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PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań zrealizowanych z wykorzystaniem opracowanego i wykonanego rejestratora danych. Celem opracowania rejestratora była optymalizacja spadochronowych układów hamujących stosowanych w imitatorach celów powietrznych produkowanych w Zakładzie Uzbrojenia Lotniczego ITWL. Przeznaczeniem rejestratora był pomiar i zapis przyspieszeń liniowych występujących w trakcie otwierania spadochronu hamującego imitatora celu powietrznego.
XX
The article presents the results of research carried out using the developed and constructed flight data recorder. The purpose of developing the recorder was to optimize the parachute braking systems used in imitators of air targets produced at the armament division of the Air Force Institute of Technology. The main task of the recorder was to measure and record the linear accelerations occurring during the parachute system deployment.
EN
Authors present the kinematic structure of measurement arm along with its construction for efficient estimation of orientation and position of the manipulator using extended Kalman filter. The major innovation of the arm is that it only uses accelerometers as gravity sensors for determining relative positions of the links. This article presents the problem of position estimation based on measurements with high noise and the use of the extended Kalman filter to limit the impact of noise on the measurement. Repeatability tests were performed using custom made test stand.
EN
Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is an important area of research in ambient intelligence for various contexts such as ambient-assisted living. The existing HAR approaches are mostly based either on vision, mobile or wearable sensors. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach for HAR by combining three types of sensing technologies, namely: smartphone accelerometer, RGB cameras and ambient sensors. Acceleration and video streams are analyzed using multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Networks, respectively. Such an analysis is improved with the ambient sensing data to assign semantics to human activities using description logic rules. For integration, we design and implement a Framework to address human activity recognition pipeline from the data collection phase until activity recognition and visualization. The various use cases and performance evaluations of the proposed approach show clearly its utility and efficiency in several everyday scenarios.
PL
Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie sprawdzenia poprawności tezy, czy możliwe jest określenie wartości chwilowych mocy pojazdu pod kątem ich wykorzystania do wyznaczenia charakterystyki mechanicznej silnika spalinowego, elektrycznego lub napędu hybrydowego, podczas eksperymentów ruchowych pojazdu. Artykuł poświęcony jest różnym sposobom przetwarzania danych pomiarowych, uzyskanych z akcelerometru 3D w trakcie ruchu pojazdu.
EN
Currently, accelerometers are installed in the majority of commercially available smartphones. The paper proposes the use of a 3D accelerometer installed in a smartphone to measure vehicle motion parameters. The measured values obtained were subjected to filtration using an approximation of the spline function, so that they could be used for further testing. The main purpose of the work is to check if it is possible to estimate the instantaneous power of the vehicle, which can be used to determine the mechanical characteristics of an internal combustion engine, electric engine or hybrid drive during physical experiments. The tests carried out allowed the estimation of vehicle motion parameters.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę estymacji położenia na podstawie pomiaru globalnej orientacji członów ramienia manipulatora z wykorzystaniem czujników pola grawitacyjnego. Niniejszy artykuł przybliża problem estymacji położenia na podstawie pomiarów obarczonych dużym szumem i wykorzystania rozszerzonego filtra Kalmana do ograniczenia w dużym stopniu wpływu szumów na pomiar.
EN
Paper presents kinematic structure of measurement arm along with its construction restrains originating from using only accelerometers for determining relative positions of links. This article introduces the problem of position estimation based on measurements with high noise and the use of the extended Kalman filter to limit the impact of noise on the measurement to a large extent. Repeatability tests were performed using custom made test stand.
EN
The boom of BWE is a very complex structure, dictated by its functions in operation of the excavator. In the simplest approach, it can be considered as an arm of an R-R robotic manipulator, having at distal extremity the working element, i.e. the bucket wheel, being fixed at proximal extremity by a joint to the turret, which, at its turn is articulated to the infrastructure which includes the undercarriage (travelling mechanism). In order to reduce the weight/stiffness ratio and to include the on board conveyer, the boom is generally embodied as a lattice – truss structure. The constitutive elements i.e. the members and joints are subject to severe loads, which due to their cyclical variable character with a high random component, lead to failures which are caused by overloading and/or fatigue. The actual paper deals with the field measurements performed in past years on several BWEs from CEO open pits, including acceleration measurements and stress measurements using strain gauges. Both kind of sensors-accelerometers and strain gauges were mounted on several critical points of the boom, and the measurements were performed both in normal operation and in some loading-operating scenarios. The recorded data were postprocessed in order to obtain spectral graphs in order to obtain information about the influence of different excitation sources on the boom elements behaviour.
