Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Dron jako sojusznik w operacjach lotniskowych : integracja operacji dronów na lotniskach

Leśnikowski Władysław

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

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nr 3

PL

W artykule została poruszona problematyka bezzałogowych statków powietrznych i ich wykorzystania w operacjach lotniskowych. Obsługa statków powietrznych przez drony w przeprowadzaniu inspekcji, konserwacji posiada wiele czynników mających wpływ na jego jakość, bezpieczeństwo, czas i oszczędności. Drony w przeprowadzaniu inspekcji statków powietrznych, infrastruktury lotniskowej mają wpływ w procesie ograniczania ryzyka wpływu człowieka na obsługę techniczną statków powietrznych, wyeliminowania awarii czynnika ludzkiego oraz zmniejszenia ryzyka utraty zdrowia czy życia w czasie wykonywania tych procedur. Autor omawia również w artykule wykorzystanie dronów w procesie obsługi technicznej, napraw i remontów samolotów komercyjnych, zarządzaniu ciągłością do lotu. Poruszony został również temat koncepcje systemu ”Smart Hangar”. Zidentyfikowane zostały zagrożenia związane z wykorzystaniem dronów w procesie utrzymania ruchu, zagrożenia związane z tą działalnością.

EN

The article discusses the issue of unmanned aircraft and their use in airport operations. The operation of aircraft by drones in carrying out inspections and maintenance has many factors affecting its quality, safety, time and savings. Drones in the inspection of aircraft and airport infrastructure have an impact in the process of reducing the risk of human influence on the technical maintenance of aircraft, eliminating the failure of the human factor and reducing the risk of loss of health or life during the performance of these procedures. The author also discusses in the article the use of drones in the process of maintenance, repair and overhaul of commercial aircraft, and flight continuity management. The concept of the "Smart Hangar" system was also discussed. Threats related to the use of drones in the maintenance process and the risks associated with this activity have been identified.

2

Assessment of the suitability of spectral indices for detecting areas of increased stress among plants - a case study of the botanical garden in Kielce

Sobura Szymon Sylwester

Structure and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 15, no. 4

253--268

EN

An important factor threatening global security is climate change and its impact on changing rainfall patterns and seasonal temperature variability. For this reason, farmers and crop scientists are striving to detect plant stress as soon as possible and introduce preventive measures so that key decisions in maintaining plant health are made in a timely way. Currently, multispectral images acquired from UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) make it possible to provide objective and reliable information related to the state of agro-ecosystems, the dynamics of changes occurring on them and the monitoring of natural resources in a rapid and non-contact method. In the present study, the suitability of low-altitude multispectral imaging for proper stress detection in plants was assessed. The botanical garden in Kielce, a site with a high biodiversity of plant specimens, was chosen as the testing ground. In this study, four spectral indexes maps were analysed in the form of: NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and the less frequently used PSRI (Plant Senescence Reflectance Index) for the assessment of plant health. PSRI values > 0.50 clearly identified areas of high stress, in contrast to the other spectral indices analysed in this study. The study confirmed the suitability of the PSRI for conducting monitoring activities in areas with varying crop characteristics in an efficient and rapid approach.

PL

Ważnym czynnikiem zagrażającym globalnemu bezpieczeństwu są zmiany klimatyczne i ich wpływ na zmiany wzorców opadowych oraz zmienność sezonowych temperatur. Z tego powodu osoby zajmujące się ochroną walorów przyrodniczych oraz upraw dążą do jak najszybszej detekcji stresu roślin i wprowadzeniu działań profilaktycznych, aby kluczowe decyzje w utrzymaniu zdrowia roślin zostały podjęte w odpowiednim czasie. Obecnie zdjęcia multispektralne pozyskane z UAV (ang. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) umożliwiają dostarczenie obiektywnej i wiarygodnej informacji związanej ze stanem agrosystemów, dynamiki zmian na nich zachodzących oraz monitorowania zasobów przyrodniczych w sposób szybki i bezkontaktowy. W niniejszej pracy oceniono przydatność zobrazowań multispektralnych z niskiego pułapu do prawidłowej detekcji stresu u roślin. Jako poligon doświadczalny wybrano ogród botaniczny w Kielcach, będący obiektem o dużej bioróżnorodności okazów roślin. W pracy przeanalizowano cztery mapy wskaźników spektralnych w postaci: NDVI (ang. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDRE (ang. Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index), GNDVI (ang. Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) oraz rzadziej stosowany wskaźnik PSRI (ang. Plant Senescence Reflectance Index) pod kątem oceny kondycji zdrowotnej roślin. Wartości wskaźnika PSRI > 0,50 w sposób jednoznaczny zidentyfikowały obszary wysokiego stresu w odróżnieniu od pozostałych analizowanych w pracy wskaźników spektralnych. Badania potwierdziły przydatność wskaźnika PSRI do prowadzenia działań monitoringowych na obszarach o zróżnicowanej charakterystyce uprawianych roślin w sposób efektywny i szybki.

