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1

Oświadczenia zdrowotne dotyczące składników botanicznych. Postęp prac, skutki dla przedsiębiorców

Osęka G., Kowalczyk-Andrzejewska I.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2018

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T. 72, nr 5

14--17

PL

Z prawnego punktu widzenia zarówno oświadczenia zdrowotne dotychczas nieocenione, jak i niektóre wcześniej negatywnie zaopiniowane można nadal stosować, pod warunkiem spełnienia określonych wymagań. Można wykorzystywać 2078 oświadczeń zdrowotnych dotyczących działania składników botanicznych (tzw. botanicals) – głównie surowców roślinnych, ale także porostów, glonów i grzybów, które zostały uwzględnione na tymczasowej liście, tzw. pending list. W świetle ponownej oceny oświadczeń dla większości składników pochodzenia botanicznego i przywrócenia do tego procesu również niektórych uprzednio negatywnie zaopiniowanych oświadczeń zdrowotnych zastosowanie przez przedsiębiorcę tego typu oświadczeń jest nadal dopuszczalne przy założeniu, że posiada on dane naukowe udowadniające opisywane działanie składnika. Na przyspieszenie prac Komisji Europejskiej oraz EFSA nad listą pending próbowano wpłynąć w różny sposób. Swoistym akceleratorem zmian i początkiem wyjścia ze stagnacji w procesie walidacji botanicals miały być skargi złożone przez dwie firmy do Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE. Pod koniec ub.r. Komisja Europejska wygrała dwie ważne sprawy sądowe związane z tymczasową listą oświadczeń zdrowotnych dotyczących substancji botanicznych. Trybunał podkreślił jednak, że przedłużający się stan zawieszenia, ze względu na brak koncepcji dotyczącej dalszej oceny składników z listy pending, jest niedopuszczalny. Przedstawione stanowisko może być brzemienne w skutki w przyszłości. Trybunał stwierdził bowiem, że oświadczenia zdrowotne, których rozpatrzenie zawieszono, muszą również odpowiadać w każdym państwie członkowskim wymaganiom jego systemu krajowego.

EN

From a legal point of view, both health claims that have not been assessed yet and some that previously received a negative opinion can still be used provided that certain requirements are met. It is possible to use 2078 health claims referring to the effect of botanicals – mainly herbal ingredients, butalso lichens, algae and fungi, which are put on a provisional list, so-called “pending list”. While health claims for the majority of botanical ingredients are being re-evaluated, including some that were previously negatively assessed, operators are still allowed to use such claims provided that they have scientific data substantiating the described effect of a particular ingredient. There have been various attempts to prompt the European Commission and EFSA to accelerate their work on the pending list. They include actions brought by two companies to the Court of Justice of the European Union, which were to speed up the developments and be a starting point to break the deadlock in authorization of botanicals. At the end of last year, the European Commission won two important cases related to the provisional list of health claims referring to botanical substances. However, the Court underlined that the extended standstill period, resulting from a lacking concept for further assessment of ingredients from the pending list, was unacceptable. The opinion presented in these cases may have serious consequences for the future because the Court considered that health claims on hold must also meet, in each Member State, the requirements of its own national regime.

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Interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany in the cross-sections and leafage of selected vegetables

Skorny G. P., Śledziowski J., Czajkowski A. A.

Problemy Nauk Stosowanych

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2016

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T. 4

225--232

EN

Introduction and aims: The study shows the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany. In particular, it is shown the interpretation of symmetry in the cross-sections of selected vegetables. Also have been presented some definitions of Fibonacci numbers and discuss their interpretation in certain cross-sections of selected vegetables. Therefore, the main aim of this work is to show the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in the analysis of cross-sections of selected vegetables. Material and methods: Material consists some pictures of vegetables and their cross-sections which were made by the Authors of this paper. The method of visual and theoretical analysis has been performed in this paper. Results: In this paper, has been considered a series of interesting images of selected plants vegetables. Presented graphical interpretation of dual, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and decagonal symmetry, which shows the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers. Conclusions: Fibonacci numbers in botany are interpreted in the cross-sections of various vegetables. In some cross-sections of vegetables can be observed some dual, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and even decagonal symmetry. The interpretation of Fibonacci numbers may be used to supplement the classification of vegetables plants.