PL
Wysięgnik wielonaczyniowej koparki kołowej jest złożoną strukturą definiowaną przez technologię pracy koparki. W celu zmniejszenia stosunku waga/sztywność oraz występowania przenośnika taśmowego wysięgnik jest zaprojektowany jako konstrukcja kratownicowa. Jej elementy są poddawane silnym obciążeniom, które ze względu na ich cykliczny charakter z wysoką składową losową prowadzą do awarii spowodowanych przeciążeniem lub zmęczeniem konstrukcji. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia pomiary terenowe wykonane w ostatnich latach na wielonaczyniowych koparkach kołowych pracujących w kopalniach CEO za pomocą tensometrów oraz akcelerometrów. Pomiary te zostały zamontowane w krytycznych punktach wysięgnika, a pomiary zostały wykonane zarówno podczas normalnej pracy koparki jak i podczas realizacji scenariuszy obciążenia. Zarejestrowane dane zostały poddane obróbce w celu uzyskania wykresów widmowych.
EN
A gravity damper is a one-way valve, employed for regulating the airflow rate in ducts, generally constituted by a series of rectangular panels (closure sections), connected to an articulated quadrilateral synchronizing the movements. If the device needs to process large masses of high speed air, as common in the case of energy conversion systems, disadvantageous dynamic effects can occur. In this study, vortexinduced vibration (VIV), occurring on a gravity damper for high values of the Reynolds number, is investigated. The analysis of this work couples numerical methods (Computational Fluid Dynamics with Large-Eddy Simulation turbulence model and Finite Element Method) to experiments: a full-scale accelerometric measurement campaign is actually performed at the wind tunnel facilities of the University of Perugia. VIVs are diagnosed and quantified through the experimental vibration analysis, which is interpreted through numerical simulations. The large amplitude of VIV is interpreted as due to a tendency towards lockin because of the approaching of the vortex shedding frequency to a natural vibration mode of the system. The integrated numerical and experimental framework finally inspires two different design solutions for mitigating the amplitude of VIV: these strategies are tested at the wind tunnel and they are indeed shown to be effective.
PL
Praca dotyczy porównania regularności próbkowania trójosiowych czujników przyspieszenia w popularnych smartphone'ach, przedstawiono zestawienie czujników niektórych telefonów. Podstawowym analizowanym parametrem jest stabilność częstotliwości próbkowania w zależności od używanego systemu operacyjnego i producenta urządzenia. Analizę prowadzono tak by wybrane smartphony były wyposażone w różne czujniki pomiarowe - akcelerometry. Zaprezentowano przykład zastosowania pomiarowego - porównawczy pomiar drogowy.
EN
The work is a description of metrological properties and their comparison for triaxial acceleration sensors (MEMS - MicroElectro-Mechanical System, IMU - Inertial Measurement Unit) in popular and modern smartphones. A comparison of the components of some phones is presented. The stability of the sampling time is the basic parameter which is analyzed. Sampling time in analog-to-digital converters (inside MEMS units) depends on the operating system of smartphone and its components (processor, RAM) which are used in its construction. The analysis was performed in order to select smartphones which are equipped with different measuring systems - MEMS accelerometers. The Android and iOS operating systems are used in research. The comparative road measurement is presented as an example of measuring application with smartphones. Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite software (free software for iOS and Android) used in the measurement of a vehicle motion. Results for 3D acceleration signals processing with variable sampling time are presented and compared for different smartphones.
