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EN
Theoretical analysis indicates an underestimation of the calculated values of resistance of conveyor belts in relation to the measurement results. Disproportions are mainly observed for large mass capacities of conveyors. In this paper previous method for calculations of indentation rolling resistance was improved. Indentation rolling resistance is the main component of motion resistance for conveyors longer than 80 m. The most important impact on rolling resistance have damping factor of belt. This parameter was included in calculations in the new approach, moreover, a defined way of its determination in laboratory conditions was indicated. Another important parameter is the modulus of elasticity affecting the transverse rigidity of the belt. By analyzing elastic energy in bottom cover and cord of the belt new equations (which included construction and belt type) were established. In addition, the impact of the distribution of the loads along the idler on the rolling resistance value was analyzed. On this basis different equations for calculations of center and side idler was proposed. New theoretical model was verified in both laboratory test and measurements conducted in mine conditions. A series of tests of rolling resistance and damping properties were carried out for belts of various core designs and various rubber of bottom covers. Damping factors and modules of elasticity established in laboratory conditions were applied to new calculations algorithms. Obtained results were compared with measured values. Final verification of the new theoretical model was a comparison of calculated resistance with measured values for conveyor in mine. The obtained results have much higher convergence than the previous calculations. The new calculations allows for more accurate dimensioning of the drive and other elements of the belt conveyor.
EN
40 years of mining it is for LW „Bogdanka" S.A. a time of intensive development of the most interesting of the underground transport systems, which is transport using belt conveyors. The article presents the elements of the transport system, the implementation of which had an impact on its functionality and efficiency, so that it is now possible to use underground devices that ensure transport capacity of up to 4300 t/h of excavated material in main haulage lines and the ability to separate gangue from excavated material in the transport process carried out under up to 3000 tonnes per day. Exploitation of more and more distant resources is an impulse to expand and improve the system. The prospects for the future include the expansion of the belt conveyor system enabling the transport of the crew to work places and the development of the transport management system by an operator located on the ground.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono elementy układu transportu podziemnego z wykorzystaniem przenośników taśmowych, których wdrożenie w LW „Bogdanka" S.A. miało wpływ na rozwój jego funkcjonalności i efektywności. Dzięki temu możliwe było użytkowanie pod ziemią urządzeń zapewniających wydajności transportowe wynoszące do 4300 t/h urobku w ciągach odstawy głównej oraz zdolności separacji skały płonnej od urobku w procesie transportu, realizowanego pod ziemią wynoszące do 3000 t/d. Perspektywy na przyszłość to rozbudowa systemu przenośników umożliwiających transport załogi do miejsc pracy oraz rozwój systemu zarządzania transportem przez operatora znajdującego się na powierzchni.
EN
The paper shows the results of researching the rollers used in belt conveyors working in a hard coal mine. Rollers should be characterized by low rotation resistance, which results in low power consumption of the propulsion unit. The tests conducted aimed to assess the technical condition of the new C-type rollers after several years of operation in a hard coal mine. The research was carried out from the new approach to the standard issues of roll testing and verification in a hard coal mine. Laboratory tests were combined with testing the entire belt conveyor in terms of power demand. The research was carried out for 3 years and it was monitored how the dynamic resistance of the working rollers changed and how this translates into the power demand consumed by the belt conveyor in a hard coal mine. The aim of the research was a new approach to the research of rollers used in conveyors operating in a mine.
EN
The effect of the operation of two textile-core conveyor belts, type B-1600 P-1600/5 8+4 H, which operated in one of the lignite mines, on their strength and operating parameters was determined. During the operation of the belts on the conveyor, the amount and type of spoil transported were recorded, as well as the belt’s operating time. The results of tests on the strength parameters of the belts in operation were compared with the results of tests performed on the same belts before their operation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zasady racjonalnego wykorzystania posiadanych w podziemnych zakładach górnictwa węglowego podzespołów przenośników w celu zestawienia kompletnych urządzeń właściwych dla konkretnych lokalizacji i wymaganych parametrów pracy. Ponieważ często są to zespoły od różnych producentów, to użytkownik będzie zobowiązany do przygotowania zbiorczej instrukcji obsługi oraz wystawienia deklaracji zgodności.