PL

Wstęp i cele: W pracy pokazano interpretację liczb Fibonacciego w botanice. W szczególności pokazano interpretację symetrii występującej przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Podano definicje liczb Fibonacciego oraz omówiono ich interpretację w określonych przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Zatem głównym celem pracy jest pokazanie interpretacji liczb Fibonacciego w analizie przekrojów poprzecznych wybranych warzyw. Materiał o metody: Materiałem są zdjęcia warzyw i ich przekrojów poprzecznych wykonane przez autorów pracy. Zastosowano metodę analizy wizualno-teoretycznej. Wyniki: W pracy otrzymano szereg interesujących zdjęć wybranych warzyw. Przedstawiono interpretację graficzną symetrii dualnej, trójkątnej, czworokątnej, pięciokątnej, sześciokątnej i dziesięciokątnej, w których pokazano występowanie liczb Fibonacciego. Wnioski: Interpretację liczb Fibonacciego można znaleźć w różnych przekrojach wybranych warzyw. W niektórych przekrojach warzyw można zaobserwować symetrię dualną, trójkątną, czworokątną, pięciokątną, sześciokątna a nawet dziesięciokątną. Interpretacja liczb Fibonacciego może być użyteczna w uzupełnieniu klasyfikacji warzyw.

3

Zarys historii badań botanicznych Podkarpacia (do 1939 r.)

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 1

65--115

EN

The beginnings of botanical studies in Sub-Carpathian region (now: Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) reach back to mid-16th century. Only in the Primitiae florae Galiciae (Besser 1809), however, the first data on the localities of particular species can be found. The next stage in botanical studies started when the Physiographical. Commission was founded (1865), which awarded annual research grants. In the years 1865–1939, 52 research projects were financed and at least 126 works based on those projects were published in 1867–1939. Most of them concerned vascular plants (71), much less – fungi and slime molds (24), algae (11), lichen (9), fossil plants (8) and bryophytes (3). Majority of plants collected during that research are kept in the Herbarium of the W. Szafer Botany Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. Until 1939, more than 57 botanists conducted botanical research in the area of Sub-Carpathian region.

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Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1875–1963) – botanik jako badacz literatury

Wysokińska B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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R. 61, nr 3

65--80

EN

This article presents interests in the humanities, and particularly in literature, of an outstanding Polish botanist of the previous century – Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1875–1963). The scientist was not only a botanist but also an activist in wildlife conservation: creator and first president of the League for the Preservation of Nature. He took initiative in wildlife preservation for Polish national parks created thereafter. The other important field of his scholarly activity were the arts. Analysis of Hryniewiecki’s extensive scientific achievements shows a considerable share of works in the humanities, including comprehensive accounts of nature descriptions in Polish belles-lettres. Quantitative (approximate) presentation of the share of works in the humanities in his whole output as a scientist, including publications for the general public (excluding reviews and copies), clearly demonstrates that out of 468 publications, as many as 168, i.e. 36%, are works that can be categorised as the ones in the humanities. From the 30s of the 20th century, the number of Hryniewiecki’s works in the arts started to rise, with a break during the 2nd World War. After the War, his publications in the humanities outnumbered the works on nature. The most important ones were his accounts of the descriptions of nature in the works of Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855) and Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841-1910). An interesting work titled Przyroda w twórczości Elizy Orzeszkowej (Nature in the literary works of Eliza Orzeszkowa) was never published and is preserved only in typescript kept in the Orzeszkowa Archive at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Apart from the main subject expressed in the title, the manuscript also includes Hryniewiecki’s deliberations devoted to the importance of literary works for natural history. It can be assumed that Hryniewiecki’s research in the writings of Orzeszkowa and Mickiewicz was an important part of his inquiry into natural science, particularly in the later period of his life, when he ceased doing typical botanical research. When analysing the works of belles -lettres, Hryniewiecki intended to interpret them from the point of view of a botanist, to verify information which they contained, to comment and facilitate the reception of the themes of nature introduced by the writers, and popularize nature and its protection among the readers.

5

Profesor doktor habilitowany Witold Sławiński (1888–1962)

Pawłat H.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2015

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Vol. 24, No. 3

311--313

PL

Witold Sławiński urodził się 27 listopada 1888 roku w Wilnie. Jego korzenie rodzinne związane były z majątkiem położonym w miejscowości Kiena Sławińska koło Wilna, gdzie osiadł prapradziad Jan Sławiński. Jego syn Piotr (pradziad Witolda) był astronomem – profesorem na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim, a pradziad ze strony matki Kazimierz Dmochowski – arcybiskupem mohylewskim.