3

Method for accuracy assessment of topo-bathymetric surface models based on geospatial data recorded by UAV and USV vehicles

Lewicka Oktawia

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 3

461--480

EN

Geospatial data obtained using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are increasingly used to model the terrain in the coastal zone, in particular in shallow waterbodies (with a depth of up to 1 m). In order to generate a terrain relief, it is important to choose a method for modelling that will allow it to be accurately projected. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present a method for accuracy assessment of topo-bathymetric surface models based on geospatial data recorded by UAV and USV vehicles. Bathymetric and photogrammetric measurements were carried out on the waterbody adjacent to the public beach in Gdynia (Poland) in 2022 using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK UAV and an AutoDron USV. The geospatial data integration process was performed in the Surfer software. As a result, Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) in the coastal zone were developed using the following terrain modelling methods: Inverse Distance to a Power (IDP), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), kriging, the Modified Shepard’s Method (MSM) and Natural Neighbour Interpolation (NNI). The conducted study does not clearly indicate any of the methods, as the selection of the method is also affected by the visualization of the generated model. However, having compared the accuracy measures of the charts and models obtained, it was concluded that for this type of data, the kriging (linear model) method was the best. Very good results were also obtained for the NNI method. The lowest value of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (0.030 m) and the lowest value of the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (0.011 m) were noted for the GRID model interpolated with the kriging (linear model) method. Moreover, the NNI and kriging (linear model) methods obtained the highest coefficient of determination value (0.999). The NNI method has the lowest value of the R68 measure (0.009 m), while the lowest value of the R95 measure (0.033 m) was noted for the kriging (linear model) method.

4

Performance evaluation of different selected UAV image processing software on building volume estimation

Ajayi Oluibukun Gbenga, Ogundele Bolaji Saheed, Aleji Gideon Abidem

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2023

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Vol. 72, no. 1

art. no. e39, 2023

EN

The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of four UAV image processing software for the automatic estimation of volumes based on estimated volume accuracy, spatial accuracy, and execution time, with and without Ground Control Points (GCPs). A total of 52 images of a building were captured using a DJI Mavic Air UAV at 60m altitude and 80% forward and side overlap. The dataset was processed with and without GCPs using Pix4DMapper, Agisoft Metashape Pro, Reality Capture, and 3DF Zephyr. The UAV-based estimated volume generated from the software was compared with the true volume of the building generated from its as-built 3D building information modeled in Revit 2018 environment. The resulting percentage difference was computed. The average volumes estimated from the four software with the use of GCPs were 4757.448 m3 (3.87%), 4728.1 m3 (2.54%), 4291.561 m3 (11.5%), and 4154.938 m3 (14.35%), respectively. Similarly, when GCPs were not used for the image processing, average volumes of 4631.385 m3 (4.52%), 4773.025 m3 (1.6%), 4617.899 m3 (4.89%), and 4420.403 m3 (8.92%) were obtained in the same order. In addition to the volume estimation analysis, other parameters, including execution time, positional RMSE, and spatial resolution, were evaluated. Based on these parameters, Agisoft Metashape Pro proved to be more accurate, time-efficient, and reliable for volumetric estimations from UAV images compared to the other investigated software. The findings of this study can guide decision-making in selecting the appropriate software for UAV-based volume estimation in different applications.

