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1

The perspectives in gait recognition

Kowalski P. M.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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2018

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Vol. 26, nr 2

73--98

EN

In this paper we provide a detailed information on classical and recent research results in gait recognition. We provide classification of leading concepts, representations, experiments and available datasets. The most promising algorithms are provided with more details and in the end we provide some predictions on future research. Paper contains also summary on methods used in a variety of papers on gait recognition published after 2002.

2

Multimodal biometric system for identity verification based on hand geometry and hand palm's veins

Christo Luiz Eduardo de, Zimmer Alessandro

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2017

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Vol. 13

207--212

EN

This project was developed aiming at the implementation of a multibiometric systemcapable to handle hand palm images acquired using a touchless approach. Thisconsiderable increases the difficult of the image processing task due to the fact thatthe images from the same person may vary significantly depeding on the relative position of the hand regarding the sensor. A modular sofware tool was developed, providing the user a method for each of these steps: initialimage preparation, the feature extraction, processing and fusion, ending withthe classification, thus making the researcher'stask a lot easier and faster. The biometric features used for identification includehand geometry features as well palm vein textures. For the hand geometry data, analgorithm for determining finger tips and hand valleys was proposed and from there was possibleto extract a handful of other features related to the geometry of the hand. The handpalm veins' texture features were extracted from a rectangle generated based on thehand's center of mass. The texture descriptor chosen was the Histogram ofGradients. In possession with all the biometric data, the fusion was done on featurelevel. Support Vector Machine technique was used for the classification. Thedatabase chosen for the development of this project was the CASIA Multi- SpectralPalmprint Image Database V1.0. The images used corresponds to the 940nmspectrum due to allowing the visualization of the hand palm's veins. The achievedresult for the hand geometry was an EER of 4,77\%, for the palm veins an EER of3,11\% and changing the threshold value a FAR of 0,50\% and a FRR of 4,82\% wereachieved. For the fusion of both biometrics systems the final result was an EER of 2,33\% witha FAR of 1,30\% and a FRR of 4,27\%.

3

Weryfikacja użytkownika na podstawie obrazu tęczówki oka

Ochocki M., Kołodziej M., Sawicki D.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2015

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R. 91, nr 11

262-265

PL

W artykule przedstawiono autorski algorytm weryfikacji tożsamości na podstawie obrazu tęczówki oka. Algorytm weryfikacji tęczówki składa się z czterech etapów – segmentacji obrazu tęczówki, normalizacji obszaru tęczówki, ekstrakcji cech obszaru tęczówki i klasyfikacji. Etap ekstrakcji cech wyodrębnia informacje na temat histogramu obrazu tęczówki. Algorytm został przetestowany w celu ustalenia współczynników błędnej analizy FAR i FRR. Algorytm zaimplementowano wykorzystując wybrane funkcje przetwarzania obrazu biblioteki OpenCv.

EN

The article presents author's identity verification algorithm based on image of the iris. Iris verification algorithm consists of four modules – segmentation of iris image, normalization of the iris region, features extraction of the iris region, features classification. Features extraction of the iris region extracts information about the histogram of the image. The algorithm has been tested to find performance metrics. The algorithm was implemented using selected image processing functions of OpenCv library.

4

Blackbirds Mate Choice: Dependence of Male Social Status on Age and Morphology in an Urban Population of the European Blackbird, Turdus merula L.

Jarska K., Jankowiak Ł., Śmietana P., Wysocki D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

448--452

EN

The differences in morphology and age between single and paired males of an urban population of the European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) were studied in Żeromski park in the city of Szczecin (NW Poland) spanning 11 breeding seasons since 1998. The proportion of single to paired males in different age groups was established. Also, morphology features like the length of tail, wing and tarsus of 45 single males and 475 paired males were collected. We found that old males (after second year of life) formed pair bonds more often than the young males (in their second year of life). The probability of being a paired male in case of young males increased along with the tarsus length.

5

System kontroli dostępu oparty na biometrycznej weryfikacji głosu

Gałka J., Mąsior M., Salasa S.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2014

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R. 90, nr 11

248--255

PL

Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję głosowego, biometrycznego systemu dostępowego zrealizowanego jako system wbudowany. Zaprezentowano najważniejsze wymagania dotyczące systemów kontroli dostępu oraz wynikające z nich założenia projektowe. Opisano architekturę utworzonego systemu, jego funkcjonalność oraz zastosowane metody weryfikacji mówcy wraz z omówieniem podstawowych metod optymalizacji czasowej implementacji. Całość poprzedzona jest zarysem zagadnienia biometrii głosu oraz automatycznego przetwarzania mowy.