9
Content available remote A methodology of orthopaedic measurement arm workspace determination
EN
This paper outlines general assumptions of work principle of displacement measuring arm that bases on accelerometers. Symbolic representation of arm’s kinematic structure is shown. Also, an analysis of construction correctness has been verified in terms of the effectiveness of using accelerometers to measure individual links displacements. A method of acquiring information on workspace is presented. The workspace has been determined in two variants: without considering last link orientation and for given orientation of that link. Paper also describes a determination method of increments values of angular displacements for individual links of the arm in terms of obtained proper results and rational computation time of workspace scanning algorithm. Finally, there is a presentation of method for determining a cuboid space for arm accuracy and repeatability measurement in XYZ coordinate system.
EN
Vibrational diagnostics of machines is usually based on use of accelerometers. Their calibration is required in order to obtain reliable results. This paper presents method for calibration of accelerometers using a multisinusoidal excitation. There is also proposed a procedure for estimating uncertainty of the obtained characteristics. The routine is based on an analysis of signals in the frequency domain using evaluation of cross power spectral density between the signals from the calibrated and standard accelerometer and evaluation of power spectral density of the signal from the standard accelerometer. The procedure allows to determine the nominal sensitivity, amplitude-frequency characteristics and estimate their uncertainties. The experiments were performed using a piezoelectric sensor PCB 338B35, and a sensor based on ADXL 202 capacitive accelerometer constructed at Silesian University of Technology. Results of this study show that the proposed method can be successfully used. The main advantage of the routine is a very short duration of the measurement experiment. Values of estimated relative uncertainties reach several percent. The procedure can be applied when it is necessary to quickly check the sensor characteristics, for example in the field for periodical maintenance of sensors mounted on the machine.
PL
Diagnostyka wibracyjna maszyn jest zwykle oparta na wykorzystaniu akcelerometrów. Ich kalibracja jest konieczna w celu uzyskania wiarygodnych wyników pomiarów. W artykule przedstawiono metodę wyznaczania charakterystyk akcelerometrów przy użyciu pobudzenia wielosinusoidalnego. Zaproponowano również procedurę szacowania niepewności uzyskanych parametrów. Metoda opiera się na analizie sygnałów w dziedzinie częstotliwości, przy wykorzystaniu oceny wzajemnej gęstości widmowej mocy pomiędzy sygnałami z czujników kalibrowanego i referencyjnego oraz oceny gęstości widmowej mocy sygnału z czujnika referencyjnego. Procedura umożliwia określenie czułości nominalnej, charakterystyki amplitudowoczęstotliwościowej oraz oszacowanie ich niepewności. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono stosując czujnik piezoelektryczny PCB 338B35 oraz czujnik oparty na akcelerometrze ADXL 202 skonstruowanym na Politechnice Śląskiej. Wyniki badań wskazują, że proponowaną metodę można z powodzeniem stosować. Główną zaletą procedury jest bardzo krótki czas trwania eksperymentu pomiarowego. Oszacowane względne niepewności osiągają kilkanaście procent. Procedura może być stosowana, gdy konieczne jest szybkie sprawdzenie charakterystyki czujnika, na przykład w warunkach polowych, przy okresowej konserwacji czujników zamontowanych na monitorowanej maszynie.
EN
Non-destructive methods of testing (NDT) welded joints are nowadays intensively developing due to their numerous advantages. The most significant of them are the possibility of objects diagnosis in the place of their work without the necessity of disassembling or long outage, lower costs of realization as well as considerably lower insalubrity for people conducting the tests. Study of dynamic characteristics of welded elements creates a good possibility for welded joints assessment in comparison to other known non-destructive testing methods. The main reasons are Fourier analysis (FFT), damping analysis, differences in signals or their answers. Presented method can be used in classical NDT tests as well as in structural health monitoring (SHM). Assumptions for quality evaluation methods of welded plates using spectrums analysis of dynamic characteristics are presented in the article. In order to provide the high quality of research, the measuring devices of Bruel & Kjaer Company are used. Both, the testing methodology and possibility of using vibration method in welded joints testing are presented. The attention is also drawn to the vital testing elements like proper selection of impact hammer ending and impact place as well as the problem of repeatability of diagnostic signals. The value of repeatability of obtained signals will be of critical importance in the comparative method, which is under development. The results of initial testing of plates with proper and faulty welded joints have been analysed. Among welding faults, the boundary bonding and crevice have been considered. The analysis of impact hammer dispersion values in correlation to the spectrum of dynamic characteristic has been conducted. Statistic methods have been used for the assessment.
