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Pattern and factors shaping species diversity of macromycetes in ephemeral small habitats in an agricultural landscape in western Poland

Kujawa Anna, Kujawa Krzysztof

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 3

206--218

EN

This study (conducted in western Poland) was aimed at recognizing the importance of straw heaps (SH) and manure heaps (MH) located in cultivated fields for fungal diversity in farmland. Fungi (24 species and 1 sterile form) were found in 19.1% of SH (N = 89) and 60.4% of MH (N = 169). The estimated species richness (Chao2) was 29.8 ± 12.7 and 18.1 ± 2.5 (SD), respectively. Species composition of fungal communities differed significantly between SH and MH. The studied ephemeral habitats contributed markedly to fungal diversity, both locally and on the national scale. The occurrence of fungi in SH was significantly positively related to heap size, while fungal species number in MH depended most strongly on the degree of shielding, linked with proximity of woods or shelterbelts. The results show that both the reduction of SH and MH numbers in farmlands (required by the Nitrates Directive) and landscape simplification are unfavorable for fungal diversity.

2

Impact of Different Reclamation Modes of Fly Ash Deposits on Species Richness of Spontaneous Flora

Gamrat Renata, Tomaszewicz Tomasz, Wróbel Mariola, Miller Tymoteusz, Chudecka Justyna, Stankowski Sławomir

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 4

271--285

EN

The model reclamation process of the studied fly ash deposits has been started in 2003 by formation of five different experimental surface layers containing fly ash and organic matter in various combinations. Then, grass mixture was sown on these surface layers. In 2015, selected properties of plant communities growing on different variants of surface layers applied in the reclamation process were assessed. It was assumed that the type of mineral and organic substrates used in the process and their quality were the main factors affecting the long term plant diversity present on different variants of restored surfaces. The aim of this analysis was the assessment of the effectiveness of ash waste reclamation (carried out on five different types of the surface layer) after 12 years since its initiation. The long term results of the reclamation process showed that the applied surface layers allowed for an effective reclamation of ashes since all variants of experimental surfaces were totally covered by dense vegetation. The predominance of plant species from ruderal and segetal habitats indicated that the soil of the experimental habitats was fertile with neutral and slightly alkaline pH, and texture of sandy loams. The experimental surface layers with a texture of sand of favourable C:N ratio, neutral or slightly alkaline did not limit the plant development. The use of organic waste markedly contributed to the floristic diversity of the spontaneously developed vegetation. Coniferous bark used in some experimental variants had a marked effect on their floristic distinctiveness due to the presence of species preferring habitats of lower pH values.

3

Role of Seed Bank in Establishment of Single and Mixed-Sowing Artificial Grasslands of Tibetan Plateau

Ma Z., Zhang C., Zhou H.-K., Yao B.-Q., Zhao X.-Q.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

334--344

EN

Artificial grassland establishment is one of the fastest and most effective ways to restore the productivity of degraded grasslands. Little is known about the effect of different types of artificial grassland establishment (i.e., single- and mixed-sowing grassland establishment with perennial grasses) on soil seed bank in degraded grassland ecosystems. Single-sowing population of a high yield species usually has a great standing biomass causing shading that may inhibit germination of seeds in soil seed bank. Thus, we hypothesized that there is higher species richness and seed density in the soil seed bank of single-sowing than mixed-sowing grasslands. Here, we investigated the soil seed bank in four-year old single-sowing and mixed-sowing and control (degraded) grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We found that the autumn seed bank of mixed-sowing grasslands had lower species richness and seed density than single-sowing grasslands, while the summer soil seed bank (persistent seed bank) showed little differences. There were differences in biomass among the three grasslands (single-sowing > mixed-sowing > control), but there was no differences in species richness of vegetation. In sum, our results of the autumn seed bank support our hypothesis. Greater above-ground biomass in single-sowing grasslands could generally cause low light availability preventing seeds in soil from germinating and support more seed output, which both may indirectly or directly result in the relatively higher species richness and seed density in the soil seed bank. Our results also suggest that artificial grasslands usually returning to native grasslands in terms of production and species composition after several years is likely due to stability of the persistent soil seed bank.

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Towards a general species-time-area-sampling effort relationship

Ulrich W., Zalewski M., Hajdamowicz I., Stańska M., Ciurzycki W., Tykarski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

197--205

EN

Species – area (SAR) and species time (STR) relationships describe the increase of species richness with study area and study time and have received much attention among ecologists and are used in different branches of biodiversity research. Unknown sample size effects often hinder a direct comparison of SAR and STR shapes of different taxa and regions. Further, space and time interact during the accumulation of species due to the common sample universe. Here we develop a simple power function scaling model of species richness that integrates space, time, sample size and their interactions. We show that this model is able to precisely describe average species densities and the increase of species richness in a regional metacommunity of a large sample of spiders on Mazurian lake islands (Northern Poland). The model predicts strong area – sample size and time – sample size interactions. Judged from the SAR (z = 0.08) and STR (y = 0.64) slopes it points to only moderate spatial β–diversities but high local temporal species turnover. We suspect that the parameters of many published SARs are strongly influenced by unknown sampling time and sample size effects that make direct comparison difficult.

