Purpose: The aim of the work was to present the automation of the mass measurement process as a factor that can significantly affect the quality and speed of analyzes in pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, two methods were presented for testing the mass uniformity of tablets whose weight ranged from 13 mg to 2580 mg. The first method involved determining the weight of 20 randomly selected tablets of pharmaceutical preparations by statically measuring the weight of these tablets. In the second method, an automatic tablet feeder type PA-04/H was used, in which, as a result of vibration, successive tablets were automatically moved via a special chute onto the weighing pan. Findings: No significant differences were found in the weight measurements performed by the manual and automatic methods. The largest differences were noted at the 0.5% level. All tablets tested met the United States Pharmacopeia requirements for their mass uniformity. For orally disintegrating tablets, the largest percentage deviations in weight from the mean value were -4.47% for tablet F6, - 4.26%, for tablet F1 and 3.31% for tablet F2. The differences in accuracy and precision between the automatic and manual methods were insignificant. Research limitations/implications: Mass measurement by the manual method is one of the most frequently performed measurements in the laboratory. The final result from this measurement method may be subject to error caused, for example, by human error, i.e. reading, writing or calculation error. For this reason, process automation is increasingly being used, which eliminates the possibility of error to a large extent. Practical implications: The automation of weight measurement reduces the effort required for product inspection. Thus, it can be an important factor in the process of optimization and product quality management. Originality/value: The description of the research method and its results can be a valuable guideline for people who deal with product quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been shown that automation to be effective does not have to be complicated but well designed.
The article presents the results of research on the development of a method for improving the positioning accuracy of an UAV equipped with a single-frequency GPS receiver for determining the linear elements of exterior orientation in aerial photogrammetry. Thus, the paper presents a computational strategy for improving UAV position determination using the SPP code method and the products of the IGS service. The developed algorithms were tested in two independent research experiments performed with the UAV platform on which an AsteRx-m2 UAS single-frequency receiver was installed. As a result of the experiments, it was shown that the use of IGS products in the SPP code method made it possible to improve the accuracy of the linear elements to the level of about ±2.088 m for X coordinate, ±1.547 m for Y coordinate, ±3.712 m for Z coordinate. The paper also shows the trend of changes in the obtained accuracy in determining linear elements of exterior orientation in the form of a linear regression function. Finally, the paper also applies the SBAS corrections model for the improvement of UAV position calculation and determination of linear elements of exterior orientation. In this case, the improvement in the accuracy of determining the linear elements of exterior orientation is about ±1.843 m for X coordinate, ±1.658 m for Y coordinate, ±7.930 m for Z coordinate. As the obtained test results show, the use of IGS products and SBAS corrections in the SPP code method makes it possible to improve the determination of UAV positions for the use in aerial photogrammetry.
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W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań elektromagnetycznych kilku modeli zbrojenia ortogonalnego z zastosowaniem Profometru PM-650. Oceniono powtarzalność pomiarów w przypadku różnego usytuowania tzw. ośrodka pomiaru względem pręta poprzecznego i oszacowano wartości błędów pomiarowych. Stwierdzono, że pozycja skanera istotnie wpływa na pomiar średnicy, natomiast w mniejszym stopniu na pomiar otuliny. W artykule poruszono również problem wpływu na wyniki czynników zaburzających pole elektromagnetyczne. W efekcie przeprowadzonych badań sformułowano zalecenia praktyczne.
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The article presents the results of electromagnetic research of several models of orthogonal reinforcement. Profometer PM-650 was used. The repeatability of measurements for different locations of the so-called measurement centre relative to the transverse member was evaluated and the values of measurement errors were estimated. It was found that the position of the scanner significantly affects the measurement of the diameter, while the measurement of the coating affects to a lesser extent. The article also discusses the problem of influencing the results of electromagnetic field disruptors. Practical recommendations were formulated.