EN
The article presents the principles of the rational use of conveyor subassemblies owned in underground coal mining plants for the purpose of listing complete devices appropriate for specific locations and required operating parameters. Since these are often units from different manufacturers, the user will be required to prepare a collective User Manual and issue a Declaration of Conformity.
EN
The article presents the principles of the rational use of conveyor subassemblies owned in underground coal mining plants for the purpose of listing complete devices appropriate for specific locations and required operating parameters. Since these are often units from different manufacturers, the user will be required to prepare a collective User Manual and issue a Declaration of Conformity.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zasady racjonalnego wykorzystania posiadanych w podziemnych zakładach górnictwa węglowego podzespołów przenośników w celu zestawienia kompletnych urządzeń właściwych dla konkretnych lokalizacji i wymaganych parametrów pracy. Ponieważ często są to zespoły od różnych producentów, to użytkownik będzie zobowiązany do przygotowania zbiorczej instrukcji obsługi oraz wystawienia deklaracji zgodności.
EN
The dynamic processes of the system of stabilization of the speed of the conveyor belt with a built-in hydraulic drive on the basis of an improved mathematical model, which takes into account the physical phenomena occurring in the hydraulic system during the action of alternating load. The influence of the main parameters of the hydraulic system and the magnitude of the load on the course of dynamic processes is analyzed and recommendations for their selection are formulated. The proposed scheme of the built-in hydraulic drive of a conveyor belt with system of stabilization of speed of movement automatically provides its uninterrupted work. The use of an additional hydraulic pump allowed to stabilize the speed of the conveyor belt to 7.8%, provided that the load on the working link is 2.3 times.
PL
Rozważono procesy dynamiczne układu stabilizacji prędkości taśmy przenośnika z wbudowanym napędem hydraulicznym w oparciu o udoskonalony model matematyczny uwzględniający zjawiska fizyczne zachodzące w układzie hydraulicznym podczas działania obciążenia zmiennego. Przeanalizowano wpływ głównych parametrów układu hydraulicznego i wielkości obciążenia na przebieg procesów dynamicznych oraz sformułowano zalecenia dotyczące ich doboru. Zaproponowany schemat wbudowanego napędu hydraulicznego przenośnika taśmowego z systemem stabilizacji prędkości ruchu automatycznie zapewnia jego nieprzerwaną pracę. Zastosowanie dodatkowej pompy hydraulicznej pozwoliło ustabilizować prędkość taśmy przenośnika na poziomie 7,8% przy założeniu, że obciążenie ogniwa roboczego jest 2,3 razy większe.
EN
The article presents the detection of damage to rollers based on the transverse vibration signal measured on the conveyor belt. A solution was proposed for a wireless measuring device that moves with the conveyor belt along of the route, which records the signal of transverse vibrations of the belt. In the first place, the research was conducted in laboratory conditions, where a roller with prepared damage was used. Subsequently, the process of validating the adopted test procedure under real conditions was performed. The approach allowed to verify the correctness of the adopted technical assumptions of the measuring device and to assess the reliability of the acquired test results. In addition, an LSTM neural network algorithm was proposed to automate the process of detecting anomalies of the recorded diagnostic signal based on designated time series. The adopted detection algorithm has proven itself in both laboratory and in-situ tests.
EN
The article discusses the basic dependencies of the selection of the tensioning force that guarantees the operation of the belt conveyor drive without slippage between the belt and the driving drum. The static characteristics of various tensioning systems were presented, the required forces for the given systems were determined and the influence of the tensioning method on the belt durability was determined. The paper discusses the follow-up stations in long belt conveyors operating in low inclined galleries, ensuring the reduction of belt loads in all conveyor operating conditions. Examples of solutions of follow-up stations currently operating in underground mines and their principles of operation are also presented.
