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1

Metodyka oznaczania śladów materiałów wybuchowych oraz ich pochodnych w złożonych matrycach na przykładzie wykorzystania biowskaźnika akumulacji

Baran Piotr A., Mazur Izabela, Kasprzak Piotr, Modzelewski Damian, Tszydel Mariusz, Błońska Dagmara

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R, 52, z. 164

43--65

PL

W XXI wieku, różne wydarzenia polityczne i społeczne powodują pojawianie się nowych zagrożeń związanych z produkcją, przechowywaniem i użyciem środków bojowych zawierających kruszące materiały wybuchowe. Zanieczyszczenia stanowią wyzwanie dla specjalistycznych laboratoriów, które zajmują się ich wykrywaniem i identyfikowaniem źródła pochodzenia. Niestety, tego typu zanieczyszczenia mają poważny wpływ na ludzkie zdrowie powodując m.in. poważne uszkodzenia układów i narządów człowieka, a także długotrwałe skutki zdrowotne, takie jak choroby nowotworowe i inne poważne zaburzenia zdrowia. Dlatego ważne jest, aby zwrócić uwagę na te zagrożenia i zrobić wszystko, co w naszej mocy, aby zapobiegać ich pojawianiu się i zminimalizować ich szkodliwe skutki. W badaniach ekosystemów częstym problemem jest niskie stężenie badanej substancji, które jest poniżej limitu detekcji urządzenia. W takich przypadkach biowskaźniki kumulacji okazują się być bardzo pomocne. Biomarkery są doskonałym narzędziem do wykrywania zanieczyszczeń w wodzie płynącej i w glebie Dzięki nim można stwierdzić obecność określonych czynników chemicznych, a jednocześnie są one czułym wskaźnikiem reakcji ekosystemu na skażenie. W oparciu o chromatografię cieczową została opracowana uniwersalna metoda, która umożliwia analizę trotylu i jego pochodnych w wytypowanym przez nas biowskaźniku akumulacji - larwach chruścików z gatunku Hydropsyche angu-stipennis, Curtis 1834 oraz próbkach gleby, czy innych złożonych matrycach. Metoda chromatograficzna pozwala na ilościowe i jakościowe oznaczenie różnych pochodnych trotylu, takich jak 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluen, 2,4-dia-mino-6-nitroto-luen, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzen, trójnitrotoluen, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluen, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluen i tetrylu w złożonej matrycy biologicznej. Dodatkowo prze-prowadzono badanie efektu kumulacji trotylu w tkance larw chruścików poddanych ekspozycji w rozworach testowych zwierających trotyl przez 1 do 24 godzin. Zauważono efekt wysycenia oraz zmierzono stężenie pochodnych trotylu. Zaobserwowane efekty potwierdziły użyteczność wytypowanej larwy jako biowskaźnika akumulacji zanieczyszczeń trotylu w ekosystemie.

EN

Different political and social events of the 21th century have been bringing about the appearance of new threats connected with production, storing and using of combat assets containing the high explosive materials. The contaminations are challenging for specialised laboratories dealing with their detection and identification of sources of origin. Unfortunately, such contaminations have a serious influence into the human health causing for instance significant injuries of human systems and organs, and long term problems with the health such as cancer diseases and other serious health disturbances. Therefore, it is important to focus attention on these threats, and to do everything possible to prevent their appearance and minimise the harmful effects. A low concentration of tested agent, below the instrument detection threshold, is a frequent problem at investigations of ecosystems. In such cases biomarkers of cumulation prove to be very helpful. Biomarkers can be a perfect tool for detection of contaminations in the flowing water and in the ground. They can be used to establish the presence of specific chemical agents and at the same time they are a sensitive indicator of eco-system’s reaction to the contamination. A universal method was developed basing on the liquid chromatography for analysis of trotyl and its derivatives present in larvae of caddisflies from species of Hydropsyche angustipennis, Curtis 1834, and in the samples of soil, or in other complex matrixes. The chromatographic method can label quantitively and qualitatively different derivatives of trotyl, such as 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dia-mino-6-nitrotoluene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzen, trinitrotoluene, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluen, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluen, and tetryl in a complex biologic matrix. Additionally, an effect was investigated of trotyl cumulation within 1 to 24 hours in the tissue of cad-disfly larvae subjected to exposition of tested solutions contained trotyl. An effect of saturation was noticed and the concentration of trotyl derivatives was measured. Observed effects con-firmed the usefulness of chosen larvae as a bio-indicator of trotyl contamination accumulation in ecosystem.