Opinions related to rising fuel prices need to be seen and analysed. Public opinion is closely related to public policy in Indonesia in the future. Twitter is one of the media that people use to convey their opinions. This study uses sentiment analysis to look at this phenomenon. Sentiment is divided into three categories: positive, neutral, and negative. The methods used in this research are Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes, Adaptive Synthetic k-nearest neighbours, and Adaptive Synthetic Random Forest. The Adaptive Synthetic method is used to handle unbalanced data. The data used in this study are public arguments per province in Indonesia. The results obtained in this study are negative sentiments that dominate all provinces in Indonesia. There is a relationship between negative sentiment and the level of education, internet use, and the human development index. Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes performed better than other methods, with an accuracy of 0.882. The highest accuracy of the Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes method is 0.990 in Papua Barat Province.
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Należy przyjrzeć się i przeanalizować opinie związane z rosnącymi cenami paliw. Opinia publiczna jest ściśle związana z polityką publiczną Indonezji w przyszłości. Twitter jest jednym z mediów, których ludzie używają do przekazywania swoich opinii. Niniejsze badanie wykorzystuje analizę nastrojów, aby przyjrzeć się temu zjawisku. Opinia jest podzielona na trzy kategorie: pozytywną, neutralną i negatywną. Metody wykorzystane w tym badaniu to Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes, Adaptive Synthetic k-nearest neighbours i Adaptive Synthetic Random Forest. Metoda Adaptive Synthetic służy do obsługi niezrównoważonych danych. Dane wykorzystane w tym badaniu to argumenty publiczne według prowincji w Indonezji. Wyniki uzyskane w tym badaniu to negatywne nastroje, które dominują we wszystkich prowincjach Indonezji. Istnieje związek między negatywnymi nastrojami a poziomem wykształcenia, korzystaniem z Internetu i wskaźnikiem rozwoju społecznego. Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes działała lepiej niż inne metody, z dokładnością 0,882. Najwyższa dokładność metody Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes wynosi 0,990 w prowincji Papua Barat.
Remote sensing technology is reliable in identifying the distribution of seabed cover yet there are still challenges in retrieving the data collection of shallow water habitats than with other objects on land. Classification algorithms based on remote sensing technology have been developed for application to map benthic habitats, such as Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance, and Support Vector Machine. This study focuses on examining those three classification algorithms to retrieve information on the benthic habitat in Pari Island, Jakarta using visual interpretation data for classification, and data field measurements for accuracy testing. This study used five classes of benthic objects, namely sand, sand-seagrass, rubble, seagrass, and coral. The results show how the proposed approach in this study provides an overall good classification of marine habitat with an accuracy produced 63.89–81.95%. The Support Vector Machine algorithm produced the highest accuracy rate of about 81.95%. The Support Vector Machine algorithm at a very high spatial resolution is considered to be capable of identifying, monitoring, and performing the rapid assessment of benthic habitat objects.
The paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of determination of parameters of the position of aircraft using data from the AVIA-W radar. In the first place, the authors determined the position of the aircraft as well as the range and azimuth parameters by the AVIA-W radar, located in Dęblin. This was followed by a determination of the absolute position error of the aircraft and the determination of the range and azimuth measurement error by the AVIA-W radar. The research test was carried out using a Diamond DA40 NG aircraft on which a GPS satellite receiver was mounted in order to determine the flight reference position. In addition, the range and azimuth measurements for the aircraft were acquired from the AVIA-W radar. Navigational calculations were conducted for polar and rectangular planar coordinates. Based on the performed research, the azimuth error was found to be -1.4°, while the radar range measurement error was equal to -0.04 km. The conducted research is experimental in its character. In the future it will be repeated and extended to the GCA-2000 radar, which is also located at Dęblin military airfield.
