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1

Management of fly ash from biomass combustion

Maj Izabella

Rynek Energii

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2024

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Nr 1

75--81

EN

The efficient management of biomass fly ash is a key factor for the circular economy. Fly ash is produced in large quantities during biomass combustion and may be utilized for various applications, for both environmental and financial benefits. The main limitation of biomass fly ash utilization is its unrecognized potential caused by a lack of consistent law regulations. In this paper, possible paths of biomass fly ash management are discussed. The compositions of 4 fly ashes derived from biomass combustion in Polish units are presented, together with 2 examples of phosphorous-rich ashes. The five most promising ways of management are elaborated: concrete and cement production, phosphorous recovery and fertilizers, composites, ceramics, and sorbents. The latest state-of-the-art research regarding each path is briefly reviewed and current law regulations are introduced. Limitations for the safe management of biomass ash are also discussed.

PL

Zagospodarowanie popiołów lotnych z biomasy jest ważnym elementem gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (GOZ). Popiół lotny powstaje W znacznych ilościach podczas spalania biomasy, a jego odpowiednie zagospodarowanie może przynieść zarówno korzyści dla środowiska, jak i oszczędności finansowe. Głównym ograniczeniem wykorzystania popiołów lotnych z biomasy jest brak odpowiednich uregulowań prawnych, co powoduje również słabe rozpoznanie możliwości użycia popiołów. W artykule przedstawiono składy 4 popiołów lotnych pochodzących ze spalania biomasy W polskich obiektach energetyki zawodowej oraz 2 przykłady popiołów szczególnie bogatych w fosfor. Omówiono pięć najbardziej obiecujących sposobów wykorzystania: produkcja betonów i cementu, odzysk fosforu i zastosowanie jako nawozy, składnik kompozytów, materiały ceramiczne oraz sorbenty. Przedstawiono aktualne regulacje prawne oraz dokonano krótkiego przeglądu najnowszych badań dotyczących poszczególnych ścieżek. Omówiono także ograniczenia w zakresie bezpiecznego zagospodarowania popiołów z biomasy.

2

The impact of waste generated from thermal transformation of municipal wate on selected properties of cement mortar

Alina Pietrzak

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2023

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

142--150

EN

The article analyzes the possibility of using two types of waste from the thermal transformation of municipal waste in the production technology of cement mortars. Fly ash and dust were used in amounts of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of the cement mass as a replacement for sand. In total, 11 series of cement mortars were prepared: a standard control mortar and 10 series of mortars modified with individual waste. The following tests were performed for the prepared samples: bending and compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of maturing, water absorption and consistency testing for fresh mortars. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of waste dust and fly ash in the amount of 30% as a replacement for sand reduces the compressive strength by 24.0% and 8.0%, respectively, and the bending strength by 23.6% and 21.5%, respectively.

3

Niesprawiedliwość na żużlu

Wolny-Tomczyk Katarzyna

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2023

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nr 2

PL

Popioły, żużle i gipsy powstające przy energetycznym spalaniu paliw mogą stracić status odpadu lub zostać uznane za produkt uboczny. To drugie rozwiązanie jest jednak stosunkowo rzadko stosowane. Dlaczego tak się dzieje i jaki to ma wpływ na jakość życia mieszkańców oraz tak powszechnie promowany w różnych przedsiębiorstwach zrównoważony rozwój?

