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1

Badanie płaskości oraz chropowatości powierzchni modeli cienkościennych wykonanych technologią przyrostową Fused Deposition Modeling

Zmarzły Paweł, Klamka Magdalena, Szwej Wiktoria, Wróblewska Eliza

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2023

|

Vol. 26, nr 2

27--32

EN

3D printing technologies are gaining popularity year by year. They allow for a significant improvement in the production of prototypes and utility models. In addition, 3D printing facilitates the production of thin-walled elements and complex shapes, which is difficult when using traditional manufacturing methods. It should be noted that the technological parameters of 3D printing, such as the printing orientation and the thickness of a single layer, are very important because they affect the printing time, material expenditure and the dimensional accuracy of the printed details. There are many types of 3D printers, the operating principle of which and the building material used are different. However, one of the most popular and available types of additive manufacturing is Fused Deposition Technology. Therefore, detailed studies of this technology are particularly desirable by economic entities. The article presents research aimed at assessing the influence of the print direction and the thickness of a single layer of a building material on the flatness deviation and the 3D surface roughness parameters. Special thin-walled models were designed and printed from PLA material using a printer named MakerBot Replicator+. The research results presented in the article showed that the direction of printing and the thickness of a single layer of building material in the Fused Deposition Modeling Technology affect the roughness parameters, flatness and printing time of the produced models.

2

Design of self-leveling table for FFF additive technology

Coranič Tomáš, Ružbarský Juraj, Krenický Tibor, Maščeník Jozef

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2023

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Vol. 12, iss. 2

109--117

EN

The presented paper describes the conceptual design of a worktable intended mainly for use in combination with FFF additive technologies, calibrated using a gyroscope and accelerometer. The proposed system is based on a programmable Arduino platform that operates with three digital servomotors and a mechanical gyroscope. In the introduction, the theoretical assumptions, and definitions of basic concepts such as a gyroscope, electric motor, and RC servomotor are described. Subsequently, the contribution is devoted to the selection of suitable components, the schematic connection, and the design itself in the Autodesk Inventor program. In the conclusion, the anticipated benefits of using the technical solution when applied in FFF additive technologies are described.

3

Wykorzystanie projektowania generatywnego w procesie projektowania wytwarzanego przyrostowo, personalizowanego implantu kości jarzmowej

Sekuła Kinga, Detyna Jerzy, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska Patrycja

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2023

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z. 23

25--33

PL

Poniższa praca prezentuje możliwość zastosowania projektowania generatywnego w procesie projektowania implantów personalizowanych. Zaproponowano dwie geometrie personalizowanego implantu kości jarzmowej, zaprojektowanego z wykorzystaniem projektowania generatywnego. Wyniki tego badania wskazują, że integracja metod projektowania generatywnego może znacznie poprawić wydajność procesów projektowania implantów personalizowanych. Korzyści obejmują lepszą wydajność implantu, niższe koszty produkcji i krótsze cykle iteracji projektu.

EN

The following work explores the application of generative design to the traditional patient-specific implant design process. Two geometries of a patient- specific zygomatic implant designed using generative design were proposed. The results of this study show that the integration of generative design methods can significantly improve the efficiency of patient-specific implant design processes. Benefits include improved implant performance, reduced manufacturing costs and shorter design iteration cycles.

4

Drukowanie 3D

Khadzhynova Svitlana, Jakucewicz Stefan

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2022

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R. 78, nr 3

154--159

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie historii rozwoju drukowania 3D. Zaprezentowano pierwsze wynalazki w zakresie drukowania 3D oraz rozwój i rozpowszechnienie się tej technologii. Omówiono rodzaje technologii drukowania 3D jak również pozycję drukowania 3D na współczesnym rynku. Przedstawiono także poligraficzny proces drukowania 2,5D.

EN

The aim of the article was to present the history of the development of 3D printing. The first inventions in the field of 3D printing were introduced as well as the development and dissemination of this technology. The types of 3D printing technologies as well as the position of 3D printing on the modern market were presented. A 2.5D polygraphic printing process is also shown.

5

Improving the quality of products created by additive technologies based on argon-arc welding

Salenko Alexander, Chencheva Olha, Schetynin Viktor, Zagirnyak Mykhaylo, Kostenko Anton, Tsurkan Daniil

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 2

182--186

EN

The article considers the features of additive prototyping with the use of additive material by means of high-energy heating. Mathematical modeling of the process of surfacing of filler metal is performed. A significant influence of the feed and electrical characteristics of the arc on the parameters of the surfacing roller was revealed. Regression equations of influence of parameters of mechanized argon-arc welding on the shape of the seam and parameters of accuracy of the obtained product are determined.