EN

The paper presents the concept of embedded solution for voice biometric access system. The most important requirements for access control systems are presented, as well as the resulting design intent. The architecture of the created system, its functionality and the methods used to verify the speakers is described along with a discussion of basic time-optimization methods of implementation. The entirety is preceded by an outline of the issues of voice biometrics and automatic speech processing.

6

Biometry and reproductive biology of Pseudonereis anomala Gravier 1901 (Polychaeta: Nereididae) on the Alexandria coast, Egypt

Hamdy R., Dorgham M.M., El-Rashidy H. H., Atta M. M.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (1)

41--58

EN

The biometric characteristics and reproductive biology of the nereid polychaete Pseudonereis anomala were studied monthly from August 2009 to July 2010 at two ecologically different sites (Abu-Qir and El-Mex) on the Alexandria coast, south-eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum body length and weight showed different values at the two sites: 9.8 and 11.9 cm, and 0.77 and 1.3 g respectively. The formula of the length-weight relationship indicated allometric growth, whereas the regression equation between length to the 6th segment and weight reflected isometric growth. Immature individuals were the major component of the worm population at the two sites, making up 69.1% at Abu Qir and 66.9% at El Mex; the respective percentages of males and females at these sites were 5.8-8.1% and 22.8-27.3%. Spawning was observed all the year round with female fecundity conspicuously lower at Abu-Qir (annual average: 26556 ± 999 eggs per female) than at El-Mex (annual average: 47955 ± 2916 eggs per female). However, oocyte size was greater at Abu Qir (diameter: up to 250 µm) than at El Mex (diameter: up to 220 µm).

7

Biometric speech signal processing in a system with digital signal processor

Marciniak T., Weychan R., Stankiewicz A., Dąbrowski A.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 3

589--594

EN

This paper presents an analysis of issues related to the fixed-point implementation of a speech signal applied to biometric purposes. For preparing the system for automatic speaker identification and for experimental tests we have used the Matlab computing environment and the development software for Texas Instruments digital signal processors, namely the Code Composer Studio (CCS). The tested speech signals have been processed with the TMS320C5515 processor. The paper examines limitations associated with operation of the realized embedded system, demonstrates advantages and disadvantages of the technique of automatic software conversion from Matlab to the CCS and shows the impact of the fixed-point representation on the speech identification effectiveness.

8

Biometria układu naczyniowego – możliwości i zastosowania

Waluś M., Bernacki K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 12

145-149

PL

W pracy omówiono podział technik biometrycznych, przedstawiono różne sposoby obrazowania układu naczyniowego dla widma światła w zakresie bliskiej podczerwieni. Zaprezentowano najważniejsze aspekty prawne poruszając kwestie bezpieczeństwa systemów biometrycznych oraz omówiono ich topologie. W drugiej części pracy przedstawiono przegląd metod analizy obrazów układu naczyniowego palca oraz wskazano przykłady wdrożeń jak i potencjalne przyszłe obszary zastosowań tej biometryki.

EN

Authors present division of biometric techniques, discuss different ways of finger vein acquisition in near-infrared light wavelengths. The most important legal aspects and security issues of biometric systems and their architectural topologies are presented. In the second part of the paper an overview of different methods related to finger vein image processing is given. Finger vein case studies and potential areas of future biometric applications are pointed out.

9

Correlation between selected biometric traits of adult Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and size of their exitholes: new perspectives on insect studies?

Ciach M., Michalcewicz J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

349--355

EN

Larval galleries and exit holes of adult insects in wood and bark are a conspicuous indication of the occurrence of many species. Therefore it allows the qualitative and quantitative examination of insect populations. However, evaluation of adult body size based on the size and shape of galleries and exit holes was not practiced. We analyzed relationship between selected biometric traits (pronotal width, elytral width, and length of elytron) of adult Rosalia alpina (L.) − an endangered representative of the longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) − and the size and shape of their exit holes. Based on the laboratory reared individuals, we evaluate the size and shape of exit hole of each adult. Adult biometric traits were strongly correlated with each other. No sexual differences were found in adult beetle size and exit hole size and shape. The size of exit holes was, however, a good indicator of adult body size. The correlation between exit hole size and the size of adult R. alpina was highly significant for all studied traits, whereas exit hole shape was weakly correlated with adult size. The results of this study show new possibilities for applying the size of adult exit holes to study and wider characterize populations of R. alpina, which includes e.g. inter-population, inter-habitat, or inter-host material comparisons and determination of adult body size changes over time-period.

