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1

Mid-oceanic seamount carbonates in Eastern Paleotethyan suture zones

Ueno Katsumi

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

75--76

EN

Mid-oceanic seamount-capping (atoll-type) carbonates make a popular stratigraphic entity in the geology of Japan since they are often seen as various-sized (but usually large and typically huge) exotic blocks within ancient (mostly Permian to early Cretaceous) accretionary complexes distributed in the Japanese Islands. These carbonates consist of very thick and pure (in the sense that it lacked input of continental detritus), usually massive and fossiliferous, shallow-marine limestone, and rest on oceanic-island basalts (OIB) of hot-spot origin, formed in the Panthalassa Ocean. Stratigraphically, they comprise a unique sedimentary succession that records long-term (sometimes over 80 myr.), continuous, shallow-marine environmental and biotic changes during late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic times of the oceanic sector with a stable tectonic setting, and can only be found within the accretionary orogen in the context of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy (OPS). Thus, the mid-oceanic seamount carbonate succession is a “surefire” geological item for the investigation of the ancient subduction zone and suture zone. On the basis of my research expertise working on these mid-oceanic carbonates in Japan over many years, especially in the Carboniferous–Permian Akiyoshi Limestone known as the most typical seamount-capping atoll-type carbonate body in the Panthalassa Ocean, I exported this, essentially “made-in-Japan” and “cultivated-in-Japan”, geological concept of “mid-oceanic seamount carbonates within the accretionary orogen” to Southeast Asian geology, for better understanding the general geotectonic subdivision and evolution of the relevant region, especially for clarifying the position of Paleotethyan suture zones and the geohistory of the Eastern Paleotethys Ocean. In today’s Southeast Asia, Paleotethyan mid-oceanic seamount carbonates are distributed in Northern Thailand and western Yunnan, SW China where Gondwana and Tethys meet together. Of these two regions, Northern Thailand is subdivided into three basic geotectonic domains; from east to west the Cathaysian Indochina Block, Sukhothai Zone (a Permian–Triassic island arc developed along the Indochina margin), and peri-Gondwanan Sibumasu Block. In the eastern part of Sibumasu, a geotectonically peculiar area called the Inthanon Zone can be identified on which Paleotethyan oceanic rocks including the Carboniferous–Permian Doi Chiang Dao Limestone of mid-oceanic seamount origin are widely distributed. This limestone succession, sometimes making kilometer-sized huge limestone blocks, is estimated to be 1000 m thick or more, and consists mostly of shallow-marine fossiliferous massive limestone without siliciclastic intercalation throughout. Basalts having intra-plate (oceanic volcanic island) geochemistry are observed at the base of the succession. Foraminifers, especially fusulines, are the fundamental fossil group for establishing its detailed chronostratigraphy, and they clarified that the limestone continuously accumulated from the Visean (middle Early Carboniferous) to the Changhsingian (latest Permian) over the time of 90 myr. In western Yunnan, the Changning–Menglian Belt is defined between the Lincang Massif (a Permian–Triassic island arc system formed along the easterly Simao Block with Cathaysian affinity) to the east and the peri-Gondwanan Baoshan Block to the west. The Changning–Menglian Belt, subdivided into the East, Central, and West zones, entirely has been regarded as a closed remnant (suture zone) of the Paleotethys Ocean, but actually it is only in the Central Zone where oceanic rocks are distributed. Paleotethyan mid-oceanic carbonates in this belt are called the Banka Limestone, which is over 1200 m in total thickness and generally massive and pure, being free from continental siliciclastic input for the entire succession spanning nearly 90 myr. Foraminiferal (mostly fusuline) biostratigraphy suggested continuous deposition ranging from the Visean to the Changhsingian without significant hiatus in the succession. Thus, the Banka Limestone in western Yunnan is exactly correlated in view of lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and tectonostratigraphy to the Doi Chiang Dao Limestone in Northern Thailand. In a broad geotectonic perspective, the Paleotethyan oceanic rocks including the Doi Chiang Dao Limestone, distributed in the Inthanon Zone are considered to form various-sized tectonic outliers upon autochthonous basement rocks of Sibumasu now, which consists of early Paleozoic– Triassic sedimentary, meta-sedimentary, and igneous intrusive rocks. Similarly, those distributed in the Central Zone of the Changning–Menglian Belt are structurally resting by almost flat-lying faults (thrusts) upon siliciclastic rocks of the West and/or East zones, which presumably represent passive-margin (continental slope) sediments of the westerly, Gondwanan Baoshan Block. These mid-oceanic rocks are interpreted to have been once incorporated within an accretionary prism formed by the subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic lithosphere beneath the Permian–Triassic island arc system represented by the Lincang Massif–Sukhothai Zone. The resultant collision of the Cimmerian (peri-Gondwanan) Sibumasu–Baoshan Block to the Cathaysian Indochina–Simao Block, thus the closure of the Paleotethys Ocean in present-day Southeast Asia, at around Triassic–Jurassic boundary time emplaced rocks of the accretionary complexes (containing Paleotethyan oceanic rocks as exotic blocks) onto the marginal part of the Sibumasu–Baoshan Block as large thrust sheets (nappe).