2

Trend Analyses of River Dragacina Runoff for Identification of the Water Availability and Accounting for Water Needs

Kusari Laura, Osmanaj Lavdim, Bungu Samir, Thaqi Premton, Hajdari Venera

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

246--256

EN

This study aimed to analyze the available amount of water in the Dragaçina River to meet the different water needs in the Municipality of Suhareka. The water problems in this city are more pronounced, especially in the vegetation period of July–September, where the area is significantly affected by drought. The Dragacina River carries about 10 hm3 of water per year, and affected neither by urbanism nor massive deforestation of the basin. However, there are no multi-year measurements of inflows for this river, whether they are average, maximum or minimum ones. Therefore, the study is based on several multi-annual monthly rainfall measurements and some characteristics of the Dragaçina River Basin. Knowing the average annual flow coefficient η = Peff / Pbruto it is possible to convert these precipitations to Peff [mm] flow and then to monthly flow. The inputs for other years from 1983/84 onwards are obtained by simulating time series. Then, for such inflows, the probability distribution functions of small waters are assigned and the usable volume balance is carried out. Assuming an average annual withdrawal from the reservoir QAmin mes. = 0.63 × Qmes. which should be constant throughout the years, then the length of the critical period will be 0.13 years or approximately 48 days, for PH = 95%. Starting from the initial acquired volume of 1 hm3 it is possible to achieve 95% < PH < 99%. Therefore, it follows from this analysis that this river can provide a significant amount of water for the needs of the Municipality of Suhareka.

3

Reaction of Aquatic Plants of Small Rivers of the Turkestan Region of Kazakhstan to Heavy Metal Ions

Issayeva Akmaral, Myrzabayeva Zhanar, Kidirbayeva K., Ibragimov Talgat, Baitasheva G., Tleukeyeva Assel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

43--49

EN

Heavy metals are some of the environmental pollutants that have a serious impact on the environment. The analysis of hydromacrophytes growing in small rivers of the south of Kazakhstan with different contents of heavy metal salts revealed that the morphometric indicators of the same plant species differ significantly, depending on the level of total mineralization of the aquatic environment in different rivers of the Turkestan region. It has been established that two plant species can be used to bioindicate the content of lead ions in the aquatic environment: Azolla caroliniana Willd. and Veronica beccabunga L., which must be introduced into the tested aqueous solutions in the amount of 1.0 kg/m3 and 1.5–2.0 kg/m3, respectively, to fully cover the water column at different depths. The first morphological changes in plants, in the form of destruction of the structure of chloroplasts along the edges of unfolded leaves in A. caroliniana Willd. and slight withering of the lower underwater leaves in V. beccabunga L., occur already at a 1.5 mg/l Pb2+ content in water, and a further increase in the content of lead ions in water to 600.0–800.0 mg/l leads to the death of plants.

4

Influence of Lead-Zinc Slags of the Shymkent City on the Environment

Salim Yerbol, Issayeva Akmaral, Kidirbayeva K., Zhumadulayeva A., Dossybayeva G., Bozhbanbaeva N., Ashirbayeva S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