EN
In the article, a dedicated testing environment for MEMS sensors is presented. The system serve real–time measurements from several, different interfaced sensors, what gives opportunity to collect the data and – furthermore – its off–line analysis. To complete the main challenge what is MEMS ICs integration in one platform, a special hardware layer is applied together with operational algorithms. Two low–level boards are connected to the embedded server by RS–485 lines. This data server translates RS–485 signals and communicates with dedicated PC program by an Ethernet interface. Such a solution made possible to parallel streaming, archive, and analyze of data in a convenient way. The architecture and operational algorithms of individual components, such as complex synchronization methods in the data streaming process is described. Proper system design is verified by presenting selected signal waveforms grabbed in an experimental tests. In the end introduced two signal quality indicators resulting in comparison of different MEMS ICs. Summary table of computed indicators is shown with its analysis.
EN
The paper presents the issue related to road test of vehicles’ braking process. The most often used optical correlation sensors by the Corrsys-Datron company were discussed. While assessing the accuracy of road tests, the problem of periodical checking a measurement track arises. Because of formal reasons, calibration procedures certified by a manufacturer are required. The paper describes a test bench method for checking optical correlation sensors using the elements of a measurement bench for testing the brakes. Movement of the vehicle was simulated using the rotational movement of an inertia disc controlled with an inverter drive system. The test in the described bench can be used to verify the accuracy of the sensors in the periods between calibrations as well as to carry out tests expanding the knowledge on characteristics of the used sensors while providing the essential operational information. The bench may be an alternative to the organisationally troublesome control measurements performed under road conditions. The sample results of tests of three optical correlation sensors on the stand were presented and related to the results obtained in the course of the road tests. The use of modern micromechanical accelerometers in these tests was also discussed. It was indicated that the result of the measurements is influenced not only by the accuracy class of the sensor but also a manner of the sensors’ fitting, present interferences and manners of their filtering.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie związane z badaniami drogowymi procesu hamowania pojazdów. Omówiono stosowane najczęściej korelacyjno-optyczne czujniki firmy Corrsys-Datron. Przy ocenie dokładności badań drogowych powstaje problem okresowego sprawdzania toru pomiarowego. Ze względów formalnych wymagane są certyfikowane przez producenta procedury kalibracyjne. W artykule opisano stanowiskową metodę sprawdzania czujników korelacyjno-optycznych z wykorzystaniem elementów stanowiska pomiarowego do badań hamulców. Ruch pojazdu zasymulowano wykorzystując obrotowy ruch tarczy inercyjnej sterowanej za pomocą napędu falownikowego. Badania na opisanym stanowisku mogą służyć do zweryfikowania poprawności działania czujników w okresach pomiędzy kalibracjami, a także do wykonania badań poszerzających wiedzę o charakterystykach używanych czujników dostarczając istotnych informacji eksploatacyjnych. Stanowisko może stanowić alternatywę dla kłopotliwych organizacyjnie pomiarów kontrolnych wykonywanych w warunkach drogowych. Przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki badań trzech czujników korelacyjno-optycznych na stanowisku i odniesiono je do wyników otrzymanych w toku badań drogowych. Omówiono również użycie w tych badaniach nowoczesnych akcelerometrów mikromechanicznych. Wskazano, że na wynik pomiarów wpływa nie tylko klasa dokładności czujnika, ale również sposób montażu czujników, występujące zakłócenia oraz sposoby ich filtrowania.
PL
W pracy została omówiona metoda wzorcowania akcelerometrów z wykorzystaniem losowych przebiegów pobudzających. Zaproponowano również procedurę szacowania niepewności wyznaczonych charakterystyk. Najważniejszą zaletą metody jest bardzo krótki czas trwania eksperymentu pomiarowego. Oszacowane niepewności wzorcowania sięgają kilkunastu procent. Metoda może być stosowana, gdy konieczne jest szybkie sprawdzenie charakterystyk czujnika, a niepewność wyników ma znaczenie drugorzędne.