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W pracy przedstawiono analizę dokładności wyznaczenia parametrów pozycji statku powietrznego z użyciem danych z radaru AVIA-W. W pierwszej kolejności dokonano wyznaczenia pozycji statku powietrznego oraz określenia parametru zasięgu i azymutu przez radar AVIA-W, zlokalizowany w Dęblinie. Następnie dokonano wyznaczenia błędu absolutnego pozycji statku powietrznego oraz określenia błędu pomiaru zasięgu i azymutu przez radar AVIA-W. Test badawczy przeprowadzono z użyciem samolotu Diamond DA40 NG, na pokładzie którego zamontowano odbiornik satelitarny GPS w celu wyznaczenia pozycji odniesienia lotu. Dodatkowo z radaru AVIA-W pozyskano pomiary zasięgu i azymutu do statku powietrznego. Obliczenia nawigacyjne zrealizowano dla współrzędnych biegunowych i prostokątnych płaskich. Na podstawie wykonanych badań stwierdzono, że błąd azymutu wynosi -1,4°, z kolei błąd pomiaru zasięgu radaru wynosi -0,04 km. Przeprowadzone badania mają charakter eksperymentalny i w przyszłości zostaną powtórzone i rozszerzone o radar GCA-2000, który także znajduje się na lotnisku wojskowym Dęblin.
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A new precise, selective and reliable reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of Methyl paraben sodium (MPS) and Propyl paraben sodium (PPS) (preservatives) in Iron protein succinylate syrup. Optimized conditions were; Methanol: Water (65: 35) as mobile phase, UV/Vis detector at the wavelength of 254 nm and flow rate was set at 1.3 ml min⁻¹. By applying the set of conditions, separation of components was carried out in less than 7 min for both the analytes. The method was validated according to International conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and the analytical characteristic parameters of validation included specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness were evaluated. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range of 0.045 mg mL⁻¹ to 0.075 mg mL⁻¹ for Methyl paraben sodium and 0.015 mg mL⁻¹ to 0.025 mg mL⁻¹ for propyl paraben sodium with a correlation coefficient r2 > 0.999. Accuracy; reported as percentage recovery was found to be in the range of 98.71%–101.64% for Methyl paraben sodium and 99.85%–101.47% for Propyl paraben sodium at 80%, 100% and 120% concentration for both the analytes. The proposed method was found to be precise and robust when evaluated by variations in wavelength, mobile phase composition, temperature and analyst. The limit of detection (LOD) was found 0.001 mg mL⁻¹ (3 ppm) for Methyl paraben sodium and 0.001 mg mL⁻¹ (1 ppm) for Propyl paraben sodium.
This paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of aircraft positioning using radar and GPS satellite data. In particular, this study shows the results of research on determining the position of an aircraft, as well as the range and azimuth parameters for the GCA-2000 radar to the GPS solution. The research used measurement data from the GCA-2000 radar and the Thales MobileMapper Pro receiver placed onboard a Diamond DA-40NG aircraft. The flight experiment was carried out at the EPDE military airport in Dęblin. It was found that the average error in determining the position of the aircraft for the GCA-2000 radar was 295.57 m. Moreover, the average error in determining the range for the GCA-2000 radar is 138.12 m. Additionally, the average error in determining the azimuth for the GCA-2000 radar is equal to 0.408°.
This study presents a modified algorithm to determine the accuracy of GPS positioning in aerial navigation. To achieve this, a mixed model with measurement weights was used to determine the resultant value of accuracy of aerial vehicle positioning. The measurement weights were calculated as a function of the number of GPS tracking satellites. The calculations were performed on actual GPS measurement data recorded by two onboard GNSS receivers installed onboard a Cessna 172 aircraft. The flight test was conducted around the military airport in Dęblin. The conducted analyses demonstrated that the developed algorithm improved the accuracy of GPS positioning from 62 to 91% for horizontal coordinates and between 16-83% for the vertical component of the aerial vehicle position in the BLh ellipsoidal frame. The obtained test results show that the developed method improves the accuracy of aircraft position and could be applied in aerial navigation.