2

An advanced ensemble modeling approach for predicting carbonate reservoir porosity from seismic attributes

Topór Tomasz, Sowiżdżał Krzysztof

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

245--260

EN

This study uses a machine learning (ML) ensemble modeling approach to predict porosity from multiple seismic attributes in one of the most promising Main Dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs in NW Poland. The presented workflow tests five different model types of varying complexity: K-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forests (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), support vector machine (SVM), single layer neural network with multilayer perceptron (MLP). The selected models are additionally run with different configurations originating from the pre-processing stage, including Yeo–Johnson transformation (YJ) and principal component analysis (PCA). The race ANOVA method across resample data is used to tune the best hyperparameters for each model. The model candidates and the role of different pre-processors are evaluated based on standard ML metrics – coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The model stacking is performed on five model candidates: two KNN, two XGB, and one SVM PCA with a marginal role. The results of the ensemble model showed superior accuracy over single learners, with all metrics (R2 0.890, RMSE 0.0252, MAE 0.168). It also turned out to be almost three times better than the neural net (NN) results obtained from commercial software on the same testing set (R2 0.318, RMSE 0.0628, MAE 0.0487). The spatial distribution of porosity from the ensemble model indicated areas of good reservoir properties that overlap with hydrocarbon production fields. This observation completes the evaluation of the ensemble technique results from model metrics. Overall, the proposed solution is a promising tool for better porosity prediction and understanding of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs from multiple seismic attributes.

3

Corrosion of carbonate speleothems by an allogenic river inferred from petrography and a weight loss experiment : a case study from the Demänová Cave System, Slovakia

Sala Przemysław, Bella Paweł

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 4

467--481

EN

The crystallization of speleothems can be interrupted by the invasion of allogenic water into cave passages. These interruptions were studied, both in speleothems currently submerged in an underground river and in speleothem sections, which were found at the lowermost fluvially active passage level of the Demänová Cave System. The interaction between speleothems and allogenic water, undersaturated with respect to calcite, is manifested in the presence of siliciclastic material and the corrosion of calcite crystals. The progressive development of corrosion features depends on the duration of the interaction of calcite crystals with allogenic water. Moreover, the movement of the water and siliciclastic deposition over the speleothems can influence the corrosion process. The estimated rate of corrosion, caused by the underground Demänovka River and measured by the weight loss of experimental tablets, is up to 0.029 mm/y. U-series dating indicated that the interaction of speleothems with allogenic water occurred during the Vistulian (Weichselian). The identification of corrosion episodes, caused by allogenic water, is a step towards understanding the origin of hiatuses and establishing criteria for recognition of them.

4

An experimental study of selected Jurassic carbonate samples from north-eastern Tunisia

Dhahri Rima, Ezzine Ines, Ghanmi Mohammed

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2019

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Vol. 28, No. 4

547--556

EN

The industrial development of the outcrops in the Tunis-Zaghouane area could represent an important economic driver for the country. The main structures are introduced and illustrated with onsite field observations. Moreover, samples which were extracted from the selected regions and are characterized based on measurements of porosity, water absorption and abrasion loss coefficients. The experimental results showed a negligible variation of densities, demonstrated a linear correlation between connected porosity and overall water absorption. In addition, experimental result confirms that outcrops from Jebel Zaghouane, Jebel Hammam Zriba and Jebel Hammam Jedidi could be developed as construction materials.