PL

W artykule omówiono cechy prototypowania przyrostowego z wykorzystaniem przyrostu materiału za pomocą nagrzewania wysokoenergetycznego. Przeprowadzane jest matematyczne modelowanie procesu napawania spoiwa. Wykazano istotny wpływ parametrów posuwowych i elektrycznych łuku na parametry walca napawającego. Wyznaczono równania regresji wpływu parametrów zmechanizowanego spawania argonem na kształt spoiny oraz parametry dokładności otrzymanego produktu.

6

Analysis of the possibility of employing 3D printing technology in crisis situations

Wysoczański Andrzej, Kamyk Zbigniew, Yvinec Yann

Technical Transactions

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2021

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Vol. 118, iss. 1

art. no. e2021008

EN

Events related to climate change and the increase in the occurrence of natural disasters, as well as the increasing incidence of new diseases, have all caused the prominence of regional security and crisis management around the world to rise. Three-dimensional printing, which has seen noteworthy developed in recent years, both in terms of print parameters, and the magnitude of the production potential, may prove helpful in this matter. Enormous opportunities have arisen which, if properly directed, can save human life and preserve health in crisis situations, when traditional supply chains could be disrupted or even prevented. The use of additive technologies, however, has its limitations and in order to be able to take full advantage of the opportunities they offer, a legitimate functional system should be created and embedded within proper structures to support crisis management. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of using 3D printers and the possibility of their implementation as part of the current crisis-response systems. The article proposes a model for incorporating additive technologies into the crisismanagement system.

PL

Zdarzenia związane ze zmianami klimatu i nasileniem się naturalnych kataklizmów oraz częstszym występowaniem nowych chorób spowodowała wzrost znaczenia bezpieczeństwa regionalnego oraz zarządzania kryzysowego na całym świecie. Pomocny w tej kwestii może okazać się wydruk trójwymiarowy, który w ostatnich latach znacząco się rozwinął zarówno pod względem parametrów wydruku jak i wielkości potencjału produkcyjnego. Stwarza to olbrzymie możliwości, które odpowiednio pokierowane mogą ratować życie i zdrowie w sytuacjach kryzysowych, gdy klasyczne łańcuchy dostaw zostają zaburzone lub wręcz przerwane. Wykorzystywanie technologii przyrostowych posiada jednak swoje ograniczenia i by móc wykorzystać w pełni oferowane przez nie możliwości, należy stworzyć i osadzić prawnie funkcjonalny system do wsparcia zarządzania kryzysowego. Niniejsza praca skupia się na pokazaniu wad oraz zalet wykorzystania drukarek 3D oraz możliwości ich implementacji do obecnych systemów przeciwkryzysowych. W artykule został zaproponowany model włączenia technologii przyrostowych do systemu zarządzania kryzysowego.

7

Druk 3D. Zakup drukarki 3D czy outsourcing wydruku 3D?

Gąsiorek Damian

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2021

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nr 11-12

12--15

PL

Druk 3D należy do jednej z najmłodszych technologii wytwarzania. Jej rys historyczny sięga lat 80. ubiegłego wieku. Ograniczenia patentowe oraz potrzeby wytwarzania różnymi materiałami zaowocowały pojawieniem się wielu technik druku 3D. W obecnych czasach można podzielić druk 3D, w zależności od użytego materiału, na techniki druku z materiałów stałych, proszków i cieczy.

EN

3D printing is one of the latest manufacturing technologies. Its history dates back to the 1980s. Patent limitations and the need to manufacture with different materials have resulted in the emergence of many 3D printing technologies. Nowadays, 3D printing can be divided, depending on the material used, into printing from solid materials, powders and liquids.

8

Multi-criteria comparative analysis of the use of subtractive and additive technologies in the manufacturing of offshore machinery components

Deja Mariusz, Siemiątkowski Mieczysław Stanisław, Zieliński Dawid

Polish Maritime Research

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2020

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nr 3

71--81

EN

The dynamic development of additive manufacturing technologies, especially over the last few years, has increased the range of possible industrial applications of 3D printed elements. This is a consequence of the distinct advantages of additive techniques, which include the possibility of improving the mechanical strength of products and shortening lead times. Offshore industry is one of these promising areas for the application of additive manufacturing. This paper presents a decision support method for the manufacturing of offshore equipment components, and compares a standard subtractive method with an additive manufacturing approach. An analytic hierarchy process was applied to select the most effective and efficient production method, considering CNC milling and direct metal laser sintering. A final set of decision criteria that take into account the specifics of the offshore industry sector are provided.