EN
The publication presents the results of measurements of the operating parameters of the drum drive of a belt conveyor operating in a copper ore mine. The laboratory and industrial tests of belt conveyor components so far have largely focused on idler sets, the belt and the conveyor route. The authors of the publication notice that the subject literature lacks information on research into the coefficient of friction between the belt and the drum in an industrial facility under real conditions, which may imply that the phenomenon of driving force transmission from the drum surface to the belt has not been thoroughly explored. The investigations described in the publication were aimed at determining the kinetic coefficient of friction between the conveyor belt and the lining of the drive drum under operating conditions. In the first part of the study, preliminary laboratory tests were carried out, whereas in the second part of the study, a mobile, non-invasive measurement system was applied, which allowed for recording the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the conveyor’s operation. During the several dozen minutes of the conveyor’s operation, there were several start-ups and brakings as well as periods of steady operation under variable load on the material handled. The non-typical planned sequence of switching on the drive motors caused a temporary slip of the belt on the drive drum surface during one of the start-ups. The recorded parameters of the conveyor operation enabled determining the operational limit value of the friction coefficient between the belt and the lining of the drive drum.
EN
The paper presents the description and results of experimental research whose purpose was to analyze the vibration influence the miner's body during riding on a belt conveyor for transporting coal. The transport of people on mining belt conveyors is a commonly used method to increase mining efficiency and improve a mine's profitability. The paper presents an assessment of safety and comfort parameters used in transporting people, the effect of strong vibrations on the human body and its internal organs, the measuring system used to record the accelerations during the experiment and the measurement results. The recorded data enabled a dynamic analysis of the movement and an assessment of safety and comfort of transported miners on the basis of defined indicators. The data included the accelerations from the moment of getting on the conveyor belt to the moment of going down onto the platform. The tests were carried out for two different belt conveyor speeds, which allowed to assess how conveyor speed affects safety and comfort of people transported on the mining belt conveyor.
PL
Zgodnie z wymaganiami polityki ekologicznej, działania kopalń odkrywkowych w zakresie ochrony środowiska powinny mieć charakter kompleksowy i uwzględniać muszą zasadę zrównoważonego rozwoju. Jedno z podstawowych zadań w tym obszarze dotyczy redukcji uciążliwego hałasu emitowanego do środowiska. W przypadkach eksploatowanych ciągów transportowych skuteczna walka z ponadnormatywnym hałasem jest możliwa dopiero po szczegółowym rozpoznaniu głównych źródeł jego powstawania. W oparciu o studia literaturowe opisano możliwe źródła hałasu towarzyszące pracy przenośnika taśmowego. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono badania rozpoznawcze źródeł hałasu. Badania przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych z wykorzystaniem kamery akustycznej, jako narzędzia pozwalającego na identyfikację w przestrzeni i klasyfikację poszczególnych źródeł hałasu. Zidentyfikowano wybrane zjawiska towarzyszące pracy głównych podzespołów przenośnika i przypisano im charakterystyczne zakresy częstotliwości.
EN
In accordance with the requirements of the ecological policy, the operation of opencast mines in the field of environmental protection should be comprehensive and must take into account the principle of sustainable development. One of the basic tasks in this area concerns the reduction of nuisance noise emitted to the environment. In the case of exploited transport lines, an effective fight against excessive noise is possible only after a detailed identification of the main sources of its generation. Possible sources of noise accompanying the operation of the belt conveyor have been described based on literature studies. The further part of the work presents identification tests of noise sources. The research was carried out in laboratory conditions with the use of an acoustic camera as a tool allowing for the spatial identification and classification of individual noise sources. Selected phenomena accompanying the operation of the main components of the conveyor have been identified and their characteristic frequency ranges assigned to them.
EN
The article presents the results of research of the Gwarek 1200 belt conveyor. The work aimed to determine the possible benefits of changing the type of rollers used. It was expected that the change of the rollers from N-type to C-type will reduce the costs of energy consumed by the conveyor drive system. This part of the research was carried out in a hard coalmine at the level of 665 m. The test was given the entire power unit in terms of the starting power demand and rated power in real time. Measurement works were carried out before and after the modernization of the conveyor for 5 years. Moreover, it was decided to extend the research to include vibroacoustic tests, aimed at determining the technical condition by measuring vibrations. It is expected that based on the analysis of vibration signals in the long term will allow to develop a method for diagnosing belt conveyor rollers and to quickly detect their malfunction under normal operating conditions.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wybrane techniki monitorowania stanu przenośników taśmowych. Dobór technik monitorowania odbywał się ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem możliwości zastosowania nowoczesnych technik komputerowych, takich jak sztuczna inteligencja czy wizja komputerowa. Pod uwagę zostały w pierwszej kolejności wzięte zagadnienia, które w obecnej sytuacji nie są w wystarczający sposób opracowane. Wewnątrz artykułu znajdują się opisy detektora drgań w oparciu o kable światłowodowe, monitoring za pomocą badania natężenia dźwięku oraz detekcje wizualne problemów występujących podczas pracy przenośników taśmowych.