5

Wykorzystanie rentgenowskiej mikrotomografii komputerowej i cyfrowej analizy obrazu do petrologicznej charakterystyki skał węglanowych

Strzelecki Piotr Jan, Fheed Adam, Radzik Natalia, Świerczewska Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

195--197

EN

The paper briefly describes a possible application of X-ray computed microtomography studies followed by digital image analysis, enabling petrological assessment of carbonate rocks. The contribution presents an example of a complex, qualitative and quantitative approach aiming at deriving shape, geometry and spatial orientation of rock components as applied for a carbonate reservoir rock sample from the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1) strata. Apart from the basic properties of the analyzed objects, such as volume, surface area and number, detailed shape descriptors were obtained (compactness, sphericity, elongation, flatness, spareness). The presented approach allows for obtaining detailed 3D results at the microscopic scale, enabling extensive characterization of the studied material geometry. The methods proposed could be applied for other rock types as well.

6

Results of the comprehensive interpretation of well logs in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks – similarities and differences in the case studies of selected formations

Waszkiewicz Sebastian, Alvarez Ronal Barcala, Jarzyna Jadwiga

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 3

163--182

EN

This paper was made using geological and well logging data from the Cuban oilfield area and the Polish Carpathian Foredeep gas deposit to compare the interpretation process and underline similarities and differences between data analysis from two reservoir rocks of different lithology. Data from conventional hydrocarbon deposits, i.e. the Mesozoic Cuban carbonate formation and Miocene shaly-sandy sediments were processed and interpreted using Techlog (Schlumberger Co.) software. Selected approaches were used to determine the step by step volume of shale, total and effective porosity, water/hydrocarbon saturation (Quanti) and for the comprehensive interpretation of well logs (Quanti Elan). Brief characteristics of the carbonate and siliciclastic formations were presented to indicate that the interpretation methodology oriented to the determination of petrophysical properties depends strongly on the type of reservoir. Cross-plots were presented for primary mineral composition recognition, determination of m exponent and resistivity of formation water in the Archie equation. Effective intervals for the carbonate reservoir were calculated according to the Cumulative Hydrocarbon Column methodology. Finally, the results of the interpretation of well logs were presented as continuous curves of mineral composition, including shaliness, porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. The conclusions included recommendations for the effective comprehensive interpretation of well logs in the carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs.

7

The impact of fossils on diagenetically controlled reservoir quality : the Zechstein Brońsko Reef

Fheed Adam

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 1

47--81

EN

Although the sedimentation and diagenesis of the Polish Zechstein Limestone strata (Ca1, Permian) already have been investigated, relatively little has been done to resolve their petrophysical potential. Therefore, the gap between sedimentological and petrophysical studies was bridged through an integrated analysis of geological and geophysical data. The results of core description, polarized-light microscopy, well log interpretations and laboratory measurements on core samples were combined with previously published nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray microtomography (μCT) data, especially helpful in the recognition of pore geometry. The Ca1 strata of the Brońsko-1 and Brońsko-2 wells, located on the Zechstein Brońsko Reef (West Poland), were studied to determine the influence of fossils on porosity and permeability. It was concluded that greater diversification of the original biota led to an increase in porosity and variation in pore geometry. While encrusting organisms such as foraminifers promoted the development of channel and fracture porosity, the dissolution of the primarily aragonitic bivalve and gastropod shells and the shells of terebratulid brachiopods often gave rise to the formation of cavernous and mouldic porosity. The channels appear to be most common in the bryozoan-foraminifer biofacies, representing a shallowing of the depositional environment. Caverns, in turn, corresponded to the organisms of the brachiopod-bryozoan and the lightly karstified bivalve-gastropod biofacies, both of which probably experienced the influence of sabkha conditions, leading to a general decrease in porosity. The bryozoan zoecia tended to enhance both primary intraparticle voids, and after their dissolution, secondary intraparticle pores, which showed limited connectivity in the high-energy Acanthocladia biofacies, where considerable fragmentation of fossils took place, hence decreasing the permeability. Anhydrite cementation was found to be the most pronounced factor controlling porosity destruction, while dolomitization enhanced it significantly, especially for the stromatolitic biofacies, where small, unconnected vugs were formed owing to this process. The permeability is typically below 100 mD, and this is caused by the rich diagenetic history of the reef, that recorded marine, sabkha-related and burial cementation, now represented by the different fabrics of anhydrite, calcite, and dolomite.