83--89

EN

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization, the lead-zinc slags previously located outside the settlement turned out to be within the city of Shymkent and began to pose a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of lead-zinc slags on the environment of Shymkent. It has been revealed that the fields of ruderal plant species are inversely correlated with the lead content in the soil, for phyto-indication of the state of soils, the most informative indicators are the phytocenotic composition and the projective covering of soils with vegetation. At the same time, the proportion of annual species in the control is 53.5 ± 5.6%; with an increase in the toxic load, their role gradually weakens, reaching from 14496.0 ± 105.1 mg/kg Pb2+ to 5.2 ± 0.4%. It was found that Dodartia orientalis, Centaurea squarrosa Willd., Plantago lancetofolium are hyperaccumulators of lead ions, while electron microscopic images showed that lead ions accumulate in the intercellular space of plants, forming significant conglomerates of 10–75 nm. The negative influence of lead-zinc waste has been established, which leads to the accumulation of lead in the blood of children and, as a consequence, is the cause of various diseases. The maximum lead content in the amount of 103 micrograms / dl was found in the blood of children in the area of the city, located 800–1000 m from the slag storage site. Developing hypochromic anemia in children indicates its toxic origin. It was revealed that 90% of children have such pathologies as biliary dyskinesia, dental caries, small anomalies of heart development.

5

Determination of heavy metals in some tissues of four fish species from the Karasu River (Erzincan, Turkey) for public consumption

Tanır Özge Zencir

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 2

232--246

EN

The study aimed at determining the concentration of heavy metals in muscle, liver, and gill tissues of four fish species (Acanthobrama marmid, Capoeta umbla, Capoeta trutta and Chondrostoma regium) collected from five sites in the Karasu River, Erzincan, between July 2019 and January 2020. The relationships between fish size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues were also investigated using Pearson correlation analysis. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn were higher than those of other metals in all tissue samples from four fish species. Fe and Al concentrations were very high, while the lowest Co, Cd and Pb concentrations were determined in the muscle, liver and gill tissues. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that significant relationships between heavy metal concentrations and fish size (length and weight) were positive (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), except for a few cases. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations in the edible parts (muscle) of the studied fish species did not exceed the maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs) proposed by national and international food standards and were safe within human consumption limits, except for Cr.

6

Analysis of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey

Kutlu Banu, Özcan Tahir, Özcan Gülnaz

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 4

411--420

EN

The ecological risk resulting from the accumulation of some heavy metals in the sediments of Iskenderun Bay was assessed using the following measures: enrichment and contamination factor, pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The concentrations of the studied heavy metals were in the following order: Fe > Ni > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > As > Pb > Cd > Hg. Ni and As had the highest EF values. This situation is most likely due to the presence of iron, pesticide, and fertilizer plants in the region. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ni, As, Mn, and Cr may have harmful effects on faunal communities in sediments. According to the RI, Site 4 was more contaminated and toxic than the other seven study sites, with “moderate” ecological risk. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined by multivariate methods – cluster and principal component analysis. As can be inferred from the RI values, the potential toxic effect of As and Ni in the sediments is moderate.

7

Evaluation of Surface Sediment Quality in Rivers with Fish Farming Potential (Peru) Using Indicators of Contamination, Accumulation and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals and Arsenic

Custodio María, Fow Anthony, Peñaloza Richard, Chanamé Fernán, Cano Deyvis

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 5

78--87

EN

Surface sediment quality of potential rivers in Peru was evaluated using indicators of contamination, accumulation and ecological risk of heavy metals and As. Surface sediment samples were collected at 54 sampling sites in the Tishgo and Chia rivers during 2018. The determination of Cu, Pb, Zn and As was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed the decreasing order of the mean concentrations of heavy metals and As in the Chia River of Zn > Cu > As > Pb and Tishgo of Zn > Pb > As > Cu. The PLI for the Tishgo River were greater than one (PLI > 1) denoting the deterioration it has been experiencing. In the Chia River, 60% of the sampling sites indicated no appreciable contamination by these elements (PLI < 1). The Igeo values of As in both rivers showed a state of contamination, from moderately to severely contaminated. In the Tishgo River the potential ecological risk varied from low to moderate and in the Chia River from low to considerable. Finally, this study reveals the applicability of the evaluation indexes of contamination, accumulation and potential ecological risk of toxic metals so that special control measures can be adopted.