9

Elementy przemysłu 4.0 w działalności OBRUM sp. z o.o.

Mróz Michał, Pella Emil, Grabania Marek Ł.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

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2019

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nr 2(52)

35--46

PL

W artykule odniesiono się do nowych wyzwań jakie niesie ze sobą trwająca czwarta rewolucja przemysłowa. Pokazane zostały wydzielone obszary technologiczne tworzące Przemysł 4.0. Syntetycznie opisano obszar technologii – druk 3D stanowiący jeden z dynamicznie rozwijających się filarów Przemysłu 4.0. Na wybranych przykładach omówiono wdrożone i zastosowane w zrealizowanych projektach OBRUM sp. z o.o. podzespoły wykonane techniką druku 3D. W podsumowaniu podkreślono wagę problematyki i koniecznych przemian w polskich zakładach przemysłowych i systemie kształcenia.

EN

This article discusses some new challenges posed by the ongoing fourth industrial revolution. The technological areas that make up Industry 4.0 are shown. One of these areas of technology, 3D printing, which is one of the dynamically developing pillars of Industry 4.0, is synthetically described. Examples are given and described of components made in 3D printing technology in the course of OBRUM’s completed projects. The importance of the issues and necessary changes in the Polish industry and education system is accentuated in the summary.

10

Elements of industry 4.0 in OBRUM's activities

Mróz Michał, Pella Emil, Grabania Marek Ł.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

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2019

|

nr 2(52)

91--101

EN

This article discusses some new challenges posed by the ongoing fourth industrial revolution. The technological areas that make up Industry 4.0 are shown. One of these areas of technology, 3D printing, which is one of the dynamically developing pillars of Industry 4.0, is synthetically described. Examples are given and described of components made in 3D printing technology in the course of OBRUM's completed projects. The importance of the issues and necessary changes in the Polish industry and education system is accentuated in the summary.

11

Perspectives of modern metrology

Wieczorowski Michał, Pawlus Paweł, Gapiński Bartosz

Mechanik

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2019

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R. 92, nr 12

767--773

EN

The most up-to-date trends in development of length and angle metrology were presented. This development falls within a concept of Industry 4.0 and is understood as Metrology 4.0. Basic elements of these concepts and their connections were shown during years in relation to consecutive industrial revolutions. Specific issues regarding additive technologies were described with a view to functional filtration. Achievements of coordinate measuring technique in macro scale were also presented including optical scanning and computed tomography. In conclusions standardization works regarding the mentioned topics were described.

PL

Zaprezentowano najnowsze kierunki rozwoju metrologii długości i kąta. Rozwój ten wpisuje się w strategię przemysłu 4.0 i jest określany jako metrologia 4.0. Przedstawiono zasadnicze elementy tych koncepcji i ich powiązanie na tle kolejnych rewolucji przemysłowych. Omówiono specyfikę pomiarów w technikach przyrostowych z uwzględnieniem filtracji funkcjonalnej, a także osiągnięcia współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej w skali makro, włącznie ze skanowaniem optycznym i tomografią komputerową. W podsumowaniu zestawiono prace normalizacyjne prowadzone w omawianym zakresie.

12

Investigation of structural-geometric parameters and elemental composition of spherical VT20 alloy powders

Duriagina Z. A., Filimonov O. S., Kulyk V. V., Lemishka I. A., Kuziola R.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 95, nr 2

49--56

EN

Purpose: Identification of structural-geometrical parameters, technological properties and elemental composition of spherical powders in a wide fraction range with respect to the VT20 alloy has been carried out. This is important for evaluating the optimum filling of a given volume by mixture of powders of different fractions during 3D printing. Design/methodology/approach: During the investigation of spherical Ti-alloy powders, a comprehensive approach was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The surface morphology of the powders was studied on a Tuescan Vega 3 Scanning Electron Microscope. Using the Quantax energy dispersive spectrometer, element distribution maps were obtained and histograms of element distribution in the investigated powders were constructed. ICP-MS analysis was performed to clarify the elemental composition. DLS analysis using Malvern's Zetasizer Nano-ZS equipment allowed us to determine the functional parameters (hydrodynamic radius – Rh, zeta potential – z and specific conductivity) of particles of titanium alloy powder that indirectly indicate a tendency to form conglomerates. Findings: According to the microscopic examinations, the VT20 alloy powder consists of globular-shaped particles with the lamellar traces on their surfaces. The uniformity of the chemical element distribution within each fraction of the investigated powders was confirmed by EDS, and the full conformity of the powder fractions with the elemental composition of the VT20 alloy was confirmed by ICP-MS. The DLS method allowed to establish that the formation of conglomerates would not occur within the studied fractions of the VT20 alloy powder. Research limitations/implications: The use of high sensitive investigation methods gives understanding of the mechanisms of fine structure formation and possibility to control the processes of powder coagulation in the stage of electrostatic interactions. Practical implications: The obtained results can be used for the formation of fine spherical particles of the powder, but at the same time, these technologies can be extended for the particles of non-spherical shape. Originality/value: The DLS method allowed to establish that the formation of conglomerates would not occur within the studied fractions of the VT20 alloy powder. This, in turn, will improve powder melting during 3D printing. The measured zeta potential values allowed us to reveal mechanisms of fine structure formation and to control the processes of powder coagulation in the stage of electrostatic interactions.