8

A novel approach to the quantitative interpretation of petrophysical parameters using nano‑CT: example of Paleozoic carbonates

Puskarczyk E., Krakowska P., Jędrychowski M, Habrat M., Madejski P.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 6

1453--1461

EN

The main goal was the analysis of parameters describing the structure of the pore space of carbonate rocks, based on tomographic images. The results of CT images interpretation, made for 17 samples of Paleozoic carbonate rocks were shown. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of a pore system was performed. Objects were clustered according to the pore size. Within the clusters, the geometry parameters were analysed. The following dependences were obtained for carbonate rocks, also for individual clusters (due to the volume): (1) a linear relationship (on a bilogarithmic scale) between the specific surface and the Feret diameter and (2) a strong linear relationship between specific surface area and Feret diameter and average diameter of the objects calculated for the sphere. The results were then combined with available results from standard laboratory tests, including NMR and MICP.

9

Badania prędkości fal sprężystych i charakterystyka naprężeniowo-odkształceniowa w warunkach trójosiowego ściskania dla wybranych skał klastycznych i węglanowych

Puskarczyk E., Krakowska P., Wawrzyniak-Guz K., Jarzyna J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2017

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nr 101

313--322

PL

W pracy analizowano wyniki pomiarów laboratoryjnych wykonanych na próbkach o zróżnicowanej litologii. Głównym celem było sprawdzenie, jak zmieniają się wartości prędkości fal sprężystych i dynamicznych modułów sprężystych w trójosiowym stanie naprężenia. Pomiary wykonano z wykorzystaniem nowatorskiego zestawu będącego na wyposażeniu Katedry Geofizyki, WGGiOŚ, AGH. Zestaw pomiarowy składa się z komory ciśnieniowej, prasy hydraulicznej i dźwigu oraz generatora fal sprężystych i specjalistycznego oprogramowania. Umożliwia pomiary prędkości fal podłużnych P i poprzecznych S wraz z pełną charakterystyką naprężeniowo-odkształceniową w trójosiowym stanie naprężenia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów uzyskane dla ciśnień okólnych odpowiednio dobranych dla głębokości występowania oraz wieku poszczególnych próbek. Pomiary wykonywano do momentu zniszczenia próbki. Wykonano analizę zmian prędkości przy stopniowym osiowym obciążaniu próbki. W efekcie uzyskano prędkości fal sprężystych oraz charakterystyki naprężeniowo-odkształceniowe. Uzyskano wyższe wartości prędkości fal sprężystych przy symulowanych ciśnieniach złożowych niż podczas pomiarów w warunkach atmosferycznych. Wyniki zestawiono z pozostałymi, dostępnymi rezultatami badań laboratoryjnych, np. porowatościami wyznaczonymi z eksperymentów NMR i porozymetrii rtęciowej. Równoczesne pomiary prędkości fal sprężystych P i S oraz charakterystyka naprężeniowo-odkształceniowa przy symulowanym ciśnieniu górotworu są efektywnym narzędziem do odtworzenia w laboratorium warunków złożowych i uzyskania wiarygodnych wartości dynamicznych i statycznych parametrów sprężystych i geomechanicznych.

EN

The results of laboratory measurements performed on samples with varied lithology were analyzed. The main objective was to see how the values of elastic wave velocity at triaxial stress conditions change. Measurements were made using the innovative equipment located at the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology. The measuring set consists of a pressure chamber, a hydraulic press, a crane and specialized software. It enables the measurements of the velocity of longitudinal (P) and transverse (S) waves along with full stress-strain characteristics in triaxial stress conditions. The results of the measurements were obtained at reservoir pressure, suitably selected for the depth and age of the individual samples. Measurements were made until the sample was fractured. As a result, the velocity of the elastic waves and the stress-strain characteristics were obtained. A velocity analysis with simulated reservoir pressure conditions was performed, referring to the deformation characteristics of the samples. Higher velocity values were obtained at simulated reservoir pressures than during atmospheric measurements. The results were compiled with the other available laboratory results, such as porosities determined by NMR and mercury porosimetry experiments. The simultaneous measurements of P and S wave velocity and stress-strain characteristics at simulated reservoir pressure are an effective tool for reproducing reservoir conditions in laboratory conditions and obtaining reliable dynamic and static elastic and geomechanical parameters.