10

Rozpoznawanie twarzy: PCA czy ICA

Miziołek W., Sawicki D.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2012

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R. 88, nr 7a

286-288

PL

Praca jest opisem badań nad zastosowaniem metod ICA i PCA w rozpoznawaniu twarzy. Przeprowadzono szereg eksperymentów wykorzystując najczęściej stosowaną bazę obrazów twarzy FERET. Autorzy próbują analizować niezależnie wpływ różnych czynników na efektywność pracy metod ICA i PCA. Mimo że w obu metodach twarz jest analizowana holistycznie to jednak każdy z czynników inaczej wpływa na efektywność poszczególnych metod. Pokazuje to niezależną przydatność metod w różnych zadaniach testowych.

EN

The research on applying ICA and PCA methods in face recognition is described. Several experiments were conducted using FERET, the most often applied base of face images. Authors are trying to analyze the influence of different factors independently on the efficiency of the work of ICA and PCA. In both methods the face is being analyzed in holistic way; however each of factors influences differently the efficiency of individual methods. It shows the independent usefulness of methods to different recognition task.

11

Dobór elementów sprzętowo-programowych w systemie akwizycji obrazu tęczówki do celów identyfikacji osób

Marciniak T., Pawłowski P., Krzykowska A., Chmielewska A., Dąbrowski A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2012

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R. 88, nr 11b

18-21

PL

Artykuł przedstawia badania dotyczące analizy zagadnień związanych z akwizycją zdjęcia tęczówki oka ludzkiego. Prawidłowy obraztęczówki jest kluczowym elementem systemu identyfikacji biometrycznej. Pokazano problemy pojawiające się przy wykonywaniu zdjęć z zastosowaniem prostych i stosunkowo niedrogich rozwiązań, dokonujących akwizycji zarówno w świetle dziennym, jak i bardziej popularnym rozwiązaniu, które wykorzystuje podczerwień. Odniesiono się do wymagań określonych w normach europejskich ISO/IEC WD 19794-6 oraz IEC EN 60825-1.

EN

This paper presents an analysis of issues related to the acquisition of human iris images. Proper acquisition of iris picture is a key element of the biometric identification system. We analyze problems that arise when taking photos using simple and relatively inexpensive solutions, wchich can be widely used as popular biometric test standard. We have designed and built an experimental iris acquisition system with impulsive infrared lightning. In our experiments we performed acquisitions both in daylight and infrared light. The experiments and the investigations were prepared according to the requirements of the European standards ISO / IEC WD 19794-6 and IEC EN 60825-1.

12

The story of one clam. Probably the oldest location of the Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in Poland

Urbańska M., Łakomy A., Andrzejewski W., Mazurkiewicz J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 1

41-45

EN

The discovery of a shell of the Chinese pond mussel in 1998 and further confirmation of this species indicate that a reservoir with natural thermal conditions is the oldest species location in Poland. Growth increments of an archival shell do not fall within the ranges obtained by this species in Konin lakes. They are, however, close to population ranges from Hungary. In contrast to other specimens found, the analyzed shell has a very high H/L ratio and is thicker. The observed features might result from the founder effect or they might point to a considerable plasticity of the species.

13

System biometryczny w bibliotece

Sawicki D., Lesiuk G.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2011

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R. 87, nr 7

170-173

PL

Biometria jest współczesną techniką sprawdzania tożsamości. Biblioteka nie wymaga, zazwyczaj, zachowania tak wysokiego poziomu bezpieczeństwa. Jednak zastosowanie biometrii w bibliotece może być bardzo użyteczne, może ułatwić korzystanie ze zbiorów. Praca przedstawia możliwość realizacji takiego zadania. Opisana została jedna z pierwszych w Polsce prób implementacji komputerowego systemu bibliotecznego z wykorzystaniem biometrii.