13

Characteristics of titanium alloys used in the SLM additive technology

Szczepański Łukasz, Pilarczyk Wirginia, Ambroziak Andrzej

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 3

31--38

EN

The article presents an overview of titanium alloys presently used in the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. In the article, particular attention is paid to obtained strength properties and structural transformations of materials used in the tests. The article also presents the application potential of individual alloys and discusses the SLM additive technology.

PL

Przedstawiono przegląd obecnie stosowanych stopów tytanu w technologii selektywnego przetapiania wiązką lasera (SLM, ang. Selective Laser Melting). Zwrócono uwagę w szczególności na osiągane właściwości wytrzymałościowe oraz zachodzące podczas wytwarzania elementów zmiany strukturalne wykorzystanych materiałów. Ponadto zaprezentowano możliwości aplikacyjne poszczególnych stopów oraz scharakteryzowano technologię przyrostową SLM.

14

Zmienność wybranych parametrów SGP powierzchni modeli wykonanych technologią FDM

Bazan A., Kawalec A., Sałata M., Cena I.

Mechanik

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2016

|

R. 89, nr 11

1686--1687

PL

W artykule opisano badania wybranych parametrów wysokościowych i przestrzennych SGP powierzchni modeli wykonanych rapid technologią FDM (fused deposition modeling). Zmienność wartości analizowanych parametrów topografii powierzchni badano w różnych obszarach ścian bocznych modeli, które były nachylone do płaszczyzny referencyjnej pod różnymi kątami.

EN

In the paper there are described investigations of chosen surface texture parameters of models made with one of rapid technologies – FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling). The variations of values of analyzed surface texture parameters were investigated in different areas of the models’ side faces which were inclined to the reference face with different angles.

15

Ocena dokładności modelowych połączeń ślizgowych wykonanych w technologii przyrostowej – natrysku fotopolimeru

Kundera Cz., Kozior T.

Mechanik

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2016

|

R. 89, nr 11

1678--1679

PL

W pracy opisano badania wstępne dwóch prostych połączeń ślizgowych przenoszących ruch obrotowy i posuwisto-zwrotny. Modele fizyczne próbek wykonano w technologii przyrostowej PJM, a następnie poddano dokładnym pomiarom metrologicznym. Celem tych badań była ocena wpływu parametrów procesu technologicznego na stan powierzchni oraz luzy konstrukcyjne.

EN

This paper describes a preliminary study two types of sliding connections transmitting rotation or reciprocating motion. Physical models of samples were manufactured by additive technology PJM and then subjected to metrological research. The purpose of these research was to assess the influence of process parameters on the surface condition and constructional clearances.

16

Analiza wybranych parametrów SGP płaskich modeli wykonanych wybranymi rapid technologiami

Kawalec A., Bazan A., Sałata M., Cena I.

Mechanik

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2016

|

R. 89, nr 11

1684--1685

PL

W artykule skupiono uwagę na wartościach wybranych parametrów SGP przedmiotów wykonanych rapid technologiami: FDM, Polymer Jetting i SLS. Analizowane powierzchnie zostały zmierzone metodą stykową z użyciem profilometru 3D. W procesach wytwarzania modeli stosowano materiały wyjściowe typowe dla tych technologii oraz różne dopuszczalne grubości warstw.

EN

Attention is paid in this paper on the magnitudes of chosen surface texture parameters of models made with selected rapid technologies: FDM, Polymer Jetting and SLS. Analyzed surfaces were measured by contact method using a 3D profile measurement gauge. In manufacturing processes of making models there were used various input materials and allowable thicknesses of layers recommended for those technologies.