10

Wpływ dodatku węglanów na stabilność termiczną mieszanek azotanu amonu z odpadową wełną mineralną

Popławski D., Hutna A., Hoffmann K., Kaniewski M., Klem-Marciniak M.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2016

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Vol. 10, No. 1

273--280

PL

Zbadano możliwość ograniczenia ryzyka rozkładu mieszanki wełny mineralnej z azotanem(V) amonu poprzez zastosowanie dodatku wypełniaczy węglanowych wykorzystywanych powszechnie w celu stabilizacji nawozów azotowych na bazie azotanu(V) amonu. Przedstawiono wyniki oznaczeń głównych składników wybranych minerałów węglanowych: wapnia, magnezu, żelaza oraz części nieroztwarzalnych w kwasie solnym. Na tej podstawie wyselekcjonowano wypełniacze, których następnie użyto w badaniach skuteczności stabilizacji mieszanek wełny mineralnej i azotanu(V) amonu z wykorzystaniem węglanów. Pomiary przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem różnicowej analizy termicznej sprzężonej z termograwimetrią i spektrometrią mas (DTA-TG-MS). Użyta w badaniach wełna mineralna stanowiła odpad po jednorocznym cyklu uprawy pomidora. Przed sporządzeniem mieszanek wełna została wysuszona na powietrzu i rozdrobniona do frakcji o średnicy poniżej 0,40 mm.

EN

In this study it was investigated the ability to reduce the risk of the thermal decomposition of mixture of mineral wool and ammonium nitrate by applying carbonate fillers commonly used to stabilize the nitrogen fertilizers based on ammonium nitrate. Paper presents the analysis of the main components of selected carbonate minerals: calcium, magnesium, iron and compounds insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Based on it, the fillers for further tests were selected. They were used in studies on carbonates efficiency in stabilization of the mixtures of mineral wool and ammonium nitrate. Measurements were carried out using differential thermal analysis coupled with thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry (DTA-TG-MS). Used mineral wool was a waste after the annual cycle of tomato crops. Before tests, the rockwool was dried in the air and crushed to a fraction of a diameter below 0.40 m

11

Carbonate-clastic sediments of the Dudziniec Formation in the Kościeliska Valley (High-Tatric series, Tatra Mountains, Poland) : role of syndepositional tectonic activity in facies development during the Early and Middle Jurassic

Jezierska A., Łuczyński P., Staśkiewicz A.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 4

869--880

EN

Sediments of the Dudziniec Formation (Lower Jurassic – Aalenian) outcropping in the Kościeliska Valley (autochthonous unit of the High-Tatric series) are represented by a range of mixed carbonate-clastic deposits. Seven lithofacies have been distinguished based on lithology, sedimentary structures, colour and composition of intra- and extraclasts, with sandstones and crinoidal limestones as end members of a continuous spectrum of facies. The study area represents a shallower part of the sedimentary basin located in the vicinity of source areas, as compared to the Chochołowska Valley region located in the west. Facies characteristics and distribution were controlled mainly by synsedimentary tectonic activity, with sandy varieties representing periods of faulting with enhanced influx of extraclasts, and with crinoidal limestones corresponding to intervals of relative tectonic stability. Such influence of synsedimentary tectonics on the deposition in the Early Jurassic strongly resembles the Middle Jurassic development in the High-Tatric area. Neptunian dykes cutting the Dudziniec Formation, and most probably filled by Lower Jurassic sediments, are yet another indication of tectonic instability of the area in the Early Jurassic.

12

Release of heavy metals from waste into leachate in active solid waste landfill

Talalaj I. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 1

83--93

EN

Mass balance of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd) released from waste into leachate during 8 years of landfill exploitation has been calculated. The average release of all analyzed heavy metals did not exceed 1.7%. Heavy metals released in the largest quantities were Cr (0.025 –1.685%), Hg (0.033–1.540%) and Cd (0.082–0.701%). Release of Pb, Cu, Zn was 0.008–0.152%; 0.012–0.085% and 0.007–0.152%, respectively. Cr and Hg do not form an insoluble sulfide precipitate and that is why they are released in a larger amount. Cd and Pb concentrations are positively correlated with the amount of the atmospheric precipitation and the amount of leachates, which means that infiltrating rainfall can leach out these metals from waste. Favorable conditions for leaching of these metals are probably a result of their precipitation as carbonates. A strong correlation between Cu, Zn, and Cr indicates they do not precipitate as carbonates and further they can be subject to desorption processes. In the case of Cu, Zn, Cr and Hg, a positive correlation with the amount of deposited waste was also observed.