4

Fertiliser properties of wastewater sludge and sludge ash - a case study from the Finnish forest industry

Oksanen Juha, Pöykiö Risto, Dahl Olli

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 1

63--78

EN

In this case study we compared the fertiliser properties of an industrial wastewater treatment sludge and a sludge ash to the requirements of the Finnish Fertiliser Product Decree. The sludge was obtained from the activated sludge wastewater treatment plant of a Finnish non-integrated pulp mill. The sludge was furthermore incinerated at a laboratory in a muffle furnace (850 °C) to obtain sludge ash. The total Cd (4.9 mg/kg d.m.) concentration in the pulp sludge exceeded the Finnish limit value (1.5 mg/kg d.m.) for fertiliser products used in agriculture. In the sludge ash, the total concentration of Cd (39 mg/kg; d.m.) exceeded the Finnish limit value (25 mg/kg d.m.) for ash fertilisers used in forestry. These results restrict the potential reuse options of these residues. However, from the utilisation point of view, the enrichment of essential plant macro-nutrients was most notable, resulting to the following total concentrations of these elements in the sludge ash: P (26,000 mg/kg d.m.), S (40,000 mg/kg d.m.), K (11,000 mg/kg d.m.), Ca (83,000 mg/kg d.m.) and Mg (10,000 mg/kg d.m.). Therefore, we conclude that, the converting of sludge into ash may promote the reuse of this wastewater treatment residue to a more value-adding fertiliser by-product to be used as a soil improver and growing medium in landscaping or landfills sites or other closed industrial areas, where heavy metal limit values for fertilisers are not applied in Finland.

5

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom ash from individual heating devices

Kozielska Barbara, Żeliński Jacek, Cieślar Mateusz

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2022

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Nr 83

7--18

EN

Combustion of solid fuels such as coal, biomass and, contrary to the applicable law, waste in individual heating devices still remains a serious problem in Poland. It causes the generation of large amounts of pollutants and harmful substances contained not only in fly ash released into the air with smoke but also in the bottom ash, which constitutes a serious environmental problem. This paper presents the results of a comparative study on the contents of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom ash from the combustion of hard coal (HC), wood (W) and a mixture of different solid fuels including municipal waste (MW), their sums and profiles. For the bottom ash samples taken for these fuels, the share of carcinogenic congeners in the sum of PAHs, toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity equivalents have also been determined. The highest content of total PAHs, amounting to an average of 20.7 ppb, was recorded for bottom ash obtained from combustion of a mixture of solid fuels and waste. For such ash, the toxicity and carcinogenicity equivalents were approximately twice as high as for other types of ash. Bottom ash was found to be dominated by benzo[a]anthracene, and the tetracyclic congeners accounted for 60-68% of all PAHs (W

PL

Spalanie paliw stałych, m.in. węgla, biomasy, a także, mimo zakazu, odpadów komunalnych w indywidualnych systemach grzewczych stanowi w Polsce nadal poważny problem. Powoduje to powstawanie dużych ilości zanieczyszczeń i szkodliwych substancji zawartych w pyłach, które trafiają wraz z dymem do powietrza bez jakiejkolwiek kontroli, a popiół paleniskowy będący odpadem stanowi poważny problem środowiskowy. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań porównawczych zawartości 16 wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w popiele paleniskowym pochodzącym ze spalania węgla kamiennego (HC), drewna (W) oraz mieszaniny różnych paliw stałych, w tym odpadów komunalnych (MW), ich sumy oraz profile. Wyznaczono także udział kancerogennych kongenerów w sumie WWA, równoważniki toksyczności, mutagenności i kancerogenności. Największą zawartość sumy WWA, wynoszącą średnio 20,7 ppb, odnotowano dla popiołu paleniskowego pochodzącego ze spalania mieszaniny paliw stałych i odpadów. Dla tego popiołu równoważniki toksyczności i kancerogenności były około dwa razy wyższe niż dla pozostałych popiołów. W popiołach dominował benzo[a]antracen, a czteropierścieniowe kongenery stanowiły 60–68% wszystkich WWA (W

6

Badanie składu chemicznego popiołów z węgla i biomasy w aspekcie ich wykorzystania jako nawozu mineralnego oraz zawartości pierwiastków ekotoksycznych