EN
The article presents selected techniques for monitoring the status of belt conveyors. The selection of techniques was carried out with particular emphasis on the possibility of using modern computer techniques such as artificial intelligence or computer vision. Issues that were currently not sufficiently addressed in the current situation were taken into account. Inside the article are descriptions of the vibration detector based on fiber optic cables, monitoring by means of sound intensity testing and visual detection of problems occurring during the operation of belt conveyors.
EN
The publication presents the assumptions of the unification process of machines and equipment produced by Jastrzębskie Zakłady Remontowe Sp. z o. o. and operating at the coal mines of the JSW Capital Group. It outlines a solution adopted by JZR Sp. z o. o. addressing this issue. The authors identify the potential benefits of the process to the entire Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa Capital Group, but they also mention the risks that may arise during its implementation. The publication also presents the first results of the unification, observed on the basis of the unified equipment and machinery of the coal clearance system for transporting people, coal and materials, which has already been put into operation in underground mining excavations. It also includes a chapter devoted to the influence of the unification on the development of “technical thought,” i.e. on the innovativeness of the equipment for transporting people, coal and materials newly produced by Jastrzębskie Zakłady Remontowe Sp. z o. o. which are to be implemented in the near future. New, innovative solutions are presented, which were introduced both in the unified transport devices such as chain and belt conveyors and in devices cooperating with them, i.e. lump breakers, pushing devices and other accessory equipment for the conveyors.
EN
The publication presents the construction of the station for testing the friction coefficient under high pressure and low slip velocity values. These conditions of cooperation of friction pairs occur in the drives of transport machines such as belt conveyors and suspended monorails. The value of the friction coefficient, depending on the operating conditions such as moisture and rock or coal dust pollution, has a significant impact on the correct and efficient operation of such drives. The features of the station allow mapping the operating conditions on a laboratory scale. As part of the research, appropriate friction samples made of rubber or polyurethane were prepared. Referring to the conditions of conveyor operation and conditions of contact of the conveyor belt with the drive drum, the values of unit pressures and values of slip speed occurring in the drum drive of the belt conveyor were determined. A series of laboratory tests were carried out for the friction pair rubber drum lining – conveyor belt cover. The tests were carried out for four different states of friction vapor surfaces, namely for dry and wet samples, as well as for samples in clean or contaminated with stone dust. As a result of the tests, the values of friction coefficients for various surface states were determined, which will be valuable information for designers of friction drive systems of transport devices.
EN
As we are increasingly focusing on the economy of mining, researchers are constantly trying to find new technologies to improve existing machines to be more efficient and less perishable. Such actions allow mining companies to save money in all of the mining processes. The authors focused on the transport of materials and how to improve it. The most frequent problems in this matter are caused by the destruction of conveyor belts. The cost of repairs is estimated at about half a billion crowns in the Czech Republic. That is why engineers are working on reduction of the rock impact force on the conveyor belt. The paper deals with the issue of reducing the passage of conveyor belts by proposing a new solution to the impact stand, which will considerably reduce the number of conveyor belt breaks.