17

Accuracy of polymeric dental bridges manufactured by stereolythography

Dikova T, Dzhendov D., Katreva I., Pavlova D.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

29--36

EN

Purpose: Purpose of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of dental bridges produced via digital light projection stereolithography process. Design/methodology/approach: 3D printer Rapidshape D30 was used for manufacturing of two groups of samples – temporary four-part bridges and cast patterns for permanent bridges. The temporary bridges were made of NextDent C+B polymer, while the cast patterns - of NextDent Cast. The samples were manufactured with different layer’s thickness (0.035 mm and 0.050 mm). The geometrical and adjusting accuracy were investigated by measuring of the samples’ dimensions and silicone probe, while the surface roughness was studied out by profile meter and optical microscopy. Findings: It was established that the dimensions of the temporary bridges and the cast patterns, printed with layer thickness 50 µm, are larger than that of the virtual 3D model with 0.1-0.3 mm. Decreasing the layer thickness to 35 µm leads to 0.29%-1.10% smaller sizes of dental bridges and cast patterns in comparison to that of the virtual 3D model. The average roughness deviation Ra of the 3D printed temporary bridges and cast patterns is larger than that of the initial model. As the surface roughness depends on the layer’s thickness, the samples with 0.035 mm layer characterize with lower Ra values. The silicone probe shows that the temporary bridges as well as the cast patterns need additional adjusting in the dental office or corrections during design of the virtual 3D model and 3D printing process in the dental laboratory. Practical implications: The stereolithography as part of CAD/CAM manufacturing process characterizes with high accuracy as a whole. But present study reveals that additional adjusting or preliminary corrections of the design of 3D printing process are needed for dental constructions produced by SLA. Originality/value: The geometrical and fitting accuracy as well as the surface roughness of dental bridges, produced by stereolithography were evaluated. The data, shown in the present study, will help dentists and dental technicians to precise the manufacturing regimes for production of dental constructions with high accuracy.

18

New aspects of 3D printing by robots

Wypysiński R.

Advanced Technologies in Mechanics

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2016

|

Vol. 3, no. 2 (7)

17--21

EN

Additive technologies are common field of industry and daily life. Almost everyone heard about 3D printing and rapid prototyping technologies. Dynamic evolution of methods gives us new possibilities and open new chances. Let’s look on 3D robot printing, its limitation and advantages.

19

An integrated approach to development and simulation manufacturing processes of optical products

Yablochnikov E. I., Vasilkov S. D., Andreev Y. S., Pirogov A. V., Tretyakov S. D.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2015

|

Vol. 6, No. 4

94--103

EN

The engineering management process and automation method for making pilot set of optical polymer parts used in LED systems are considered. Optical system and lens geometry development are realized in Zemax. 3D model and molding tools with further generating of NC coded data are developed in Cimatron E. Pre simulation of injection molding process is realized in Moldex3D and thermo-mechanical analysis is provided by OOFELIE. 3D printer Objet is used for parts prototyping on different stages of the process. Data and process management are realized with a help of PDM system SmarTeam.

20

Microstructure and hardness of fixed dental prostheses manufactured by additive technologies

Dikova T., Dzhendov D., Simov M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2015

|

Vol. 71, nr 2

60--69

EN

Purpose: The additive technologies characterize with building of one layer at a time from a powder or liquid that is bonded by means of melting, fusing or polymerization. The methods, mostly used in dentistry, include selective laser sintering, selective laser melting and 3D printing. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the microstructure and hardness of fixed dental prostheses produced by three different technologies. Design/methodology/approach: Four-part dental bridges were manufactured of Co-Cr alloy by standard lost-wax process, casting of 3D printed wax models and Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy and SEM. EDX and EPMA analyses and Vickers microhardness measurements was done. Findings: It was established that the microstructure of cast samples is dense, inhomogeneous, consisting of large grains with dendrite morphology, while the microstructure of the SLM bridges is porous. Pores, elongated along the direction of the melted layers were observed. The microhardness investigations showed highest average hardness of the samples, produced by SLM (356HV-407HV), followed by the hardness of the samples, cast by 3D printed models (327HV-343HV) and these, manufactured by standard lost-wax process (251HV-274HV). The measurements along depth of the samples showed nearly even microhardness distribution in the bridges, produced by SLM, and fluctuations of the microhardness values along the depth of the cast bridges due to the inhomogeneous microstructure. Research limitations/implications: As the additive technologies for production of dental restorations from wax, polymers and metal alloys are developed last years, additional investigations are needed for development of more precise technological regimes. Originality/value: The comparison between the microstructure and hardness of dental prostheses made by lost-wax process and SLM reveals the peculiarities of the constructions produced by new technology.