Rozwadowski Andrzej

Energetyka

|

2022

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nr 7

348--355

PL

W artykule porównano składy chemiczne 11 popiołów otrzymanych w warunkach laboratoryjnych z różnych gatunków węgla, biomasy roślinnej oraz makulatury. Na podstawie tego porównania oceniono możliwość utylizacji popiołów w rolnictwie jako nawozów mineralnych. Oceniono również obciążenie środowiska naturalnego pierwiastkami ekotoksycznymi, które deponowane były w popiele w trakcie spalania tych paliw. Badania wykazały, że popioły pochodzące z biomasy, dzięki wysokiej zawartości fosforu i potasu, mogą być wykorzystywane w rolnictwie jako tanie, wieloskładnikowe nawozy mineralne. Porównując ich składy chemiczne ze składami komercyjnych nawozów mineralnych można stwierdzić, że są one wystarczająco bogate w składniki odżywcze i wolne od nadmiernej ilości pierwiastków szkodliwych. Badania prowadzone w celu porównania emisji do otoczenia pierwiastków ekotoksycznych wykazały, że paliwa z biomasy podczas spalania osadzają w popiele generalnie mniej pierwiastków szkodliwych niż stałe paliwa kopalne. Zdarzyły się jednak przypadki paliw z biomasy, dla których emisja całkowita wszystkich analizowanych pierwiastków ekotoksycznych była niewielka, ale niekiedy w przypadku pojedynczego pierwiastka wyraźnie większa niż dla paliw węglowych. W takich sytuacjach substytucja paliwa węglowego paliwem z biomasy jest problematyczna.

EN

The article compares the chemical compositions of 11 ashes obtained in laboratory conditions from various types of coal, plant biomass and waste paper. Based on this comparison, the possibility of utilizing these ashes in agriculture as mineral fertilizers was assessed. The environmental burden with ecotoxic elements, which were deposited in the ash during the combustion of these fuels, was also assessed. Research has shown that ashes from biomass, thanks to the high content of phosphorus and potassium, can be used in agriculture as cheap, multi-component mineral fertilizers. Comparing their chemical compositions with those of commercial mineral fertilizers, it can be concluded that they are sufficiently rich in nutrients and free from excessive amounts of harmful elements. Research conducted to compare the emissions to the environment of ecotoxic elements has shown that when burning biomass fuels, they generally deposit less harmful elements in the ash than solid fossil fuels. However, there were cases of biomass fuels for which the mass of all ecotoxic elements deposited in the ash was small, but in the case of individual elements it was clearly higher than for coal fuels. In such situations, the substitution of coal fuel with biomass fuel is problematic.

7

Optimisation of biochar yield from sorted wood wastes as sustainable alternatives to burning to ash

Adeodun Similade A., Sangodoyin Abimbola Y., Ogundiran Mary B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 1

15--26

EN

Wood wastes are one of the leading contributors of greenhouse gases cum climate change. While the burning of wood wastes results in CO2 emission, decomposition generates methane. In place of these emissions, wood wastes can be converted into biochars which have a lot of novel applications. However, low biochar yield was the common limitation of wood wastes, essentially, due to a mixture of different classifications of trees that pyrolyse at different conditions. In this study, biochar yield from sorted wood wastes was optimised by varying pyrolysis temperature and time. Power consumption, cost, and carbon footprint of the optimised biochar and ash were compared for both hydropower grid and diesel generator scenarios. Optimal pyrolysis yields were 33.6 % (400 °C), 29.4 % (350 °C) and 18.5 % (400 °C) respectively for hardwood sawdust char (HSC), softwood sawdust char (SSC), and mixed sawdust char (MSC) at 2 hours duration for all materials. The CO2 emissions from ash were 2.49 kg and 19.0 kg respectively for grid and diesel power supply. The diesel generator power was 17 times more expensive than grid power for wood wastes pyrolysis. Wood wastes have better biochar yield when charred homogenously; they have a smaller carbon footprint and are cheaper when produced with power from the grid. Wood wastes in place of being burnt can be processed as inexpensive and environment-friendly biochar.