8

Optymalizacji parametrów sieci wentylacyjnej kopalni X w przypadku likwidacji jednego z szybów wentylacyjnych

Mocek Piotr, Smoliło Janusz

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2019

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Vol. 8, iss. 1

203--221

PL

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę określenia parametrów sieci wentylacyjnej Kopalni X dla przyszłego modelu docelowego jej funkcjonowania, w którym po zakończeniu etapu likwidacji zbędnej infrastruktury kopalnia będzie pełnić rolę centralnej pompowni wód dołowych dla wszystkich kopalń Niecki Bytomskiej. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów parametrów aktualnej sieci wentylacyjnej Kopalni X oraz za pomocą programu AERO-2014D firmy POK „Zachód” Spółka z o.o. symulację parametrów jej sieci w modelu docelowym po likwidacji szybu „Witczak”. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły określić działania techniczne jakie należy podjąć aby zagwarantować stabilność sieci wentylacyjnej w przyszłym modelu docelowym kopalni X.

EN

The article deals with the issue of determining the parameters of the ventilation network of the Mine X for the future model of its target operation, in which after completion of the phase of unnecessary infrastructure liquidation will act as a central pumping station for all mines of the Bytom Basin. The article presents the results of measurements of the parameters of the current ventilation network of Mine X and with the help of the AERO-2014D program of the POK "Zachód" Spółka z o.o. simulation of its network parameters in the target model after the liquidation of the "Witczak" shaft. The obtained results allowed to determine the technical measures to be taken to ensure the stability of the ventilation network in the future target model of the X mine.

9

Accumulation of assets in farms covered by the FADN farm accountancy system in Poland – the economic and eco-efficiency context

Grzelak Aleksander

Management

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2019

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Vol. 23, no. 2

281--294

EN

The primary objective of the article is to identify the accumulation processes in farms in Poland based on the economic size as well as the context of eco-efficiency (from the perspective of Environmental Sustainable Value). In addition, the importance of subsidies in generating accumulation was specified and the context of eco-efficiency was taken into account. Analysis of the environmental context was carried out with the use of the assessment of subsidies for public goods and return to cost ratio (RTC) based on the concept of Sustainable Value (SV). Cross-analysis has shown that with the transition to groups of farms with an increasing economic size, the situation was more favourable from the perspective of the accumulation rate and its level per 1 ha. Subsidies play a significant role in shaping accumulation. It was observed that the higher rate of accumulation associated with the transition to groups of farms with greater economic strength is accompanied by an increase in eco-efficiency through the prism of the RTC indicator. Larger (but not the largest) farms are more efficient in using the transformation of environmental inputs into production output, which does not mean that they exert an absolutely lower environmental pressure.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie procesów akumulacji w gospodarstwach rolnych w Polsce ze względu na wielkość ekonomiczną jak również kontekst eko-efektywności (z perspektywy Environmental Sustainable Value). Do badania kontekstu środowiskowego wykorzystano ocenę dopłat za dobra publiczne oraz return to cost ratio (RTC), opierający się na koncepcji Sustainable Value (SV). Analiza przekrojowa wykazała, że wraz z przechodzeniem do grup gospodarstw o coraz większej wielkości ekonomicznej sytuacja była coraz korzystniejsza z perspektywy stopy akumulacji, jak i jej poziomu na 1 ha. Istotny udział w kształtowaniu akumulacji mają subsydia. Dostrzeżono, że wyższej stopie akumulacji związanej z przechodzeniem do grup gospodarstw rolnych o większej sile ekonomicznej, towarzyszy wzrost eko-efektywności przez pryzmat wskaźnika RTC. Gospodarstwa większe (ale nie największe) efektywniej wykorzystują transformację nakładów środowiskowych na efekty produkcyjne, co nie oznacza że wywierają absolutnie niższą presję środowiskową.