Rozwój technologiczny w sposób naturalny przyczynia się do usprawnienia metod pozyskania danych przestrzennych. Dobrym przykładem są tutaj bezzałogowe statki powietrzne (BSP), które całkowicie zrewolucjonizowały podejście do pozyskania danych wysokorozdzielczych z niskiego pułapu. W niniejszym badaniu przeprowadzono analizę możliwości wykorzystania niskokosztowego bezzałogowego statku powietrznego do weryfikacji wybranych elementów mapy zasadniczej. Głównym celem opracowania jest zaproponowanie optymalnej metody pozyskania danych przestrzennych uwzględniającej jej koszt oraz czas niezbędny na uzyskanie końcowej ortomozaiki.
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Technological development contributes to the effectiveness of spatial data capture in a natural way. The perfect example of this state of affairs is the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) which in practice completely changed the collecting methods of high-resolution imagery acquired from low altitude. In the presented research the low-cost UAV was examined as a tool for the terrain inventory and verification the selected classes of master map. The main goals of the analysis were to propose the optimal methodology of spatial data capture by UAV. It also includes the total cost and time required for preparing the final orthomosaics.
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W pracy przedstawiono porównanie podstawowych właściwości scalonych mikroczujników warunków środowiskowych pod kątem wykorzystania ich do pomiaru temperatury otoczenia, wilgotności względnej oraz ciśnienia w laboratorium pomiarowym, w którym te trzy wielkości charakteryzują się niewielkimi przedziałami zmian. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, iż w stosunkowo wąskim zakresie zmian wielkości mierzonych, wyniki pomiarów uzyskiwanych za pomocą porównywanych czujników charakteryzują się bardzo dobrą zgodnością.
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The paper presents a comparison of the basic properties of integrated micro-sensors of environmental conditions in terms of their use to measure the ambient temperature, relative humidity and pressure in a measurement laboratory, where these three values are characterized by small change intervals. The conducted research shows that in a relatively narrow range of changes in measured values, the results of measurements obtained with the compared sensors are characterized by very good compliance.
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W artykule przedstawiono metodę i układ do badania częstotliwości generatorów. Metoda ma proste podstawy teoretyczne i w praktyce pozwala łatwo i jednoznacznie ocenić dokładność i stabilność oraz zobrazować wander częstotliwości taktu zegarowego. Układ badawczy stanowi kilka najprostszych układów cyfrowych i wzmacniaczy operacyjnych, pozwalających jednak na zaawansowane pomiary napięciowe i obserwacje oscyloskopowe w czasie rzeczywistym. Ich wyniki zostały udokumentowane.
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The article presents a method and a system for testing the frequency of generators. The method has simple theoretical foundations and in practice allows you to easily and unequivocally assess the accuracy and stability as well as to visualize the clock frequency wander. The research system consists of several digital circuits and operational amplifiers, however, allowing for advanced voltage measurements and real-time oscilloscope observations. Their results have been documented.
W artykule zaproponowano konstrukcję ładunku do wybuchowego formowania pocisku kalibru 100 mm. Dokonano oceny konstrukcji ładunku w badaniach poligonowych. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań poligonowych pocisku uformowanego wybuchowo o oczekiwanych parametrach konstrukcyjnych. Określono celność pocisków w trafieniach do tarczy na odległości 750 kalibrów. Przebicie pocisków przedstawiono na przykładach oddziaływania na tarczę ze stali pancernej o grubości 30 mm. Przedstawiono przykładowe kształty pocisku uformowanego wybuchowo na torze lotu w postaci odcisków w tarczy papierowej. Opracowano również wyniki odłamkowania obudowy ładunku.