8

Chemical Composition of Industrial Wood Waste and the Possibility of its Management

Malinowski Ryszard, Meller Edward, Ochman Ireneusz, Malinowska Katarzyna, Figiel-Kroczyńska Monika

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

167--183

EN

Organic wood waste (sawdust, shavings, pieces of wood and bark), is widely used as a secondary raw material and, after composting, for soil fertilisation and substrate production in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, urban landscaping and rehabilitation of degraded land. However, problematic to process is wood waste that is very dirty with soil. They have limited calorific value and cannot be used in the R10 recovery process of land treatment benefiting agriculture or improving the environment. However, the morphological composition of these wastes indicates that they have good properties and can be used for agricultural use and for the reclamation of degraded land. The research involved wood waste with the code 03 01 99 (other unspecified waste from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture) generated during the preparation of deciduous tree logs for the veneer production process, and ashes from the burning of wood waste generated in the veneer production factory. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical composition of these wastes and the possibility of their agricultural use. In the samples of wood waste and ashes there was determined: pH; chlorines content; conductivity; hydrolytic acidity; content of micro and macroelements and heavy metals. The morphological composition of the waste is dominated by sawdust, with a smaller share of shavings, bark and earth parts, and a small addition of pieces of wood of various sizes. It is rich in easily bioavailble as well as total macroelements and is not contaminated with heavy metals. Analyzed wood waste has deacidifying properties, high sorption and buffering capacity. Studies have shown that the wood waste produced at the veneer factory, can be used as an organic fertiliser, a component of other organic fertilisers, for soil mulching, horticultural substrate and soil and land reclamation.The ash obtained from burning wood is strongly alkaline and rich in alkaline cations, mainly Ca, Mg and K. It is not contaminated with heavy metals. The ash can be used for soil deacidification and fertilization, especially for soil reclamation. The waste from the heap can be used as an organic fertilizer, a component of other organic fertilizers, for mulching soils and as a gardening substrate. However, the possibilities for non-agricultural (e.g.: for the production of pallet, particle board) use are limited due to the high proportion of earthy parts.

9

Low-cost removal of basic red 9 using cow dung ash

Arya Raj Kumar, Meena Ghanshyam, Thapliyal Devyani, Barman Sanghamitra, Halder Gopinath, Shandilya Pooja

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 43, nr 2

229-–242

EN

In the present study, basic red 9 had been removed from synthetic waste water using animal waste. Cow dung ash had been prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscope. Morphology analysis shows very fine particles of less than 1 μm. The pH analysis study favours a pH of 8.5 for maximum dye removal. The removal of basic red 9 was very fast on cow dung ash. Percentage dye removal was 80.24% and 95.24 in 5 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively at initial dye concentration of 10 ppm.

10

Brief history of crematoria and mourning halls. Modern cremation history

Dlábiková Ivona, Peřinková Martina, Kovář Jan

Architectus

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2022

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Nr 2 (70)

27--35

EN

Cremation was a common way of burying in old cultures, for example in Ancient Greece, Celts, Ancient Rome, Vikings and many other cultures around the world. In Europe burial practices changed since the Christian culture ruled the society, because it did not support this kind of burials and later Charles the Great prohibited the cremation under pain of death. This ban lasted in Europe almost thousand years. The church started to tolerate the cremation as a way of burying only in 1963. In spite of the church’s opinion, the societies built the first crematoriums in Europe from 1874. But these buildings for cremation have nothing to do with the old cremation rituals when the body was burnt down on a big amount of wood which lasted several hours. The main part of new buildings are furnaces and chimneys where the body is burnt after around one hour. This old – new way of burying brought a new type of buildings and the discussion as to the style and symbolism of this architecture was huge. In the crematorium building a new type of space emerged, namely a mourning hall. Later this space was separated from a crematorium and created an independent unit. Mourning halls are now a common type of architecture in Europe and exist side by side with churches, where the religious funerals are generally held. In other parts of the world the old types of ritual cremation with wood are preserved until today, however, the modern cremation became more suitable in these countries as well. The aim of the article was to clearly describe circumstances in which the spaces for modern cremation were built. The main method was studying styles of the first crematorium buildings and literature for this topic. These structures would never have been built without an effort of few personalities, who, despite the general Christian opinion, succeeded in establishing the first crematoriums.