EN

Biometry is a contemporary technique of testing the identity. The library doesn't require, usually, keeping the high of the safety this way. However applying biometry at the library can be very useful, it can facilitate collection usage. The work presents the possibility of such tusk realization. The implementation of the computer library system with biometry identification is described. It is probably the first polish attempt of biometry application in library.

14

Phenotypic response of Doronicum austriacum Jacq. (Asteraceae) to diverse mountain and lowland conditions

Stachurska-Swakoń A., Kuź K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

249-262

EN

The knowledge of phenotypic response of rare and protected species provide useful information for the conservation and management strategies. Doronicum austriacum, a subalpine Central-European species has several lowland localities, which in Poland are regarded as glacial relicts. Diverse edaphic, climatic and coenotic conditions in particular localities give evidence to the broad ecological amplitude of the species. Based on data pertaining to three various populations occurring in different geographical regions (from South and Central Poland), different elevations a.s.l. (275-1350 m a.s.l.) and growing within different plant communities (subalpine tall-herb communities, mountain meadow, carr) an attempt has been made to characterise selected morphological, developmental and ecological features (like number of capitula and their diameter, effectiveness of reproduction, spatial distribution) and to test a hypothesis as to whether a lowland form of this species exists. The results indicate certain statistically significant differences (as number and diameter of capitula) between the study populations pertinent to plants at the generative stage. The distribution of the examined traits, however, falls within the range of species variability. The differences between averages are conditioned by the quality of the environment in terms of the soil moisture level, availability of mineral compounds and lighting, as well as by the degree of competition from other plants. The result of the experiment, involving transplantation of specimens into gardens, allow for the presumption that morphological features undergo environment-related modifications. At this stage of the studies, the idea of a morphologically different lowland form of the species cannot be supported.

15

The contact and immersion ultrasound methods compared using the ray tracing method

Falhar M., Rehak J.

Optica Applicata

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2010

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Vol. 40, nr 1

77--92

EN

The goal of this article was to compare the contact and immersion ultrasound methods using simulated data. The pursued changes were interrelated with both the axial length of the eye and with partial biometry parameters. The results were compared with empirical data from real eye samples. The main analysing method was a modified algorithm for the ray tracing method created in the DELPHI programming environment (Borland Enterprise). The sample included 129 eyes (64% women and 36% men) of average age 73.65 (SD 9.33) scheduled for surgical removal of cataract. The average axial length was 23.12 mm (SD 1.31). The methods were compared using the simulated movement of the probe from central and coincident positions. We confirmed the tendency of the contact method to register more scattered beam which provides distorted biometric data from the periphery. This was verified by the real data analysis. The average axial length of the eye was 23.12 mm (SD 1.315), measured by the contact method and 23.26 mm (SD 1.298), measured by the immersion method. The difference between the methods was 0.145 mm. The most important changes occur in the vitreum depth which correlated with the total axial length (r = 0.89). The ray tracing method provided evidence of greater accuracy of the immersion method which was more sensitive to probe displacement and provided more accurate data. The axial length of the eye was longer according to the immersion method but this had only secondary influence on the accuracy of the method. Applanation of the cornea is the primary source of the contact method inaccuracy. The vitreum depth was the most influenced.

16

A theoretical model of the human eye based on ultrasound and corneal data

Falhar M., Rehak J.

Optica Applicata

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2009

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Vol. 39, nr 1

195--210

EN

The purpose of this study was to create a theoretical model of the eye based on a comparison of the real spherical equivalent of the eye and the calculated value of the axial refraction. The main contribution of this model is that it enables calculation of the equatorial plane of the lens for accurate assessment of the IOL position for a spherical eye model. The Gullstrand model of the eye was used as the source eye model and this was modified for the purposes of this study. The axial refraction of the final model of the eye was compared with the spherical equivalent. The accuracy of the developed model was statistically confirmed using statistic tests. Individual calculation of the axial refraction using it shows that IOL calculation is possible without any general statistical presumptions. It permits the calculation of variables with an accuracy accepted by inferential statistics. The accuracy of this theoretical eye model however, is limited by extreme values of variables - an extreme value provides a less accurate result.