13

Dewońska seria węglanowa w otworze wiertniczym Trojanowice 2

Tomaś A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

167--168

PL

Dewońską serię węglanową badano w otworze wiertniczym Trojanowice 2, usytuowanym na północny zachód od Krakowa. Jest ona reprezentowana przez dolomity, z nielicznymi poziomami brekcji śródwarstwowych i warstwę wapienia mikrytowego. Dolomity zawierają ślady pierwotnych struktur, ziarn (bioklasty, peloidy, intraklasty, ooidy) oraz relikty substancji mikrytowej. Powstały one w wyniku wczesnej dolomityzacji wapieni mikrytowych, które osadzały się w płytkim, spokojnym, prawdopodobnie izolowanym środowisku morskim. Serię dolomitową z otworu Trojanowice 2 zaliczono do eiflu–żywetu dolnego na podstawie podobieństwa do dolomitów występujących w innych otworach w masywach górnośląskim i małopolskim.

EN

The Devonian carbonate succession was examined in the Trojanowice 2 borehole located northwest of Kraków. It is represented by dolomites with infrequent intrastratal breccias and a micrite limestone layer. The dolomites contain traces of primary structures, grains (bioclasts, peloids, intraclasts and ooids) and relics of micritic matter. They formed as a result of early dolomitization of micrite limestones deposited in a shallow, quiescent and probably isolated marine environment. The dolomite succession from the Trojanowice 2 borehole has been assigned to the Eifelian–Lower Givetian based on the similarity to the dolomites known from other boreholes in the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks.

14

Współczesne głębokomorskie budowle węglanowe - nieznany świat podmorskich oaz

Jakubowicz M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 6

325-332

EN

Deep-marine carbonate buildups constitute one of the most spectacular and enigmatic features found on modern seafloors. Despite some characteristics shared by all the deep-marine carbonate buildups, they represent, in fact, several distinct types, which differ in terms of their geneses, as well as sedimentary, biotic and geochemical features. These structures can be roughly divided into hydrocarbon seep limestones, carbonate-built hydrothermal vents and deep-water coral reefs. The former group include carbonate concretions, lenses, mud mounds and mud volcanoes forming as a result of decrease in alkalinity, caused by an activity of methane-oxidizing microbes. The rare examples of hydrothermal-derived limestone columns, in turn, grow in response to mixing of ambient, cold seawater and warm, Ca2+-rich fluids originating from peridotite massifs. In contrast, growth of the deep-water coral reefs appears to be stimulated largely by hydrological and bathymetric constraints, whereas a potential input of fluid seepage is rather of subordinate importance in diagenetic lithification of these structures. Surprisingly, studies on deep-water carbonates may turn out to be relevant also for understanding the shallow-water carbonate factories, providing evidence, that abiotic factors are more important in marine limestone precipitation than previously thought.

15

Probable root structures and associated trace fossils from the Lower Pleistocene calcarenites of Favignana Island, southern Italy : dilemmas of interpretation

Uchman A., Ślączka A., Renda P.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No. 4

745–-756

EN

Two types of large, branched structures from the Lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) high-energy calcarenites of Favignana Island are described: Faviradixus robustus gen. et sp. nov. and Egadiradixus rectibrachiatus gen. et sp. nov. They may be interpreted as root structures of large plants, trees and trees or shrubs, respectively. The former taxon co-occurs with the marine animal trace fossils Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha isp., Thalassinoides isp. and Beaconites isp. The interpretation as root structures although tentative is probable and can be related to short emergence episodes for the formation of E. rectibrachiatus or to longer emergence, responsible for the discontinuity at the base of the overlying Tyrrhenian deposits, for F. robustus. Calcified root mats of smaller plants associated with the Tyrrhenian or younger emergence surfaces are common.

16

Kompleks węglanowy - źródło kamieni łamanych i blocznych w rejonie Dębnika k.Krzeszowic (wschodnie obrzeżenie GZW)

Tomaś A., Tomaś A., Zdanowski A.