PL

Kremacja była powszechnym sposobem grzebania w dawnych kulturach, na przykład w starożytnej Grecji, Rzymie, u Celtów, Wikingów, a także w kulturach pozaeuropejskich. W Europie praktyki grzebalne zmieniały się, odkąd chrześcijaństwo zaczęło dominować w lokalnych społecznościach. Od czasów Karola Wielkiego obowiązywał (pod karą śmierci) zakazał kremacji. Motywy kulturowo-religijne spowodowały, że w różnych krajach Starego Kontynentu przez prawie 1000 lat istniał prawny zakaz kremacji ciał. Kremację jako sposób grzebania Kościół zaczął tolerować dopiero w 1963 r. Mimo oporu Kościoła rzymsko-katolickiego nowo powołane w tym celu towarzystwa od 1874 r. budowały pierwsze krematoria w Europie. Obiekty te – budynki kremacyjne – nie miały nic wspólnego ze starymi rytuałami kremacyjnymi, kiedy ciało było spalane na dużej ilości drewna, co trwało kilka godzin. Główną część nowych budynków stanowiły piece i kominy, w których ciało popieli się w ciągu godziny. Powstanie takich miejsc przyczyniło się do powszechnej dyskusji na temat stylu i symboliki tej architektury. W budynku krematorium powstał nowy typ przestrzeni: sala żałobna. Później pomieszczenie to zostało oddzielone od krematorium i utworzono samodzielną jednostkę. Sale żałobne są obecnie powszechnym typem architektury w Europie i istnieją obok kościołów, w których zazwyczaj odbywają się ceremonie religijne. W innych częściach świata do dziś zachował się stary typ rytualnej kremacji drewnem, jednak współczesna kremacja stała się bardziej odpowiednia również w krajach korzystających z doświadczeń architektury historycznej. Celem artykułu było zwięzłe opisanie okoliczności, w jakich powstawały przestrzenie służące współcześnie do kremacji. Główną metodą było studiowanie stylów pierwszych budynków krematoryjnych oraz literatury przedmiotu. Budowle te nigdy nie powstałyby bez wysiłku kilku osobistości, którym wbrew powszechnej opinii chrześcijańskiej udało się założyć pierwsze krematoria.

11

Use of burshtyn TPP ash for the production of expanded gas concrete

Koshlak Hanna

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2021

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Vol. 5, nr 2

82--88

EN

Production of not autoclave porous concrete, including small enterprises, industry of wall materials, which is now the most dynamically developing. One of the main problems in the production of gas concrete and concrete products is a comprehensive savings of cement, while ensuring high quality designs. Technology of gas concrete to date has at its disposal wide range of techniques that allow in specific conditions to reduce the specific consumption of cement without compromising technical properties of concrete. In recent years, for this purpose proposed in plasticized concrete mixtures using active mineral fillers. In this area gained considerable practical experience of application additives ash - removal, slags, carbonaceous materials, silica sand. Classical technology of these concrete based mainly on cement and unground sand. The use of TPP ash for cellular concrete is recommended by most of normative documents. The greatest effect is achieved by using high calcium ash.