EN
A method for accelerometer calibration with the use of random excitation is presented in this paper. Amplitude and phase characteristics are determined based on the evaluation of power spectral density and cross power spectral density of input and output signals. A random signal with characteristics of white noise is used in calibration. Evaluation of the uncertainty of the results is determined when taking into consideration components type A and B. Vibration calibration with the use of an electromagnetic vibration exciter, as shown in Fig. 1, was applied in the investigations. The measuring system is very similar to the measurement system used in back–to–back comparison method. The DAQ board allows signal generation and measurement at a certain sampling rate for further processing in the frequency domain. The method was verified on a singleaxis piezoelectric sensor type PCB 338B35 and a biaxial capacitive accelerometer based on the ADXL 202. The frequency characteristics of the sensors determined are shown in Figs. 2-5. The most important advantage of the method is the very short duration of the measuring experiment. The relative expanded uncertainties of the calibration procedure reach several percent and are far greater compared to the values mentioned in the standard ISO 16063-21. The method can be used in situations in which it is necessary to quickly check the sensor characteristics, for example in the field for periodic maintenance of sensors mounted on the object.
EN
This paper presents a low-cost and smart measurement system to acquire and analyze mechanical motion parameters. The measurement system integrates several measuring nodes that include one or more triaxial accelerometers, a temperature sensor, a data acquisition unit and a wireless communication unit. Particular attention was dedicated to measurement system accuracy and compensation of measurement errors caused by power supply voltage variations, by temperature variations and by accelerometers’ misalignments. Mathematical relationships for error compensation were derived and software routines for measurement system configuration, data acquisition, data processing, and self-testing purposes were developed. The paper includes several simulation and experimental results obtained from an assembled prototype based on a crank-piston mechanism.
16
Content available Akcelerometryczny system badania i analizy chodu
PL
Przedmiotem pracy jest system badania i analizy chodu. Pomiary przyspieszeń wykonywane są w różnych punktach anatomicznych z wykorzystaniem trójosiowych czujników przyspieszenia, transmisja danych odbywa się w standardzie Bluetooth, a do akwizycji wykorzystano przenośny komputer. Oprogramowanie służące do zapisu, przetwarzania i analizy danych zostało napisane w środowisku LabVIEW. Badania chodu przeprowadzono na 17 ochotnikach. Uzyskano parametry związane ze zdarzeniami w cyklu chodu, a także wysokie wartości czułości (91-94%) i specyficzności (88-89%) detekcji zdarzeń oraz satysfakcjonującą wartość parametru %R&R (16%).
EN
Gait analysis provides useful information about spatio-temporal parameters [10, 11], stability and balance [7], progression of the diseases (Parkinson, Huntington) [7, 8], results of rehabilitation [6] or shock attenuation [7, 9]. The paper describes the accelerometer-based system designed for motion and gait examination. The system consists of two measurement modules with triaxial ADXL accelerometers (Tab. 1), portable computer and software implemented in LabVIEW environment. The system features data transmission via a Bluetooth network and during examination the data is received on a portable computer, visualized on a graph and written in a text file (Fig. 2). The text file has a special header which contains information about the examined person, anatomical axes and a name of the place of module attachment. The all information is introduced by a user at the beginning of the examination. After signal processing, several parameters are calculated: mean duration of the gait cycle, mean duration of swing and stance phases in percentage of the gait cycle, acceleration range (Fig. 1, Tab. 2) [15]. Detection of gait cycle events (heel strike, toe off) is based on the analysis of local extremes of the parameter RSS (Formula 1) [16]. For every anatomical point there is also visualized a graph with accelerations for the whole mean gait cycle (Fig. 4). At the end of data analysis, an examination report as a Microsoft Word document file is prepared. System tests were performed on 17 volunteers (Fig. 3) who underwent gait examination. Depending on the goal, only one or both modules were used. There were different places of module attachment: ankles, knees, hips, sacrum, neck and head. High values of sensitivity (91-94%) and specificity (88-89%) of event detection as well as satisfactory value of %R&R parameter (16%) were obtained.