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Interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany on the example of selected fruits

Skorny G. P., Śledziowski J.

Problemy Nauk Stosowanych

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2015

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T. 3

209--216

EN

The study shows the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in botany. In particular, it is shown the interpretation of symmetry in the cross-sections of selected fruits of plants and trees. Also have been presented some definitions of Fibonacci numbers and discuss their interpretation in certain cross-sections of selected fruits. Therefore, the main aim of this work is to show the interpretation of Fibonacci numbers in the analysis of cross-sections of selected fruits. Material and methods: Material consists some pictures of fruits and their cross-sections which were made by the Authors of this paper. The method of visual and theoretical analysis has been performed in this paper. Results: In this paper, has been considered a series of interesting images of fruit selected plants and trees. Presented graphical interpretation of dual, triangular, pentagonal, octagonal and decagonal symmetry, which shows the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers. Conclusions: Fibonacci numbers in botany are interpreted in fruit cross-sections of various plants. In some cross-sections of plant and tree fruits can be observed some multiples of Fibonacci numbers. The interpretation of Fibonacci numbers may be used to supplement the classification of fruit plants.

PL

Wstęp i cele: W pracy pokazano interpretację liczb Fibonacciego w botanice. W szczególności pokazano interpretację symetrii występującej przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych owoców roślin i drzew. Podano definicje liczb Fibonacciego oraz omówiono ich interpretację w określonych przekrojach poprzecznych wybranych owoców. Zatem głównym celem pracy jest pokazanie interpretacji liczb Fibonacciego w analizie przekrojów poprzecznych wybranych owoców. Materiał i metody: Materiałem są zdjęcia owoców i ich przekrojów poprzecznych wykonane przez autorów pracy. Zastosowano metodę analizy wizualno-teoretycznej. Wyniki: W pracy otrzymano szereg interesujących zdjęć owoców wybranych roślin i drzew. Przedstawiono interpretację graficzną symetrii dualnej, trójkątnej, pięciokątnej, ośmiokątnej i dziesięciokątnej, w której pokazano występowanie liczb Fibonacciego. Wnioski: Interpretację liczb Fibonacciego można znaleźć w różnych przekrojach owoców wybranych roślin. W niektórych przekrojach owoców roślin i drzew można zaobserwować krotności liczb Fibonacciego. Interpretacja liczb Fibonacciego może być użyteczna w uzupełnieniu klasyfikacji owoców roślin.

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Artysta "sztucznych" krajobrazów

Okołowicz M.

Zieleń Miejska

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2012

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Nr 3

16-17

PL

Mówi się o nim, że łączy trzy dziedziny: botanikę, sztukę i architekturę krajobrazu. Sam przyznaje, że szuka inspiracji w otaczającym świecie, choć sama natura go nudzi. Oto Claude Cormier – wyjątkowy projektant z Kanady.

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Zielnik Pietro Andrea Mattioliego w Czechach

Cermakova L.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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R. 57, nr 2

7--26

EN

Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501-1577), the renaissance Italian physician, became famous primarily due to publishing his herbal. The Matiolli’s herbal is a typical example of the 16th century treatise on plants, which describes them especially for their medicinal purposes. It is primarily based on the ancient work of Dioscorides De Materia Madica but it also comprises the novel contributions from Mattioli and his contemporaries. The first edition appeared in 1544 in Mattioli’s mother tongue - Italian. The Latin version followed in 1554. It became very popular during the time of renaissance and it was translated into several languages. Mattioli also spent about ten years in Bohemia as a court physician of Archduke Ferdinand Tyrolský (1529-1596). Tree editions of the herbal were prepared during Mattioli’s stay in Prague: the Czech translation by Tadeáš Hájek z Hájku ( 1562, Prague), the German version by Georg Handsch (1563, Prague) and also the new Latin edition by Mattioli himself (1565, Venice). Later, in 1569, a new Czech edition was also printed, using some other herbals as sources too. The Mattioli’s herbal was very popular among Czech people. It remained a source of herbal medicine for a very long time as can be seen from the number of modern editions. This treatise will deal especially with the two Czech editions of Mattioli’s herbal and it will put them into the context of Czech botany. Other Mattioli’s publications, which originated during his stay in Prague, will be discussed as well. It will also focus on the translator of the first Czech edition: Tadeáš Hájek z Hájku (1526-1600), person, which is of a great importance for development of Czech science.