12

Badania doświadczalne wytrzymałości betonu zawierającego zmielony popiół z osadnika

Yuvaraj K., Ramesh S.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2021

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R. 26, nr 3

253--262

PL

W obecnych czasach zużycie energii elektrycznej gwałtownie wzrasta z każdym rokiem, ze względu na industrializację. Węgiel jest surowcem do produkcji energii elektrycznej w elektrociepłowniach. Szczególnie duża ilość niewykorzystanego popiołu jest wyrzucana do osadników, co stanowi poważny problem dla wielu krajów rozwijających się. Ponadto składowanie popiołu w osadnikach powoduje zagrożenia dla środowiska, takie jak zanieczyszczenie gleby i wody. Zidentyfikowanie realnej alternatywy dla wykorzystania popiołu z osadników staje się potrzebą chwili, aby uniknąć tych zagrożeń dla środowiska. W niniejszej pracy badawczej podjęto próbę częściowego zastąpienia cementu popiołem z osadnika jako dodatku mineralnego w betonie, co w znacznym stopniu ograniczy szkodliwy wpływ popiołu z osadnika na środowisko. Popiół ten zmielono do wielkości 45 μm i użyto go do zastąpienia cementu w betonie w proporcjach 5, 10, 15, 20 i 25% masy. Przeprowadzono badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie, zginanie oraz rozciąganie przy rozłupywaniu uzyskanych betonów. Wyniki badań wykazują, że dodatek 10% popiołu z osadnika znacznie zwiększył wytrzymałość betonu w wieku 7, 28, 56 i 90 dni.

EN

In the present era, the consumption of electricity has increased rapidly with each passing year, due to the industrialization. Coal is a raw material for the production of electricity in the thermal power stations. Particularly, a large amount of unused ash is dumped in ponds, which are major problem concerning many developing countries. Further, dumping of ash in ponds causes environmental hazards effects such as soil, land and water pollution. Identifying a viable alternative to utilize pond ash becomes a necessity, to avoid these environmental hazards. In this research work, an attempt has been made to partially replace cement by the pond ash as a supplementary cementitious material [SCM] in concrete, which will considerably reduce the hazardous effects of pond ash, to the environment. The pond ash was ground to 45 μm and it was used to replace the cement in concrete by proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by mass. Test on compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of rupture were conducted on concrete mixes. The result indicate that the addition of 10% pond ash to concrete significantly increased the strength properties of the concrete at the age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days.

13

Scalanie popiołów powstających w procesach spalania węgla metodą granulacji nawarstwiającej

Gara Paweł, Wisła-Walsh Ewa

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 9

1305--1308

PL

Przedstawione wyniki kolejnych badań wskazują, że w procesie granulacji popiołów powstających ze spalania węgla brunatnego i kamiennego, zarówno bez produktów, jak i z produktami odsiarczania, możliwe jest otrzymanie granulatów. W charakterze lepiszczy stosowano kolejno wodę, półwodny siarczan wapnia i mieszaninę półwodnego siarczanu wapnia z wodorotlenkiem wapnia.

EN

Mixts. of selected ashes with H₂O (20–25% by mass), CaSO₄⋅0.5H₂O (20% by mass) or CaSO₄⋅0.5H₂O + Ca(OH)₂ (20% by mass) were granulated and studied for mech. strength and SO₂ sorption capacity. The pH and content of sulfate ions in the eluates were detd. in all granulates.

14

Potencjał sekwestracji CO2 przy użyciu ubocznych produktów spalania w kontekście wdrażania gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym

Pikoń Krzysztof, Lombardi Lidia, Bogacka Magdalena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

|

T. 99, nr 9

1348--1350

PL

Przedstawiono możliwości połączenia realizacji celów klimatycznych i celów gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym dzięki wykorzystaniu sekwestracji CO2 na popiołach lotnych pochodzących z procesów spalania. Przeanalizowano w tym kontekście węgiel kamienny, węgiel brunatny i biomasę. Na podstawie rozważań teoretycznych zaprezentowano metodę wyznaczania potencjału wychwytu CO2. Przedstawiono potencjał ograniczenia emisji CO2 z polskiego sektora energetycznego i przedyskutowano rolę ubocznych produktów spalania w koncepcji wdrażania gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym.