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The construction of 100 mm chargé for explosively formed projectile was proposed in the article. The construction of charge was tested on the range. The results of field tests of an explosively formed projectile with the expected design parameters are presented. The accuracy of projectiles hitting the target at 750 calibre distance was determined. The penetration of projectiles was shown on the examples of impact on a 30 mm thick target from rolled homogenous steel. Exemplary shapes of explosively formed projectiles on the flight path in the form of imprints in a paper target are presented. The results of fragmentation of the charge casing were also analysed.
This work proposes a systematic assessment of stereophotogrammetry and noise-floor tests to characterize and quantify the uncertainty and accuracy of a vision-based tracking system. Two stereophotogrammetry sets with different configurations, i.e., some images are designed and their sensitivity is quantified based on several assessments. The first assessment evaluates the image coordinates, stereo angle and reconstruction errors resulting from the stereophotogrammetry procedure, and the second assessment expresses the uncertainty from the variance and bias errors measured from the noise-floor test. These two assessments quantify the uncertainty, while the accuracy of the vision-based tracking system is assessed from three quasi-static tests on a small-scaled specimen. The difference in each stereophotogrammetry set and configuration, as indicated by the stereophotogrammetry and noise-floor assessment, leads to a significant result hat the first stereophotogrammetry set measures the RMSE of 3.6 mm while the second set identifies only 1.6 mm of RMSE. The results of this work recommend a careful and systematic assessment of stereophotogrammetry and noise-floor test results to quantify the uncertainty before the real test to achieve a high displacement accuracy of the vision-based tracking system.
Digital metrology was applied for evaluate 3D models of the unique skull of a fossil tetrapod, Madygenerpeton pustulatum, generated using various 3D digitization methods. The skull surface is covered by minute tubercles making it challenging for digitization with appropriate accuracy. Uniqueness and fragility of the specimen preclude the use of tactile measuring systems for creating a standardized reference model. To overcome this problem, comparative analysis of the triangulated models generated from the clouds of points obtained with seven different devices was conducted using the Geomagic Studio and Autodesk PowerShape CAD software. In the proposed approach, geometrically and dimensionally closest-fitting models underwent detailed statistical analysis between surface polygons in three steps. First, 3D models obtained from different scanning methods were compared with each other in couples. Next, statistical analysis of the differences between the coupled models was performed. Finally, a rating list of the models related to the required accuracy was prepared. The proposed approach is applicable to any other scanned object, especially in palaeontological applications, where each object is unique and exhibits individual features.
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Zaprezentowano wybrane aspekty kosztorysowania robót budowlanych w dynamicznych warunkach rynkowych. W ostatnich latach odnotowano wiele czynników wpływających na stabilność gospodarczą oraz rynku budowlanego (ograniczenia związane z COVID-19, niestabilność rynków surowcowych, konflikt wojenny w Ukrainie). Ich wystąpienie spowodowało dużą zmienność czynników kształtujących ceny w budownictwie. W związku z tym pojawiły się trudności w sporządzaniu wycen kosztorysowych, następowała ich szybka dezaktualizacja bądź nawet pierwotna nieadekwatność do warunków rynkowych. W artykule podjęto dyskusję nad tym stanem, co zobrazowano wybranymi przykładami kalkulacji kosztorysowych i analiz cenowych.
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Selected aspects of the costing of construction works in dynamic market conditions were presented. In recent years, there have been a number of factors affecting economic stability and the stability of the construction market (restrictions related to COVID-19, instability of raw materials markets, war conflict in Ukraine). Their occurrence resulted in high volatility of factors influencing prices in construction. As a result, there were difficulties in preparing cost estimates, which resulted in their quick obsolescence or even initial inadequacy to market conditions. The article discusses this state of affairs, which is illustrated by selected examples of cost calculation and price analyzes.