Przegląd Górniczy

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2011

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T. 67, nr 3-4

84-89

PL

W obszarze zawartym między miejscowościami: Dębnik, Racławice, Szklary i Dubie w rejonie Krzeszowic i Jerzmanowic już w połowie XV wieku rozpoczęto eksploatację wapieni dewońskich i karbońskich. Początkowo były one wykorzystywane jako kamień budowlany, a po oszlifowaniu jako kamień ozdobny. Wartość ozdobną wapieni wykorzystali budowniczowie wielu obiektów sakralnych głównie w Krakowie, ale także w okolicach Krakowa i Częstochowie. W latach 70. ubiegłego wieku przeprowadzono inwentaryzację 32 kamieniołomów. Zebrany materiał skalny został opracowany pod względem mikrofaunistycznym w płytkach cienkich. Występujące w wapieniach struktury biogeniczne decydują o ozdobnych walorach tych skał węglanowych. Zespół mikroorganizmów wskazuje na późnodewoński i wczesnokarboński wiek tych osadów. Aktualnie skały te są eksploatowane w kilku miejscach, a urobek wykorzystywany jako kamienie łamane i bloczne, m.in. do produkcji betonów, mas bitumicznych, budowli drogowych, kolejowych, a najdrobniejsze frakcje mogą być stosowane jako wapniowo- magnezowe nawozy mineralne.

EN

In the area comprised between the localities: Dębnik, Racławice, Szklary, and Dubie in the region of Krzeszowice and Jerzmanowice already in the half of the 15th century exploitation of Devonian and Carboniferous limestones was started. Initially they were used as building stones, and after polishing as decorative stones. Of the decorative value of limestones took advantage the builders of many sacral objects, mainly in Cracow, but also in the neighbourhood of Cracow and Częstochowa. In the seventies of the past century inventorying of 32 quarries was carried out. The collected rock material was elaborated in the microfaunistic respect in thin plates. The biogenic structures occurring in the limestones decide about the decorative advantages of these carbonate rocks. The complex of microorganisms indicates the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous period age of these deposits. Currently these rocks are exploited in several places and the mined rock is used as broken and block stones, among others for the production of concretes and bituminous masses, for road and railway structures, and the finest fractions can be used as calcium-magnesium mineral fertilizers.

17

Sedimentary facies, ichnofossils and storm deposits in the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation, Jiaozuo city, Henan Province, central China

Hu B., Song H., Liu S., Zhang L.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 1

45-52

EN

Five sedimentary facies - neritic carbonate platform, lagoon, tidal flat, swamp and barrier island facies - are recorded in the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation along with abundant ichnofossils. Common ichnofossils in this formation include Zoophycos villae, Zoophycos brianteus, Nereites cf. missouriensis, Chondrites isp., Gordia marina, Taenidium isp., Thalassinoides isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites isp. and a kind of bifurcation trail. From observations of the morphology of Zoophycos spreiten in approximately vertical sections, at least three kinds of spreite laminae are distinguished: ligular, crescentic and rectangular forms. Four types of storm deposits (coded as A, B, C, D) are recognised in the carbonates of the Taiyuan Formation and can be explained forming in shallow marine environments, which are distributed in order from near storm wave base to near fair weather wave base respectively.

18

Wstępna ocena możliwości pozyskania wód pitnych z wapieni dewońskich w rejonie Zielonek koło Krakowa

Chmura A., Czop M., Habryn R., Motyka J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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nr 436, z. 9/1

41-46

PL

Węglanowe skały dewońskie w rejonie śląsko-krakowskim są brane pod uwagę jako perspektywiczne dla pozyskania wód pitnych m.in. dla ludności aglomeracji krakowskiej. Badania hydrogeologiczne tych utworów w rejonie Krakowa wykonano w tym celu w wywierconym otworze Trojanowice-2, zlokalizowanym w pobliżu północnej granicy zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Mimo warunków artezyjskich z ciśnieniem około 15 m nad powierzchnię terenu i miąższości wodonośnych utworów dewonu rzędu 150-250 m ich przewodność hydrauliczna, określona na podstawie wyników próbnych pompowań okazała się stosunkowo mała, od 2,3 x 10/-4 do 2,2 x 10/-3 m2/s. Takie rezultaty badań hydrogeologicznych świadczą, że zasoby eksploatacyjne wodonośnych utworów dewonu w otworze Trojanowice-2 są niewielkie i mogą zaspokoić jedynie potrzeby niewielkiej, lokalnej społeczności.