17

Acquisition and analysis of iris structure

Grabowski K., Sankowski W., Zubert M., Napieralska M.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2009

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Vol. 50, nr 12

48-52

EN

Iris recognition is accepted as one of the best biometric methods. The extraction of a unique iris signature still remains impossible due to uncertainty of results in commonly used feature extraction methods. As a result of previous research, iris structure analysis was chosen as the best method for human identification based on iris pattern, in opposite to classical wavelet texture analysis methods. The first step of this procedure is the acquisition of iris structure. In this paper, a new approach regarding human iris image acquisition is presented, which allows the extraction of a semi-3D model, i.e., the placement of iris muscles and caverns as well as their shape changes. Additionally method for iris structure quality estimation is presented.

PL

Technika rozpoznawania osób na podstawie obrazu tęczówki oka została zaakceptowana jako najbardziej skuteczna metoda biometryczna. Niemniej uzyskanie jednoznacznej sygnatury tęczówki wciąż pozostaje niemożliwe, głównie ze względu na własności dotychczas stosowanych metod ekstrakcji cech. W rezultacie prowadzonych badań, zaproponowano metodę analizy struktury tęczówki, jako naj-lepiej nadającą się do jednoznacznej identyfikacji biometrycznej, pozbawioną wad stosowanych obecnie metod analizy tekstury. Pierwszym etapem tej procedury jest akwizycja obrazu tęczówki, umożliwiającego bardzo dokładną obserwację układu włókien ją tworzących. W artykule przedstawione jest nowe podejście do akwizycji obrazu ludzkiego oka umożliwiające pobranie prawie-trójwymiarowego modelu tęczówki. Pozwala on na obserwację zmian w układzie mięśni i włókien tęczówki. Dodatkowo w artykule przedstawiono metodę oceny jakości uzyskanej struktury tęczówki.

18

Wing to tail length ratio in European Blackbirds (Turdus merula L.) of different age

Wysocki Dariusz, Kiriaka Beata

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 1

121-125

EN

Urban European Blackbird (Turdus merula L.) population was studied in 1997-2004 in two city parks of Szczecin (NW Poland), based on observations of colour-ringed birds. Biometric studies involving numerous bird species showed that the wings of individuals in their second year of life are shorter than those of birds older than two years; the causes of the differences are, however, unclear. The wing length of the individuals observed the year following the ringing was similar to that of the individuals that were not observed that year (probably non-survivors) -127.2 vs. 127.5 mm for young birds, 129.9 vs. 128.3 mm for old birds, respectively. Therefore, the hypothesis assuming increased mortality of shorter-winged individuals has to be rejected. In opposition to the expected differences between the wing to tail length ratios in the young and older birds (1[st] year - 1.43, 2[nd] year - 1.40, older - 1.39) one has to reject the hypothesis that the young individuals benefit from higher maneuverability of shorter wings. On the other hand, the greater wing length of those individuals captured in their second year of life and recaptured one year later (127.2 vs. 129.7 mm respectively) allows to accept the hypothesis of better nutrition as the cause of longer wings in the older blackbirds.

19

Perypetie i zawiłości terminologii z zakresu najnowszej techniki

Pawluk K.

Nowa Elektrotechnika

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2007

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nr 5 (33)

28--30

20

Segmentacja obrazu oka na potrzeby systemu identyfikacji osób na podstawie wzoru tęczówki

Sankowski W., Grabowski K., Zubert M., Napieralska M.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2007

|

Vol. 48, nr 10

13-17

PL

Celem prezentowanych w artykule badań było opracowanie i zweryfikowanie algorytmu segmentacji obrazu oka, przeznaczonego do systemu identyfikacji osób przy wykorzystaniu wzoru tęczówki. Pierwsza część artykułu stanowi wprowadzenie do biometrii oraz przegląd znanych w literaturze metod segmentacji obrazu oka. Zaproponowany algorytm, przedstawiony w drugiej części artykułu, został zaimplementowany w języku C++, a następnie zweryfikowany na dostępnych bazach danych pozwolił uzyskać wysoki poziom skuteczności segmentacji.

EN

The aim of the presented researches was to perform and verify algorithm for eye image segmentation that would be applied in iris recognition system. The first part of the paper contains introduction to biometry and literature survey. Proposed algorithm, described in the second part of this paper, has been implemented in the C++ programming language and verified on available databases, for which the authors have achieved high level of segmentation effectiveness.