Gantry stages, which consist of two parallel acting servo drives, are commonly used in machine tools. One drawback of this concept is the crosstalk between both drives, when a stiff mechanical coupling is present. This can lead to a limited bandwidth of the position control or to high reaction forces. One way to overcome these issues is the usage of joints to create an additional degree of freedom, which allows the drives to move independently. The design of these joints as compliant elements offers advantages compared to common rolling bearings, such as low friction and the absence of backlash. Another benefit is the variability in the design of the compliant joints allowing for adjustments to the position of each joint’s centre of compliance. Thus, the position of the resulting pivot, and the transfer matrix between the motion of the drives and the motion at the gantry stage’s tool centre point, change as well. This paper addresses the placement of the joint’s centre of compliance in order to improve motion accuracy. For this purpose, joints with modular arranged compliant links have been designed. The characteristics of the joints and their effect on the behaviour of the gantry stage are compared using analytical investigations as well as experimental results.
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Objectives: This paper proposed the neural network-based segmentation model using Pre-trained Mask Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with VGG-19 architecture. Since ovarian is very tiny tissue, it needs to be segmented with higher accuracy from the annotated image of ovary images collected in dataset. This model is proposed to predict and suppress the illness early and to correctly diagnose it, helping the doctor save the patient's life. Methods: The paper uses the neural network based segmentation using Pre-trained Mask CNN integrated with VGG-19 NN architecture for CNN to enhance the ovarian cancer prediction and diagnosis. Results: Proposed segmentation using hybrid neural network of CNN will provide higher accuracy when compared with logistic regression, Gaussian naïve Bayes, and random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers.
The goal of paper is the development and demonstration of efficiency of algorithm for form finding of a slack cable notwithstanding of the initial position chosen. This algorithm is based on product of two sets of coefficients, which restrict the rate of looking for cable geometry changes at each iteration. The first set restricts the maximum allowable change of absolute values of positions, angles and axial forces. The second set takes into account whether the process is the converging one (the signs of maximal change of parameters remain the same), so that it increases the allowable changes; or it is a diverging one, so that these changes are discarded. The proposed procedure is applied to two different methods of simple slack cable calculation under a number of concentrated forces. The first one is a typical finite element method, with the cable considered as consisting of number of straight elements, with unknown positions of their ends, and it is essentially an absolute coordinate method. The second method is a typical Irvine’s like analytical solution, which presents only two unknowns at the initial point of the cable; due to the peculiarity of implementation it is named here a shooting method. Convergence process is investigated for both solutions for arbitrary chosen, even very illogical initial positions for the ACM, and for angle and force at the left end for SM as well. Even if both methods provide the same correct convergent results, it is found that the ACM requires a much lower number of iterations.
The healthcare industry is one of the many out there that could majorly benefit from advancement in the technology it utilizes. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are especially integral and specifically deep learning (DL); a highly useful data-driven technology. It is applied in a variety of different methods but it mainly depends on the structure of the available data. However, with varying applications, this technology produces data in different contexts with particular connotations. Reports which are the images of scans play a great role in identifying the existence of the disease in a patient. Further, the automation in processing these images using technology like CNN-based models makes it highly efficient in reducing human errors otherwise resulting in large data. Hence this study presents a hybrid deep learning architecture to classify the histopathology images to identify the presence of cancer in a patient. Further, the proposed models are parallelized using the TensorFlow-GPU framework to accelerate the training of these deep CNN (Convolution Neural Networks) archi-tectures. This study uses the transfer learning technique during training and early stopping criteria are used to avoid overfitting during the training phase. these models use LSTM parallel layer imposed in the model to experiment with four considered architectures such as MobileNet, VGG16, and ResNet with 101 and 152 layers. The experimental results produced by these hybrid models show that the capability of Hybrid ResNet101 and Hybrid ResNet152 architectures are highly suitable with an accuracy of 90% and 92%. Finally, this study concludes that the proposed Hybrid ResNet-152 architecture is highly efficient in classifying the histopathology images. The proposed study has conducted a well-focused and detailed experimental study which will further help researchers to understand the deep CNN architectures to be applied in application development.
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