EN

Use of fly ashes from coal or biomass combustion as adsorbents for removal of CO2 from flue gases was discussed and recommended. The ashes after carbonatization met the requirements for prodn. of middle quality concretes.

15

Environmental aspect of using ash from thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge in hardening slurries

Szarek Łukasz, Krysiak Łukasz

Environment Protection Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 46, nr 4

77--86

EN

Owing to the increasing popularity of the thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge (TTMSS) in Poland, constant growth in the quantity of ash generated within this process has been recorded. Due to their properties, it is difficult to utilize this type of ash within the concrete production technology. One of the methods of waste utilization is to add it to hardening slurries, used in, among others, cutoff walls. The slurry operating conditions (contact with groundwater) and elevated heavy metal content in ash raise justified concerns in terms of environmental safety of the aforementioned methods. In the study, the release of heavy metals from a matrix, namely, the hardened slurry has been examined. The so-called “batch test” dynamic leachability testing method was applied for this purpose. A high level of heavy metal immobilization in the slurry was achieved. The obtained results indicate an environmentally safe possibility of using TTMSS ash in hardening slurries in cut-off walls.

16

Szlam naftowy jako paliwo i surowiec do produkcji cementów pucolanowych

Kourdache Hayat, Adjdir Mehdi, Bendraoua Abdelaziz, Brucker Jean Michel

Cement Wapno Beton

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2020

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R. 25, nr 6

469--479

PL

Celem badań była ocena możliwości zastosowania szlamu naftowego jako alternatywnego paliwa w piecach cementowych, ponieważ 1 kg tego szlamu może zastąpić 0,82 m3 metanu. Natomiast popiół ze spalenia tego szlamu można stosować jako uboczny materiał cementowy, do produkcji cementu pucolanowego. Zbadano skład chemiczny, gęstość, powierzchnię i skład ziarnowy popiołu. Ten popiół zastosowano jako zamiennik cementu portlandzkiego, zastępując nim 5, 10, 15 i 20% cementu, stosując go do wytwarzania zapraw. Zbadano konsystencję, czas wiązania i właściwości mechaniczne tych zapraw i porównano z zaprawami bez dodatku popiołu. Dodatek popiołu zwiększył w spoiwie zawartość SiO2 i opóźnił wiązanie, w porównaniu z cementem. Zgodnie z normą EN 197 zaprawa z dodatkiem 5% popiołu, która miała maksymalną wytrzymałość wynoszącą 46 MPa po 28 dniach, należała do cementu CEMII/B 42,5N. Natomiast cement zawierający 10% i 20% popiołu został zaliczony do klasy wytrzymałości 32,5N.

EN

The aim of this study was the valorisation of oil sludge as an alternative fuel in the cement kilns since 1 kg of oil sludge can substitute 0.82 m3 of methane. The ash from oil sludge combustion can be used as secondary cementitious material, for the production of cement-based pozzolanic composites. The elemental composition, density, surface properties, and particle size distribution of the ashes were measured. Then the ashes were used along with ordinary Portland cement at different ratios of substitution: 5, 10,15, and 20% by mass to produce mortars which were tested for their normal consistency, setting time, mechanical properties, and then compared to reference mortar without ashes. According to the results, the higher SiO2 content was assigned to ash compared to cement. The incorporation of ash resulted in the retardation of the setting. According to European standard EN-197, the mortar with the addition of 5% of ash which presents a maximum strength equal to 46 MPa obtained at 28 days is classified as CEM II/B 42.5N. However, cements containing 10% and 20% of ash have been classified in strength class 32.5N.