PL
Zwracając uwagę na ekonomikę wydobycia, nieustannie trwają badania poszukujące nowych technologii ulepszających istniejące maszyny i urządzenia, by były one bardziej wydajne i mniej wadliwe. Takie działania pozwalają firmom górniczym oszczędzać pieniądze we wszystkich procesach wydobywczych. Autorzy skupili się na transporcie materiałów i tym, jak go poprawić. Najczęstsze problemy w tej kwestii są spowodowane zniszczeniem taśm przenośnikowych. W Czechach koszt napraw szacowany jest na około pół miliarda koron rocznie. Dlatego inżynierowie pracują nad zmniejszeniem siły uderzenia skały w taśmę przenośnika. W artykule poruszono kwestię zmniejszenia awaryjności taśm przenośnikowych w miejscu przesypu, proponując nowe rozwiązanie stołu udarowego pochłaniającego energię uderzenia, który znacznie zmniejszy liczbę zerwań taśmy przenośnikowej. (Nowe rozwiązanie konstrukcyjne zmniejszające wpływ transportowanej skały na przenośniki taśmowe w górnictwie)
PL
Zagadnienia zrównoważonego rozwoju w sektorze wydobywczym zyskują coraz większą popularność. Podążanie za strategią wyznaczoną przez Agendę na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju 2030 [1] i realizowanie zdefiniowanych przez nią 17 celów stwarza nowe możliwości dla rozwoju innowacyjnego i odpowiedzialnego przemysłu górniczego.
EN
The issues of sustainable development in the mining sector are becoming increasingly popular. Following the strategy specified by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [1] and completing its 17 Sustainable Development Goals creates new possibilities for the development of innovative and responsible mining industry.
EN
This paper explores the possibilities of using an acoustic camera as a tool that allows the verification of the correct construction and operation of individual elements of a belt conveyor. Based on the simultaneously recorded components - a video camera and measuring microphones, the sound pressure level map of the belt conveyor was created. The tests were carried out in laboratory conditions and covered the location and identification of individual noise sources. The verification consists not only of searching for dominant sound sources, but above all, of searching for frequencies in the analysed spectrum that should not occur during their proper operation. The tests allow for the identification of frequencies and the determination of the sound pressure level for three noise sources: the electric motor noise, the idler roll bearing noise as well as the noise on the tail pulley caused by belt misalignment.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia propozycję narzędzi analitycznych, możliwych do opracowania z danych rejestrowanych w ramach funkcjonowania systemów automatyki przemysłowej. Narzędzia te mogą być realnym wsparciem przy próbie optymalizacji efektywności procesowej, szczególnie energetycznej. W uproszczeniu, każde dowolne urządzenie energomechaniczne zasilane jest prądem i sterowane systemem automatyki przemysłowej. Postać sygnału zwykle zależna jest od różnych trybów pracy danego urządzenia, wynikających m.in. z jego obciążenia zewnętrznego. Dostępne metody segmentacji sygnałów i metody statystyczne pozwalają zautomatyzować proces identyfikacji trybów operacyjnych, jak również rozpoznawać inne prawidłowości czy anomalne zachowania, wynikające z nieprawidłowej pracy urządzenia. Dzięki temu z prostego sygnału prądowego możemy liczyć rzeczywisty czas pracy obiektu technicznego, zużycie mediów, identyfikować tryby pracy urządzenia, rozpoznawać straty procesu, określać parametry wydajnościowe KPI oraz rozwijać procedury diagnostyczne. W artykule zaproponowano metody wielowymiarowego przetwarzania danych oraz ich zastosowanie na danych rzeczywistych z odstawy taśmowej. Opisano algorytm identyfikacji reżimów operacyjnych oparty na technikach uczenia maszynowego oraz dalsze kontekstowe analizy, wraz z różnymi wizualizacjami.
EN
This paper outlines the recommendation of analytical tools likely to be derived from the data recorded within the automation system (SCADA). The means might facilitate optimisation of process efficiency, especially in terms of energy efficiency. Basically, each electromechanical device is electrically charged and controlled by the SCADA. A kind of the signal usually depends on various operational modes of the given device which are classified by its external load. Available signal segmentation and statistical methods lead to the automatic identification of these modes and operational patterns or abnormal performances caused by poor technical condition. Therefore, simple electrical signal allows to count the real device performance time and utilities usage, to identify its operational modes, to recognise process losses, to specify KPI factors and to develop diagnostics. This paper describes multidimensional processing of conveyor stream data along with their exemplary use in real-time data. The algorithm of identifying operational regimes is characterised based on machine learning and further in-context analyses paired with visualisations.
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