9

Podróż botaniczna Josefa A. Knappa po Galicji jako element zbadania Autro-Węgier

Wysokińska B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2011

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R. 56, nr 2

99-116

PL

Podróże botaniczne od dawna stanowią wyraz zainteresowania roślinami w ich środowisku naturalnym i są podstawą kilku dziedzin botaniki np.: geobotaniki, geografii roślin (fitogeografii), florystyki. Podróże te umożliwiają uczonym naukowe zbadanie świata roślin w różnych krainach geograficznych, regionach historycznych, a także jednostkach administracyjnych danego kraju. Znaczny wpływ na rozwój badań w zakresie geografii roślin wywarły w XVIII i XIX wieku idee i badania terenowe wybitnego przyrodnika i podróżnika niemieckiego Aleksandra Humboldta (1769 1859}, które znalazły licznych zwolenników również wśród polskich badaczy. Na tym gruncie w kolejnych latach rozwijała się geobotanika dążąca do poznania roślin w środowisku geograficznym różnych regionów Europy i świata, a łącząca w jedno wiedzę botaniczną i geograficzną. Ważne prace o roślinach różnych regionów Polski pochodzą z XVIII i XIX wieku, wówczas gdy dla całego kraju w warunkach podziału na trzy zabory możliwe były jednak badania naukowe. Dla polskich badań botanicznych jako jeden z pierwszych zasłużył się; ksiądz Krzysztof Kluk (1739- 1796), którego prace z drugiej polowy XVIII wieku stały się, podstawą rozwoju polskiej florystyki opartej na systemie Linneusza. Florystyka jako dziedzina najmująca się inwentaryzacją flory w celu ustalenia spisu taksonów roślin (np. gatunków, odmian) dla wybranych stanowisk na określonym obszarze była częstym kierunkiem ówczesnych badań przyrodniczych, a zarazem warunkowała odbywanie wycieczek lub podróży botanicznych. Pionierskie prace szeroko uwzględniające świat roślinny publikował od lat trzydziestych XIX wieku wybitny poeta i geograf Wincenty Pol (1807 1872). Uznaje się go za twórcę, pierwszego podziału ziem polskich na krainy geobotaniczne. Współpracownik W. Pola - Hiacynt Łobarzewski (1814-1862), był autorem pierwszej Geografii roślinnej Polski, niestety, praca ta nie została opublikowana, a jej rękopis wraz z mapami uległ zniszczeniu. Autorami regionalnych prac botanicznych byli często uczeni znani ze swoich wszechstronnych zainteresowań, zarówno przyrodniczych jak i podróżniczych m.in.: Hugo Zapałowicz (1852-1917), który szczegółowo zbadał florę Babiej Góry, Bolesław Kotula {1848 -1898), który badał rozmieszczenie roślin naczyniowych w Tatrach, a także w okolicach Przemyśla i w Bieszczadach. Wielu danych o rozmieszczeniu roślin na terenach polskich dostarczyli ponadto m.in.: znany botanik i humanista Józef Rostafiński (1850-1928)' - w swoich opracowaniach florystycznych z obszaru Królestwa Polskiego czy austriacki botanik Josef A. Knapp (1843 - 1899), który zgromadził dane florystyczne dla terenów zaboru austriackiego. Ten ostatni jako przyrodnik i obywatel Monarchii Austrowęgierskiej zainteresowany był poznaniem botanicznym swojego kraju. Podczas długiego panowania cesarza Franciszka Józefa I, w latach 1848-1916, cesarstwo austriackie, a od 1867 roku Monarchia Austrowęgierska, stanowiły państwo duże, wielonarodowościowe, bardzo zróżnicowane geograficznie. J. A. Knapp swoimi obszernymi analizami naukowymi i badaniami botanicznymi objął sporą część Monarchii, w ramach, jak to można określić, celowego zamierzenia - zbadania peryferyjnych, mniej poznanych pod kątem florystycznym części Austro-Węgier. Pozostawił interesującą spuściznę naukową - publikacje przedstawiające efekty poznania botanicznego wybranych obszarów Monarchii, w tym polskiej części - Galicji. W dorobku J. A. Knappa warto zwrócić szczególną uwagę na jego prace badawcze wykonane osobiście w Galicji - w okolicach Jasła, Sanoka i w Bieszczadach. Zasługują one na specjalne podkreślenie i są przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu.