17

The effect of adding slag, achieved from wastewater sludge incineration in fluidized-bed furnace, on the quality of concrete

Pietrzak Alina

Quality Production Improvement - QPI

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2019

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1

244--250

EN

Due to a constant increase in generating the amount of sewage waste it is necessary to find an alternative method of its use or disposal. One of such methods can be utilization of sewage sludge in construction materials industry, particularly in concrete technology and other materials based on cement. It allows using waste materials as a passive additive (filler) or also as an active additive (replacement of part of bonding material). The article aims at presenting the analysis of the effect of adding slag, achieved from wastewater sludge incineration in sewage treatment plant, on properties and quality of concrete mix and hardened concrete. Using an experimental method, the researcher designed the composition of the control concrete mix, which was then modified by means of slag. For all concrete mixtures determined – air content with the use of pressure method and consistency measured by the use of concrete slump test. For all concrete series the following tests were conducted: compressive strength of concrete after 7, 28 and 56 days of maturing, frost resistance for 100 cycles of freezing and thawing, water absorption. The use of slag, ground once in the disintegrator, causes a decrease of in compressive strength of concrete samples in relation to the control concrete series as well as bigger decrease in compressive strength after frost resistance test.

18

The effect of ash and compost on the content and bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals

Możdżer Ewa, Cybulska Krystyna, Krzyśko-Łupicka Teresa, Meller Edward

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2019

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Vol. 21, nr 2

20--25

EN

Therefore the carried out study aimed at determination of the effect of high-calcium brown coal ash and compost being produced from municipal sewage sludge on the content and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in potato tubers, wheat grains and rapeseeds during a three-year period. Rapeseeds contained most Cd whereas wheat rains less. Potato tubers, wheat grains and rapeseeds contained more Mn, Ni and Zn in the fertilization objects with municipal sewage sludge with or without coal ash and compared to those where calcium carbonate or coal ash had been introduced into the soil at a dose corresponding to 1.5 Mg CaO · ha−1 at the beginning of this study. Differences in the Mn, Ni and Zn contents in test plants between the fertilization objects with sewage sludge of with and without addition of ash were not significant.

19

Effects of the fixed carbon and ash in blast furnace dust on its co-reduction with seaside titanomagnetite

Wang Xiaoping, Hu Tianyang, Chen Chuanzhong, Sun Tichang

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2019

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Vol. 55, iss. 5

1323--1337

EN

Previous research has found that the fixed carbon in blast furnace dust (BFD) could be used as the reductant of co-reduction roasting of the iron oxides in seaside titanomagnetite and BFD to replace coals. This research studied the influence mechanism of the fixed carbon and ash in BFD on coreduction.Results showed that both fixed carbon and ash in BFD promoted the reduction of iron, while ash had adverse effect on separation of titanium and iron. The main mechanism was as follows: The ash in BFD accelerated melting. In addition, the iron oxide in the ash of BFD could be reduced to metallic iron cores more easily in the initial stage, providing the site of inhomogeneous core and promoting the aggregation and growth of metallic iron. Furthermore, the fixed carbon mainly reacted with iron ore by solid-solid reaction, leading to a rapid reduction rate and a high utilization rate of fixed carbon.

20

The Content of Heavy Metals in Waste as an Indicator Determining the Possibilities of Their Agricultural Use

Łapiński Dawid, Wiater Józefa, Szatyłowicz Ewa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 4

225--230

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the available waste in view of the heavy metals and fractions thereof. Three waste materials were analyzed in the work, namely dried, granular sludge, digestate from agricultural biogas plant and ash after combustion of biomass from the combined heat and power plant, in terms of the content of heavy metals in them. Their mobility through fractional analysis was determined and the possibilities of their agricultural use were assessed. The analyzed waste was varied due to the pH. Biomass ashes had the highest pH and it was alkaline. The pH of the dried precipitate was neutral and digestate was slightly alkaline. In the analyzed wastes, the content of permissible concentrations of heavy metals determined in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment was not exceeded. The content of individual elements varied and depends on the type of waste tested. The conducted sequential analysis showed that various metal fractions are present in the tested wastes. The content of heavy metals in individual factions was varied and the content of mobile and potentially mobile fractions, i.e. metals of fractions I and II, was lower compared to the non-mobile fractions III and IV.