17
PL
W artykule opisano system pomiarowy, który umożliwia wyznaczenie położenia śródręcza dłoni i niezależnie każdego z pięciu palców. Wyniki pomiarów przedstawiane są w postaci animacji na ekranie komputera. Omówiono poszczególne elementy części sprzętowej systemu: czujniki, przetwornik A/C i kontroler systemu. Opisano również oprogramowanie, w którym zastosowano sposób przetwarzania wyników zapobiegający błędnym pomiarom. W zakończeniu wskazano na kierunki działania przy opracowaniu kolejnej wersji systemu.
EN
The paper presents a measurement system for the purpose of determining and visualizing the position of hand and fingers. The system hardware, specifically the sensors, A/C and controller, are described. Also the software is described, specifically the error management.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono procedurę rejestracji sygnałów przyspieszenia pochodzących z czujników biomedycznych Shimmer, sposób ich rozmieszczenia na ciele oraz opisano klasyfikator pozwalający na rozpoznawanie wybranych kategorii ruchu ludzkiego. W części eksperymentalnej artykułu zbadano wpływ filtracji dolnoprzepustowej sygnałów na skuteczność rozpoznawania typu aktywności ruchowej.
EN
In many scientific fields, especially medicine, information about human activity is crucial. The analysis of acceleration data coming from the sensors mounted on human’s limbs and trunk allows automatic classification of patients’activities (e.g. sitting, walking, getting up, etc). In this paper, a neural network based motion activity classifier and the procedure for recording signals from accelerometers are described. Owing to a very fast development of microcontrollers, it is now possible to create devices which enable real-time recording and transmission of signals from accelerometers. Today’s miniaturization enables the integration of accelerometers, microcontrollers and Bluetooth transmitters into a single matchbox-size device. Research carried out by Intel resulted in highly integrated devices and software platforms designed for networks of sensors which communicate wirelessly. Small size and weight of such devices as well as low energy consumption make the montage of sensors on a human body technically possible and comfortable for patients. The research proved that the localization of sensors on a human body has a great impact on the accuracy of motion type recognition. Many experiments addressing this subject were conducted, and finally an optimal sensors configuration was chosen. A group of 16 healthy people was observed. The acceleration signals were sampled with the frequency of 51,2 Hz whereas the G force was set within the range of 0 to 4. The 64 sample windows with the 32 samples overlap were used for the analysis. For each window, a set of parameters was extracted, which allowed the classification of signals. The research showed that the motion classifier based on neural networks ensures satisfying efficiency of motion type classification. Activity recognition was performed off-line. The accuracy of detection depended on the type of activity and the way the activity was performed. It turned out that for a better network training and testing, a greater number of signals must be collected.
19
Content available remote Pomiary odchylenia od pionu z użyciem akcelerometrów MEMS
PL
Wykorzystanie akcelerometrów typu MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems) do pomiaru odchylenia od pionu daje możliwość zbudowania czujnika o miniaturowych wymiarach, zakresie pomiarowym równym pełnemu kątowi bryłowemu, błędzie pomiarowym rzędu kilku dziesiątych stopnia i niskiej cenie. Autor przedstawia sposób wyznaczania odchylenia od pionu na podstawie sygnałów wyjściowych akcelerometrów MEMS, omawia też najważniejsze ich wady i zalety.
EN
Application of MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical Systems) accelerometers for tilt measurements makes it possible to build a dual-axis tilt sensor featuring miniature dimensions, full measuring range, inaccuracy of few tenths of a degree arc, and low cost. The author explains how to determine tilt angles on the basis of output signals generated by MEMS accelerometers, and describes their major advantages and shortcomings.
20
Content available remote On Improving Performance of MEMS Accelerometers in Tilt Sensing
EN
The most significant methods of increasing accuracy of tilt measurements have been presented in the paper. The measurements referred to are to be performed under quasi-static conditions by means of miniature tilt sensors built of MEMS accelerometers. Some of the methods consist in modifications of the existing MEMS accelerometers, whereas the other can be useful while using other types of commercially available accelerometers, including those manufactured with application of conventional technologies.
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