10

Lead in Agricultural Soils and Cultivated Pastures Irrigated with River Water Contaminated by Mining Activity

Orellana Edith, Custodio María, Bastos María Carolina, Cuadrado Walter

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 8

238--244

EN

Agricultural soils that have been irrigated with the contaminated water from metallurgical mining activities for more than 70 years constitute an environmental problem as well as a concern for food security and human health. The presence of lead in the soil and cultivated pastures is highly dangerous, due to its toxicity, persistence and accumulation in plants and animals (cattle). This element enters the trophic chain of humans due to the intake of meat, milk and its derivatives. The concentration of lead was determined in the soil and the cultivated pastures with Lolium x hybridum Hausskn and Medicago sativa L. The soil and pastures samples collected from plots irrigated with river water contaminated with heavy metals at a depth of 0-20 cm. The content of Pb determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed the lead concentrations in soil in the range of environmental quality standards for soils according to Peruvian regulations. In the soil with L. x hybridum and M. sativa the average content of lead was 57.17 ± 6.29 mg.kg-1 and 57.19 ± 8.99 mg.kg-1; in the above-ground tissues were 1.17 ± 0.69 mg.kg-1 and 1.62 ± 0.68 mg.kg-1, respectively. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the Pb content in the soil and plant tissues. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) in the above-ground tissues of L. x hybridum and M. sativa was less than one and they were not significant. Therefore, irrigation with long-term contaminated water is not a concern for the farmers in the Mantaro Valley.

11

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Apple Tissues Grown in the Soils of Industrial Area

Imeri Resmije, Kullaj Endrit, Millaku Lulzim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

57--66

EN

The exposure of heavy metals in the Drenas site – Kosovo has risen dramatically in the last 30 years because of mining and smelting activities. The study investigated the heavy metal in soil, accumulation in different parts of apple trees near the industrial sites of Drenas. The accumulation ratio values of heavy metals were calculated to assess the potential health risks. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil were in the following order of magnitude Ni > Zn > Fe > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd > As, while that in the apples were in the order of magnitude Ni > Cr > Fe > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd > As, in the leaves – Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > As and in the shoots – Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd > As. Compared to control, the contents of analyzed metals from plant tissues of apple trees in the contaminated area were significantly higher (p<0.001). The concentration of Ni, Pb, Cr, Fe etc. in the apple tissue increased along with the heavy metal content in soils in the polluted area. The high accumulation ratio values for Pb (1.1), Cd (0.62), Cr (0.93) and Ni (0.46) were characteristic for the investigated species and indicate the accumulation ability.

12

Accumulation of low-potential thermal energy

Malcho M., Lenhard R., Kadúchová K., Ďurčanský P.

Structure and Environment

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2018

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Vol. 10, no. 1

87--91

EN

The article presents interpretation of accumulation of thermal energy in a vertical borehole. It describes measuring device and final graph of measurement. It studies mainly the influence of water on storage capacity of the vertical borehole.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie magazynowania ciepła w pionowym odwiercie w gruncie. Przybliża on zastosowane urządzenia pomiarowe i schemat układu pomiarowego, a także analizuje wpływ wody na zdolności magazynowania ciepła w pionowym odwiercie.

13

Grazing of the copepod Cyclops vicinus on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa : potential for controlling cyanobacterial blooms and transfer of toxins

Mohamed Z. A., Bakr A. A., Ghramh H. A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

296--302

EN

Grazing of zooplankton on phytoplankton may contribute to a reduction of harmful cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters. However, the feeding capacity and interaction between zooplankton and toxic cyanobacteria vary among grazer species. In this study, laboratory feeding experiments were designed to measure the grazing rate of the copepod Cyclops vicinus on Microcystis aeruginosa and the potential microcystin (MC) accumulation in the grazer. Copepods were fed a mixed diet of the edible green alga Ankistrodesmus falcatus and toxic M. aeruginosa for 10 days. The results showed that C. vicinus efficiently ingested toxic Microcystis cells with high grazing rates, varying during the feeding period (68.9–606.3 Microcystis cells animal-1 d-1) along with Microcystis cell density. Microcystis cells exhibited a remarkable induction in MC production under grazing conditions with concentrations 1.67–12.5 times higher than those in control cultures. Furthermore, C. vicinus was found to accumulate MCs in its body with concentrations increasing during the experiment (0.05–3.21 μg MC animal-1). Further in situ studies are needed to investigate the ability of Cyclops and other copepods to assimilate and detoxify MCs at environmentally relevant concentrations before deciding on the biocontrol of Microcystis blooms by copepods.