EN

Josef Armin Knapp (1843 1899) as Austrian botanist was interested in development of botanical knowledge of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy his maternal country. Monarchy, during the long regency of emperor Franz Josef I. was multinational, very much diversified geographically territory. This large empire had included, among others, such countries as present Austria, Hungary. Slovakia, Croatia, Ukraine, Romania and the southern part of present Poland - previously known as Galicia. J. A. Knapp was interested in studying these parts of empire which were considered peripheries and less-known. It seems to have met the requirements of science, economy and administration of Vienna. J. A. Knapp in his large floristic researches had included explorations of considerable part of the Monarchy and had left an interesting scientific legacy. His research papers were results of botanical explorations in selected areas of the Monarchy - area of Nitra (currently a city in Slovakia), Slavonia (presently a land in Croatia) and Galicia (the historical area in the south of Poland). This article refers to the botanical journey of J. A. Knapp in Galicia in summer 1868. The main purpose of his journey was to visit and explore selected places in Galicia-the surroundings of Jaslo and Sanok towns and some specific areas within the Bieszczady Mountains, which are part of the Carpathians Mountains. Botanical researches in the Bieszczady Mountains provided by J. A. Knapp can be considered nowadays as very important and pioneering in that area. In the second part of XIX century this area was highly populated and the observed anthropogenic pressure applied to the nature was strong. Now, the area is considered a very valuable natural territory since 1973 it has been occupied by the Bieszczady National Park - one of Polish national parks. J. A. Knapp had spent more than two months in Galicia thanks to the great hospitality of Polish people, especially botanists: A. Rehmann, I. R. Czerwiakowski. W. Jabłoński. Floristic data from Galicia were populated by J. A. Knapp in a research paper Przyczynek do flory obwodów jasielskiego i sanockiego (Flora of Jaslo and Sanok area) translated from German to Polish by W. Jabłoński and published in well known scientific magazine Sprawozdania Komisji Fizjograficznej (Reports of Physiographic Commission),edited in Cracow in 1869. The great part of this paper was occupied by a large floristic list, which included 800 species of vascular plants collected in Galicia by the author himself or sometimes by other botanists. The results of J. A. Knapp`s studies were also published in his book Die bisher bekannten Pftanzen Galiziens und der Bukowina. edited in Vienna 3 years later. In the publication in question the author proved to have possessed a profound knowledge of the flora of Galicia and Bukovina (now it's a region in Romania and Ukraine), thanks to the experience based on his own results obtained during the journey to Galicia, and based on others botanical data collected in the scientific literature by various botanists. Studies made by J, A, Knapp in Jaslo and Sanok towns and in the Bieszczady Mountains and his complete lists of plants collected in areas of Galicia and Bukovina could be very useful for contemporary botanists and ecologists as the basis for comparisons and evaluation of the flora changes in the natural environment over centuries.