5

Species-area relationships of different plant functional groups in tropical monsoon rainforests (Hainan Island, China)

Liu W.-D., Zang R.-G., Ding Y., Zhang W.-Y.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 1

3--11

EN

The positive relationship between the number of species in an area and the size of the habitat studied (species-area relationship, SAR) is the foundation of ecological theory and the most studied issues in ecology. However, very few studies have addressed SARs and their relationships to functional group richness and the extent of habitat area studied. We analyzed SARs in different functional groups focusing on two types of tropical monsoon rainforests on Hainan Island, China. The number of trees, shrubs, lianas, all species, deciduous species, evergreen species, thorn species, non-thorn species, simple-leaved species, and compound-leaved species were strongly related to the size of the area studied in the two tropical monsoon rainforest communities. And the size of the area studied explained over 94% of the total variations in the number of families and other groups studied. No significant differences were found for the slope of the species-area curve (Z) of different functional groups in two tropical monsoon rainforest communities except for shrubs that were taller in the Terminalia hainanensis community (TC) than in Liquidambar formosana community (LC). In the comparison of different functional groups divided by the same principle in the same tropical monsoon rainforest, no significant difference was found for the value of Z for different functional groups except that Z for lianas were higher than for shrubs in LC. However, the Z of lianas was higher than that of trees and shrubs, and evergreen species and species without thorns had higher Z values than deciduous species and species with thorns. No significant differences were found between simple-leaved species and compound-leaved species in TC. The results indicated the SARs of different plant functional groups can be well-described by the power function, although their slopes differed significantly.

6

Responses of old-field vegetation to spatially homogenous or heterogenous fertilisation: implications for resources utilization and restoration

Du F., Xu X., Zhang X., Shao M., Hu L., Shan L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

133-144

EN

A vailability and heterogeneity of resources have a strong influence on community biomass and diversity, which provided a valuable opportunity to evaluate the responses of vegetation on fertilization, to test whether fertilisation can accelerate vegetation restoration in infertile lands. In loess hilly region of China, most newly abandoned infertile lands often undergo heavy soil erosion. It is urgent to promote the restoration of these types of lands. As availability and heterogeneity of soil nutrients have a strong influence on plant community, we conducted a fertilisation experiment with three-factor treatments, to test whether fertilisation can promote the biomass and species richness of an Artemisia scoparia-dominated old field community. The three factors were: spatial patterns (homogeneity and heterogeneity), levels (low, medium and high), and scales (three levels with small, intermediate, and large patches) of fertiliser application. Above- and below-ground biomass and species richness were recorded. The responses of the plant community to the three factors were evaluated and compared with those of the control (no fertilisation). The results show that: (1) The application of fertiliser in either homogeneous or heterogeneous pattern significantly increased the above-ground and below-ground biomass of the plant community as compared with the control. (2) In heterogeneous conditions, the above-ground biomass in nutrient-rich patches was significantly greater than the expected value of 50%. Under intermediate and large scales of the low level and all scales of the medium and high levels, the proportion of 0.15 cm below-ground biomass was also significantly greater than 50%. (3) Both homogeneous and heterogeneous fertilisation greatly increased community richness as compared to the control. Fertilisation, particularly heterogeneous fertilisation, can effectively increase community biomass and diversity. Under patchy habitat, it seems that the responses of vegetation to heterogeneous fertilisation are related to the patches scale and the contrast among patches, nutrient usage efficiency, edge effects on plant and soil, and plant competition are responsible for the responses. The results also suggest that heterogeneous fertilisation should be applied widely in infertile old fields to accelerate secondary succession.

7

Positive grass diversity-productivity relationships and controlling factors along an elevation gradient in Central Asian alpine grasslands

Li K., Fangmeier A., Hu Y., Lu C., Liu X.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

123-131

EN

The productivity-diversity relationship in grasslands is of great interest with regard to species loss in natural ecosystems, where species extinction is not random but directed. We carried out a three-year investigation from 2005 to 2007 along an elevation gradient in alpine grasslands of Central Asia in an area of 70 x 20 km2 at Bayinbuluk, Tianshan Mountains. We selected 9 sites (10 x10 m2) and 117 plots (1 x 1 m2) from 2460 to 3260 m a.s.l. with 100 m intervals of altitude. Species richness, productivity, soil characteristics, air temperature and relative humidity (May.August) were recorded. The relationship between plant diversity and productivity was significant and positive. We used ordination techniques such as Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to examine the relationship between vegetation and the environmental factors. The results showed that plant species composition, species richness and productivity were significantly affected by air temperature, soil pH and relative humidity across the study area.