14

Bioaccumulation of Macro- and Microelements in Herbaceous Plants in the River Valley

Parzych A., Jonczak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 3

170--177

EN

The research was done in the upper course of the Kamienna Creek which is the left-bank tributary of River Słupia situated in the northern part of Poland within Leśny Dwór Forest Inspectorate area. The aim of the study was the comparison of accumulation properties of herbaceous plants in spring niches in relation to macro- and microelements. The shoots of research plant species showed a good supply of macro- and micronutrients. The highest contents of nutrients were found in the shoots of Athyrium filix-femina (Ni), Caltha palustris (Mg, Ca, Sr), Cardamine amara (K, Zn, Fe, Al), Carex rostrata (Mn) and Solanum dulcamara (N, P, Cu), and the lowest in shoots of Ajuga reptans (P, Zn, Mn), Cardamine amara (N, Cu) and Carex rostrata (K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Fe, Al). Herbaceous plants accumulated from 1767.23 mmol c99%), and microelements ranged from 0.33% in Solanum dulcamara to 0.67% in shoots Cardamine amara. The share of nitrogen was from 38.8% to 56.8% of this amount, phosphorus from 2.9% to 3.9%, potassium from 28.5% to 40.6%, magnesium from 4.8% to 7.6%, and calcium from 4.6% to 16.4%. A large share of iron (from 33.7% Athyrium filix-femina to 39.5% Caltha palustris), manganese (from 9.2% Cardamine amara to 28.8% Carex rostrata) and aluminum (from 16.7% Carex rostrata to 40.8% Cardamine amara) in total measured components indicates excessive downloading them through plants. During the three years of research done in spring niches, it was found that some plant species take up nutrients in the quantities exceeding their physiological demand, which enables to use some of them for forming e.g. artificial wetlands, stopping many impurities and forming protective barriers.

15

Payments under the Common Agricultural Policy as a determinant of development of different types of agricultural holdings

Czyżewski A., Kryszak Ł.

Management

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2016

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Vol. 20, no. 2

441--455

EN

The main aim of this article was to investigate the influence of payments under the CAP on economic development of different types of farms. The main source of data was FADN database. A period of research covers the years of 2004-2013.The article referred to previous results of research in the field of payments and its role for the economic situation of agricultural holdings. Then the share of payments in agricultural income was examined as well as the use of subsidies on investments. The process of accumulation, both in real and theoretical approach, and influence of this phenomenon on change of economic size were also presented. In addition the paper analysed the changes in return on equity in order to show the changes in economic efficiency of farms. The analyses that were conducted showed a significant role of payments in the formation of incomes and accumulation. On the other hand payments may lead to decrease in efficiency. In long term there is a risk that dependence on payments in functioning of farm will be excessive.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu było zbadanie wpływu płatności w ramach WPR na rozwój różnych typów gospodarstw rolnych. Głównym źródłem danych była baza danych FADN. Zakres czasowy badań obejmował lata 2004-2013. W artykule przywołano dotychczasowe wyniki badań w zakresie roli płatności dla sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw. Następnie poddano analizie udział płatności w kształtowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych, jak też wykorzystanie płatności o charakterze inwestycyjnym. Zaprezentowane zostało też zjawisko akumulacji w ujęciu rzeczywistym i teoretycznym oraz wpływ tego procesu na wzrost wielkości ekonomicznej gospodarstw. Dodatkowo przedstawiono zmiany w kształtowaniu się wskaźnika rentowności kapitałów własnych w celu zobrazowania zmian w efektywności ekonomicznej gospodarstw. Prowadzone analizy dowiodły istotnej roli płatności w kształtowaniu dochodów i procesów akumulacji. Z drugiej strony płatności mogą przyczyniać się do spadku efektowności, a w dłuższym okresie istnieje ryzyko nadmiernego uzależnienia funkcjonowania gospodarstw od otrzymywania dopłat.