10

Łysenkizm w botanice Polskiej

Köhler P.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2008

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R. 53, nr 2

83-161

EN

Lysenkoism in Poland was never an autonomous phenomenon. The whole array of sasons for which it appeared in Polish science would require a separate study - here it illy needs to be pointed out that the major reasons included terror on the part of the ecurity service, lawlessness, the ubiquitous atmosphere of intimidation and terror, cen-orship, the diminishing sphere of civil liberties, political show trials, propaganda and enunciations. An important role in facilitating the introduction of Lysenkoism was layed also by the reorganization of science after World War Two, the isolation of Polish cience from science in the West, as well as the damage it had suffered during the war. At first, Lysenkoism was promoted in Poland by a small group of enthusiastic nd uncritical proponents. A overview of the events connected with the ten years of ysenkoism in Poland (end of 1948 - beginning of 1958) shows a two-tier picture of how the 'idea' was propagated. The first tier consisted in the activities of the Association of Marxist Naturalists [Koło Przyrodników-Marksistów], which it engaged in since the end f 1948. The Association was later transformed into a Union of Marxist Naturalists, and this in turn merged, in 1952, with the Copernican Society of Polish Naturalists [Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodników im. Kopernika]. It was that society which promoted Lysenkoism longest, until the end of 1956. The propaganda and training activities of the ircle and the society prepared ground for analogous activities of the newly formed Polish Academy of Science (PAN), which - since its very establishment in 1952 -igaged in promoting Lysenkoism through its Second Division. These activities were med at naturalists, initially at those who were prominent scientists (eg. the conference at Kuźnice, 1950/1951), and then at those who were only starting their academic career ncluding national courses in new biology at Dziwnów, 1952, or Kortowo, 1953 and J55). The end to promoting Lysenkoism by PAN came with the Sixth General Assembly of its members on June 11-12, 1956. The second tier of propagating Lysenkoism consisted in activities aimed at the general public, including the teach creative Darwinism (obligatory for pupils of various levels of education), in the ! years 1949/50-1956/57. There were few botanists who published studies in Lysenkoism: only 55 persons did so. Among them, there were only a few botanists who could boast of significant] ous scientific achievements - they included Stefan Białobok (1909-1992), Władysław Kunicki-Goldfinger (1916-1995), Edmund Malinowski (1885-1979), Konstanty Moldenhawer (1889-1962), Józef Motyka (1900-1984), Szczepan Pieniążek. A m; ty of the authors of publication in Lysenkoism were young scientists or people wh publish anything later on. Basing on the available bibliographies, it is possible to a tain that there were ca. 140 Lysenkoist botanical publications (out of the total of 3' i.e. 4.1 % (fig. 1) of all the botanist publications in Poland in that period. Their nui in the years 1949-1953 was higher than in the next period, and oscillated between 15 24 publications annually (fig. 2). The percentage of Lysenkoist studies among all j lications in botany published each year was highest in 1949 (11.5 %), and decreased tematically in the following years (fig. 3). Lysenkoism was a marginal phenomenon in Polish botany. Among the Lysenkoist publications, most summarized papers delivered at successive conferences, or consisted in reprints of Soviet studies. A significant group was made up of publications popu izing the principles and achievements of Lysenkoism (on the basis of Soviet publi tions). There were relatively studies presenting the results of research conducted Poland on the basis of Lysenko's theory. Botanists who remember those times recoil that topics connected with Michurinian-Lysenkoist biology were avoided. It is symp matic that not a single Lysenkoist study was published in Acta Societatis Botanicon Poloniae, the scientific journal of the Polish Botanical Society (out of the total of 3 articles published in the years 1948-1958). The attitudes of Polish botanists towards Lysenkoism varied. A great majority, i, ca. 96 % of all botanists, dealt with research topics that did not require direct referenc to Lysenkoism and did not publish any Lysenkoist studies. A few botanists did publish studies based on the tenets of Lysenkoism. Some did so in a sincere belief in the valid ty of the theory (e.g. Aniela Makarewicz (1905-1990) or Szczepan Pieniążek). A nun ber of botanists, who did not want to be exposed to harassment, avoided explic endorsements of the theory or, whenever possible, used the "shield" of Soviet science This consisted in using quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism , botl in papers delivered at conferences and in written publications. These references were i kind of levy paid in order to put vigilance of the censorship to sleep or to avoid non-sub stantive criticism. Other botanists (very few in number) took a hostile stand or Lysenkoism, which was a thing that required courage. The consequences for a university professor included being deprived of one's chair and being banned from publishing (this was, for instance, the case Prof. Wacław Gajewski (1911-1997)). The role of censorship should not be underestimated - it may be due to its activities that only isolated studies engaging in polemic with Lysenkoism, or trying to show the fallaciousness of its lets, appeared in the first half of the 1950s. The content of publications was also affect-, by editors and editorial boards: as a result of their intervention, authors were forced include obligatory quotations from the classics of Marxism and Lysenkoism in their tides. Since the current paper is based predominantly on publications, the strength of the opposition to Lysenkoism may be undervalued. It is well-known, not only from oral testimony, that the times of Lysenkoism were a terrible period in Polish botany, with all kinds of pressures exerted on botanists who did not adopt it. Fortunately, no Polish botanists lost their lives. The Lysenkoist period in Polish botany retarded the development of many of its anches. In the last fifty years many of the setbacks have been made up for, but it is in e biological education of the general public that Lysenkoism has had a more serious feet. Several generations of young people failed to be introduced to genetics, or at least its foundations, at any level of schooling. Instead they were inculcated with the erroneous belief of man's limitless possibilities in transforming nature, including the view at species can be shaped freely in line with economic needs. The view of Lysenkoism in Polish botany presented in the current paper is almost irtainly far from being completely true. Any future archival queries may contribute :ry significantly to our knowledge of Lysenkoist botany, and the participation in or position to it by particular botanists.