EN

Devonian carbonates in the Kraków-Silesian region are known as a relatively productive aquifer containing good quality water for drinking purposes. The lack of water resources in the Kraków metropolitan agglomeration is the reason for the beginning of reconnaisance study of the Devonian aquifer groundwater resources. The paper presents some details related to the hydrogeological research of the Devonian carbonate aquifer in the Trojanowice-2 borehole. Despite the occurrence of artesian conditions with 1.5 atm. overpressure above datum level and about 150-250 m of the aquifer thickness, the transmissivities of the Devonian carbonates are relatively low and range from 2.30 x 10/-4 to 2.20 x 10/-3 m2/s. As a consequence, the possible resources of the Devonian aquifer are also relatively low and potentially sufficient only for small, local communities.

19

Synthrusting remagnetization of the Krizna nappe: high resolution palaeo- and rock magnetic study in the Strazovce section, Strazovske vrchy Mts, Central West Carpathians (Slovakia)

Grabowski J., Michalik J., Szaniawski R., Grotek I.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 2

137-155

EN

Palaeomagnetic studies of the uppermost Jurassic to lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates in the Krizna nappe in the Strazovske vrchy Mts (Central West Carpathians, Slovakia) revealed the presence of secondary magnetite-related magnetization of exclusively normal polarity (component B), which was most probably acquired during the thrusting episode in the late Cretaceous. Three formations exposed in the Strazovce section were the subject of investigation: Jasenina Kimmeridgian.Tithonian), Osnica (Lower.Middle Berriasian) and Mraznica (Upper Berriasian.Hauterivian). Component B is ubiquitous throughout the section but is strongest in the Mraznica Formation. This formation contains a lot of superparamagnetic particles and shows rock magnetic characteristics typical of chemically remagnetized carbonates. The remaining two formations, although also remagnetized, bear traces of an older, probably primary magnetization (component C). The fold test for component B is apparently positive; however the inclination in pre-folding coordinates is too steep for any expected palaeoinclination of Jurassic to recent age. Additional tectonic correction must be applied to match the palaeoinclinations with expected values. Although there is some uncertainty in this additional correction, all plausible options suggest that the rocks must have been magnetized when they dipped in the opposite direction to the thrusting direction. This interpretation is concordant with the internal tectonics of the Krizna nappe, consisting of imbricated units of duplex-type structure.

20

Sedimentological and micropalaeontological evidence to elucidate post-evaporitic carbonate palaeoenvironments of the Saudi Arabian latest Jurassic

Hughes G., Naji N.

Volumina Jurassica

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2008

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Vol. 6, no. 1

61-73

EN

The Hith Formation forms the youngest lithostratigraphic unit of the Jurassic Shaqra Group. It represents the culmination of a succession of hypersaline and euryhaline cycles that characterise the Late Jurassic of Saudi Arabia. The Formation is poorly exposed in central Saudi Arabia, but it has been studied in detail in subsurface eastern Saudi Arabia where the upper carbonate member hosts an important hydrocarbon reservoir called the Manifa Reservoir. Chronostratigraphic control is absent from the formation itself, and the Tithonian age is suggested for the Hith Formation based on its stratigraphic position between the underlying Arab Formation of Late Kimmeridgian age, and the overlying Sulaiy Formation, of Late Tithonian to Berriasian age. The Hith Formation needs redefining in the light of new lithological evidence, and a tripartite member scheme is suggested. This includes the lower anhydrite-dominated member here termed the “anhydrite” member, and considered to represent hypersaline subaqueous deposition within a restricted deep lagoon during the lowstand systems tract of the Manifa sequence. A “transitional“ member consists of interbedded anhydrites and carbonates and approximates with the transgressive zone. The overlying “carbonate” member represents the results of a prograding shallow, normal salinity marine succession related to the highstand systems tract. Interbedded carbonates within the evaporites are interpreted to represent superimposition of a higher frequency, possibly 4th order eustatic cyclicity. The “carbonate“ member hosts the Manifa Reservoir, and here proposed as the Manifa Member, consist of five parasequences, each of which represents a shoaling-upwards cycle with a succession of up to five repeated lithofacies and biofacies that commences with a stromatolitic, microfaunally-barren unit followed by fine-grained grainstones with a monospecific but abundant ostracod biofacies. A succession of coarse pelloidal grainstones with rare foraminifera, including Redmondoides lugeoni, Trocholina alpina with a variety of unidifferentiated valvulinids and miliolids then follows, that passes vertically into coarse ooid grainstones, with rare Redmondoides lugeoni, forming the uppermost part of each parasequence.