16

Determination and mapping of cadmium accumulation in plant leaves on the highway roadside, Turkey

Çolak M., Gümrükçüoğlu M., Boysan F., Baysal E.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 3

11--16

EN

This study investigates cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the plant leaves of juglans regia (walnut) and cydonia oblanga (quince) trees related to traffic emissions on the highway roadside. The plant leaf samples were collected from 20 sites on the D-100 Highway roadside and washed with deionized water before analyzed. Determination of Cd was carried out using an inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometer after microwave digestion of the samples. Cd concentration on the plant leaves was found to be between 0.04–0.11 mg/kg. In order to determine the traffic-based emissions, vehicles were counted and an emission inventory was prepared. 0.18 tons of Cd was found to be delivered into the atmosphere every day. Cd accumulation depends on traffic density because there were no residential area and industrial plants. The distribution of Cd accumulation caused by traffic emissions was mapped by using a geographic information system (GIS). The maps showed that the Cd accumulation was high in the areas near the highway and then gradually decreased by moving away from the highway.

17

Akumulacja metali ciężkich w organizmach ryb, efekt toksyczności

Szymonik A., Lach J.

Technologia Wody

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2015

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Nr 4 (42)

66--72

PL

Wraz z rozwojem przemysłu wzrasta skażenie środowiska metalami ciężkimi. Metale ciężkie, obecne w środowisku wodnym, mogą ulegać akumulacji w osadach dennych oraz przenikać do organizmów wodnych: ryb, planktonu, bentosu. Obecność metali ciężkich, takich jak: cynk (Zn), miedź (Cu), ołów (Pb), kadm (Cd) i rtęć (lig) stwierdzono w mięsie i narządach wewnętrznych ryb najczęściej spożywanych przez Polaków, takich jak: karp, pstrąg, dorsz, śledź, makrela. Metale ciężkie w znacznie większym stopniu akumulują się w narządach bardziej ukrwionych - skrzelach i wątrobie w porównaniu do tkanki mięśniowej. W wątrobie w wyższym stężeniu niż w mięsie występuje miedź, cynk, kadm, a w tkance mięśniowej przeważa rtęć. Na akumulację metali ciężkich ma wpływ rozmiar ryb, wiek i sposób odżywiania się. Znacznie wyższe stężenie metali ciężkich stwierdzono w organizmach ryb mięsożernych i żywiących się organizmami bytującymi na dnie. Spożywanie skażonego mięsa może nieść zagrożenie dla zdrowia ludzkiego.

EN

With the development of industry increases pollution of the aquatic environment with heavy metals Heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems can accumulate in sediments and penetrate to aquatic organisms, like fishes, plankton, benthos. The presence of heavy metals such as zinc (Zn). copper (Cu). lead (Pb). cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) has been found in meal and internal organs of fishes, like carp, trout, cod, herring, mackerel - most popular species consumed by Poles. Heavy metals are more accumulated in perfuse organs like gills and liver. The higher concentrations of cooper, zinc, cadmium and mercury are in the fish liver than muscle. Accumulation of heavy metals in fish tissue's and internal organs depends on: size. age and food. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were found in carnivorous fishes and fishes fed on organisms living on the bottom. Eating contaminated meat may carry a risk to human health.

18

Aspects of using the industrial land for the vegetables production

Bojanowska M., Jackowska I.

Logistyka

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2015

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nr 5

71--76, CD1

EN

The study was conducted on soils and vegetables sampled in industrial areas of the Province of Silesia. The soils under analysis were characterized by lead and cadmium contents that did not exceed the acceptable standards. The vegetables studied absorbed lead and cadmium primarily from the exchangeable fraction of the soil, in which metals are bound on soil particles in an exchangeable manner. Cabbage and onion accumulate cadmium both from the exchangeable and from the carbonate fractions. In all the vegetables the indices of lead and cadmium accumulation did not exceed the acceptable levels for food products of plant origin but the contents of Pb and Cd in tissues of edible plants must be constantly monitored to prevent their excessive accumulation in the food chain of man.