11

Sałata Lactuca sp. jako roślina lecznicza w badaniach polskich XIX-wiecznych farmaceutów i lekarzy

Trojanowska A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2005

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R. 50, nr 3/4

123--134

EN

Mentions of lettuce Lactuca sp. that have appeared since antiquity contained similar information on its curative properties, but such properties were ascribed to different species or varieties. Apart from the wild and poisonous lettuce, also garden or common lettuce were identified as having curative action, and some publications lacked information enabling the precise identification of the lettuce in question. In the 19th century, attempts were made to put some order into the knowledge of lettuce as a medicinal plant. Information contained in Polish medical studies of the 19th century on lettuce points to the poisonous species, Lactuca virosa, and the common or garden lettuce, Lactuca sativa v. Lactuca hortensis, as being used as a medicinal plant. In that period, lettuce and especially the the desiccated lactescent juice obtained from it, lactucarium, were considered to be an intoxicant, and were used as a sedative and an analgesic. The action of the substance was weaker than that of opium but free of the side-effects, and medical practice showed that in some cases lactucarium produced better curative effects than opium. To corroborate those properties of lettuce and its lactescent juice, studies were undertaken to find the substance responsible for the curative effects of the juice. However, such studies failed to produce the expected results, and the component responsible for the curative properties of letuce was not identified. Medical practice thus had to restrict itself to the uses of the desiccated lactescent juice and extracts obtained from it. The possibility of obtaining lactucarium from plants cultivated in Poland caused Polish pharmacists and physicians to take an interest in the stuff and launch their own research of lettuce and the lactescent juice obtained from it. Results of research on lettuce were published in 19th-century journals by, among others, Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang, Florian Sawiczewski and Jozef Orkisz.

12

Księgozbiór Franciszka Scheidta (1759-1807)

Grębecka W.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2003

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R. 48, nr 3/4

79--94

EN

Franciszek Scheidt (1759-1807), who had obtained his doctorate from the Jagellonian Univesristy in Cracow in 1779, began work at the University in 1785, first as a collaborator of Jan Jaśkiewicz, and then as a professor of Natural History in his own right. In 1805 Scheidt accepted an invitation from Tadeusz Czacki and went to Krzemieniec, to teach at the newly established Wołyń Gymnasium. His dutes as teacher of Natural History included courses of botany, zoology and mineralogy, as well as the organization of a Botanical Garden. He also brought his book collection to Krzemieniec, which in 1807 he sold to the Gymnasium. The book collection formed the basis for the natural history section of the Krzemieniec Library, whore book collection was quite big, but which had hitherto been rather poorly stocked in natural history. A catalogue made for the conclusion of the deal has been preserved (library of the Academy of Science of the Ukraine, Maniscripts Section, number I 6433-6466, Scheidt Collection). The catalogue gives us an insight as to what books made up Scheidt’s library. It also provides us with information on the scientific and didactic background of the professor, his reading and his interests, and also informs us about the pace at which worldwide scientific ideas were received in Scheidt’s scholarly enviroment. Cracow. As Scheidt moved to Krzemieniec, he brought this wealth of books and ideas along with him, thus forging a link between the naturalists of Cracow and the florists of the Krzemieniec school. Scheidt’s book collection consisted of 336 titles in 943 volumes. Natural and exact sciences predominated among the books: there were 92 titles dealind with physics and chemistry, 34 with mineralogy, 33 with zoology and 67 with botany. Among them were a significant number of old prints, some of exceptional value, as well as many of the most recent books of the period. There were many books in Polish and the latest foreign publications. The collection also included journals, maps and dictionaries. Significantly, Scheidt’s collection contained a large number of historical books, belles lettres, and Roman classics. There was a large collection of books by Linneus. Scheidt did not yet take an interest in de Jussieu’s natural metod, and there is a predominance of theoretical works over works dealing with particular faunas and floras, or over monographies of particular species. Many books were devoted to the physiology of plants, interpreted in very chemical terms. The contents of his library correspond closely to the curriculum of Scheidt’s courses in Krzemieniec. The library, which was representative of the Enlightenment type of erudition, was later supplemented by Scheidt’s successors with books on botany, in keeping with the studies that were conducted in Krzemieniec.

