (the mean values 4.19 mg/g, 6.23 mmol/kg, and 3.31 h, resp.). Oils from both apple varieties showed very similar contents of mono- and polyunsatd. acids (about 40% and 50%, resp.).

19

Comparison of Chemical Properties of Peats under Different Land Uses in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Armanto M. Edi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 5

184--192

EN

The research aimed at comparing the chemical properties of peats under different land uses in peats dome of the catchment area of the Sibumbung River and the Komering River in Pedamaran Sub-Districts, OKI South Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was conducted in January 2019 and used a Randomized Complete Block Design with two blocks and five natural treatments namely swamp grass, bush swamp, peat forest, oil palm, and intercropping between oil palm and pineapple. Most of the chemical properties of peats at the depth of 30-50 cm showed no changes due to the effects of land uses and drainage; however, there were significant differences with the peat depth of 5-15 cm. Decreasing organic C, exchangeable Al, Al saturation and soluble Fe on the cultivated peats were significantly different compared with the uncultivated peats. An increase in the available P, K, pH, CEC and base saturation on the cultivated peats were found and differed significantly on test level 5% compared with the uncultivated peats due to the application of ameliorant materials. The total N and C/N values were not significantly different. Most of the chemical properties of peats were decreased by the depth of peats. Soil ameliorant materials would change the buffering system of the peats to neutralize soil acidity and the pH increase.

20

Analiza właściwości chemicznych i energetycznych wierzby wiciowej do przemysłowego spalania

Niemczuk B., Nieoczym A., Caban J., Marczuk A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

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T. 97, nr 1

44--48

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań energetycznych właściwości poszczególnych odcinków łodyg wierzby wiciowej. Badania przeprowadzono w Laboratorium Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii w Państwowej Wyższej Szkole Zawodowej w Zamościu na 3-letnich pędach wierzby pozyskanej z plantacji w Płoskiem koło Zamościa. W łodygach wierzby podzielonych na odcinki o długości 1 m oznaczono podstawowe parametry energetyczne: zawartość wilgoci, popiołu, części lotnych, siarki, wodoru, azotu i węgla oraz ciepło spalania.

EN

Stems of 3-year old energy willow (4 m) were portioned into 1 m length sections and then dried at room temp., shredded to less than 2 mm pieces and studied for moisture, ash, volatile substances, S, H and C contents. Heat of combustion in biomass samples was also detd. Mean values of tested parameters changed slightly for samples taken from different parts of stems and they were smaller than the literature values of the parameters for hard coal.