PL

Metale ciężkie - kadm i ołów - to pierwiastki, które nawet w najmniejszych ilościach są szkodliwe dla zdrowia. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie relacji pomiędzy zawartością ołowiu i kadmu w glebie, ich formą chemiczną i kumulacją w wybranych warzywach na terenach uprzemysłowionych województwa śląskiego. Analizowane gleby charakteryzowały się zawartościami ołowiu i kadmu nieprzekraczającymi dopuszczalnych ilości. Również we wszystkich warzywach wskaźniki kumulacji tych metali nie przekroczyły norm określonych dla ich zawartości w produktach pochodzenia roślinnego. Pobieranie metali ciężkich przez rośliny zależy nie tylko od całkowitej zawartości tych metali w glebie, ale przede wszystkim od ilości form aktywnych, przyswajalnych dla roślin.

19

Kumulacja Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr i Zn w roślinach leczniczych rosnących na terenach semirekreacyjnych

Kwapuliński J., Kowol J., Librowska G., Będkowska K., Brewczyński P., Kwiecień K., Oleśków U., Swoboda M.

Ekologia i Technika

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2015

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R. 23, nr 5

238--243

PL

Istotnym aspektem w ziołolecznictwie jest stopień kumulacji metali, tj. Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn w roślinach leczniczych. Dystrybucja pierwiastków w roślinie warunkowana jest zjawiskiem dyskryminacji i tolerancji na określony metal, które zależy od gatunku rośliny oraz mechanizmów warunkujących jego przebieg. Ponadto zjawisko dystrybucji metali jest zróżnicowane w odniesieniu do wybranych narządów lub tkanek, stąd istotne jaka jest jakość surowca roślinnego wykorzystywanego do produkcji preparatów leczniczych. Do oceny zawartości metali obecnych w roślinach ważna jest nie tylko informacja o ich zawartości w poszczególnych częściach rośliny lecz także, która biodostępna forma obecna w glebie preferowana jest przez roślinę w procesie kumulacji. Celem badań była ocena skuteczności procesu kumulacji w roślinach leczniczych obu form biodostępnych pierwiastków (forma wymienna l adsorbowalna). Badaniom poddano gatunki roślin, które reprezentowały podobne siedliska terenu semlrekreacyjnego. Metodą Rudd'a ekstrahowano wybrane biodostępne formy Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr. Zawartość metali w ekstraktach gleby oraz w częściach morfologicznych roślin oznaczono metodą atomowej spektrofotometrii absorpcyjnej. Udział form biodostępnych metali oceniono za pomocą współczynników podziału K1 i K2.

EN

An important aspect of phytotherapy is the rate of metals accumulation, i.e.: Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn in medicinal plants. The elements distribution in plants is conditioned phenomenom of discrimination and tolerance on the specifled metal, which depends on the plants species and mechanisms influencing its course. Besides phenomenom of distribution of metals is varied anatomically so it is important which plant material is used to production of medicinal preparation. To evaluate the contents of metals in plants it is important the Information about their content in indiyidual parts of plants and which bioavailable form in soil is preffered by the plant. The purpose of research was the evaluation of the accumulation each bioavailable metals forms (exchangeable and adsorbed) in medicinal plants. The plants species have been tested which were presented at simillar habitat rural areas. Rudd's method was determined Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr. The content of metals in extracts of soil and in morphological parts of plants were determined method of atomie absorption spectrophotometry. The participation of metals bioavailable form was rated by factors of divisions K1 and K2.

20

Forecasting deflections of plates in case of perception of transient loads

Burakovskiy E. P., Burakovskiy P. E.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2014

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nr 39 (111)

43--46

EN

In this paper the results of experimental research of residual deflection accumulation process in plates under the influence of repeated static loads in the mode of “creeping” and “relaxing” are presented. The main ideas of the nature of plate deformation, which make it possible to take into account the history of loading resulting deformation, and the results of modeling the process of accumulation of residual deflections in the use of short-term service loads are formulated in this document.