13

Autobiografia J. F. Wolfganga z 1850 r. W świetle źródeł rękopiśmiennych i drukowanych

Kuźnicka B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2001

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R. 46, nr 3

55--70

EN

The archival collection of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (Wilno) contains many manuscripts relating to the scientific work of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1776-1859), professor of pharmacy and phramacology of the Wilno University in the years 1807-1831, the founder and main figure in the Wilno pharmacognostic school, a botanist with substantial achievements in wide-ranging research on the flora of the Wilno region, as well a historian of pharmacy. The most interesting of the manuscripts include Wolfgang’s Autobiografia [Autobiography], written in 1850, and a list of his publications covering a total of 57 items (including some that have hitherto remained unknown), a work entitled Historya Farmakologii i Farmacyi [History of pharmacology and pharmacy], and a particularly valuable manuscript (666 + 12 sheets) entitled Farmakologiia [Pharmacology]. Worth mentioning are also two catalogues of books from Wolfgang’s library: one compiled by Wolfgang himself (37 sheets) and the other by Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz. The content of the autobiography mansuscript is contained on five sheets. The author of the present article analyzes the document, comparing the information contained in it with the biographies of J.F. Wolfgang that have been published so far (these being primarily the biography by Dominik Cezary ChodYko, published in 1863, and that by Witold W3odzimierz G3owacki of 1960). The text of the autobiography is quoted in full, together with numerous comments. The analysis of the mansucript as well as the biographical data contained in the above-mentioned biographies indicate that Wolfgang had great achievements as a scientist (in both research and organizational work), as a champion of public causes and as an educator of a generation of botanists-pharmacognostists. It also transpires from the autobiography, as well as from the research by historians, that he was a very good and trustful person, who readily granted access to his research to his collaborators and pupils. This eventually turned against him: he laments the loss of the materials of his floristic research „at untrustworthy hands“ and deplores the fact that they were published under the name of other scientists. Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang died on 17 May 1859, in his estate at Po3uknie. He was buried at the no longer extant Lutheran graveyard at Pohulanka. A symbolic grave of Wolfgnang is to be found at the Rossa Catholic cemetery in Wilno (sector XIV, grave no. 157).

14

Dzieło Krzysztofa Kluka na tle rozwoju botaniki. Cz. I. Współczesny punkt widzenia

Grębecka W.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2000

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R. 45, nr 3/4

161--172

EN

Krzysztof Kluk, the first Polish botanist and florist of the Enlightenment, lived and worked during the heyday of intellectual life in Poland. I lis life and activity have always attracted the interest of biographers: indeed, the first biography of the scientist was written by Szymon Bielski, when Kluk was still alive. However, the numerous details of his biography, including his life, education, successive phases of professional career, the conditions in which worked in the provinces, as well as the importance of his contacts with other scientists, make it now possible to present a more general, synthetic approach to the scientific phenomenon of Krzysztof Kluk. The present article is devoted to such a synthesis. The role of the scientists is discussed from three points of view: (i) firstly, the article presents the role played by Kluk in Polish botany, and the lasting contribution he made to it: ( ii) secondly, it considers Kluk’s work against the background of comparable work abroad, and gives an assessment of the quality of his work in this respect; (iii) thirdly, the article discusses the Kluk’s role in the intellectual life of his times. When viewed against such a broad background, Kluk’s unique position in Polish botany becomes even more salient. The ten years between 1781-1791 were one of the most important periods in the history of Polish botany. It was then that a foundation was laid for modern botanical writing. One of the works that contributed to the canon of such writing and opened the path to next generations of florists, was Krzysztof Kluk’s three-volume Dykcjonarz roślinny [A dictionary of plants] (1786-188). In recent years, world science has taken a keen interest in testimonies relating to the state of the natural environment in various periods of history. The renewed interest in the person and work of Krzysztof Kluk, which we are now observing in Poland, seems to be part of this current tendency in the history of science.