5

Feasibility study for a fuel cell-powered unmanned aerial vehicle with a 75 kg payload

Desantes José M., Novella Ricardo, García-Cuevas Luis M., Lopez-Juarez Marcos

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2022

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Nr 2 (267)

13--30

EN

Among the possible electric powerplants currently driving low-payload UAVs (up to around 10 kg of payload), batteries offer certain clear benefits, but for medium-payload operation such as aerotaxis and heavy-cargo transportation UAVs, battery capacity requirements restrict their usage due to high weight and volume. In light of this situation, fuel cell (FC) systems (FCS) offer clear benefits over batteries for the medium-payload UAV segment (> 50 kg). Nevertheless, studies regarding the application of FCS powerplants to this UAV segment are limited and the in-flight performance has not been clearly analysed. In order to address this knowledge gap, a feasibility analysis of these particular applications powered by FCS is performed in this study. A validated FC stack model (40 kW of maximum power) was integrated into a balance of plant to conform an FCS. As a novelty, the management of the FCS was optimized to maximize the FCS efficiency at different altitudes up to 12500 ft, so that the operation always implies the lowest H2 consumption regardless of the altitude. In parallel, an UAV numerical model was developed based on the ATLANTE vehicle and characterized by calculating the aerodynamic coefficients through CFD simulations. Then, both models were integrated into a 0D-1D modelling platform together with an energy management strategy optimizer algorithm and a suitable propeller model. With the preliminary results obtained from the FCS and UAV models, it was possible to ascertain the range and endurance of the vehicle. As a result, it was concluded that the combination of both technologies could offer a range over 600 km and an endurance over 5 h. Finally, with the integrated UAV-FCS model, a flight profile describing a medium altitude, medium endurance mission was designed and used to analyse the viability of FC-powered UAV. The results showed how UAVs powered by FCS are viable for the considered aircraft segment, providing competitive values of specific range and endurance.

6

Koncepcja algorytmu antykolizyjnego bezzałogowych statków powietrznych

Tatko Sebastian, Konatowski Stanisław

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2022

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Vol. 71, nr 3

113--128

PL

Podstawą nowatorskiego algorytmu antykolizyjnego jest implementacja programowa umożliwiająca unikanie kolizji przez BSP z przeszkodami otoczenia, a także z innymi obiektami latającymi. W artykule wykorzystano uproszczone równania opisujące dynamikę czterowirnikowca ułatwiające modelowanie struktury symulacyjnej. Programowa realizacja modelu czterowirnikowca wraz z kontrolerem jest podstawą działania algorytmu antykolizyjnego. W układzie sterowania modelem zastosowano trójstopniowy kontroler proporcjonalno-całkująco-różniczkujący. Inspiracją powstałego programu jest oddziaływanie magnetyczne. Algorytm omijania przeszkód bazuje na pomiarze wartości kątowych i doborze proporcjonalnej siły wirtualnej. Siła odpychająca czterowirnikowiec od przeszkody jest parametrem zależnym od jego składowych prędkości liniowych, namiaru na przeszkodę oraz odległości od niej. Uzyskane mapy ciepła odzwierciedlają skalowanie wartości oraz kierunku oddziaływania siły odpychającej. Po zdefiniowaniu punktu docelowego oraz położenia przeszkody na pokładzie czterowirnikowca dokonuje się pomiaru niezbędnych parametrów oraz doboru współrzędnych korygujących kurs kolizyjny. Analizie poddano parametry lotu czterowirnikowca oraz współczynniki kontroli algorytmu antykolizyjnego. Poprawność działania programu została sprawdzona w sposób symulacyjny z wykorzystaniem licznych charakterystyk.

EN

The basis of the novel anti-collision algorithm is a software implementation that allows the UAV to avoid collisions with environmental obstacles, as well as with other flying objects. The paper uses simplified equations describing the dynamics of the quadcopter to facilitate the modelling of the simulation structure. The software implementation of the quadcopter model together with the controller is the basis for the operation of the anti-collision algorithm. The model control system uses a three-stage proportional-integral-differential controller. The inspiration of the resulting program is magnetic interaction. The obstacle avoidance algorithm is based on the measurement of angular values and the selection of a proportional virtual force. The force repelling a quadcopter from an obstacle is a parameter that depends on its linear velocity, bearing on the obstacle and distance to the obstacle. The heat maps obtained reflect the scaling of the value and direction of the repulsive force. After defining the target point and the position of the obstacle, the necessary parameters are measured and the collision course correcting coordinates are selected onboard the quadcopter. The flight parameters of the quadcopter and the control coefficients of the anti-collision algorithm were analysed. The correctness of the program’s operation was checked by simulation using numerous characteristics.

7

Design of scheduling algorithms for UAVs to Detect Air Pollution Sources from Chimneys in Industrial Area

Vinh Le Van, Huyen Ngo Thanh

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2022

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Vol. 33

273--278

EN

With the rapid development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), many related applications using UAVs is to monitor air quality in urban, rural or industrial areas. They often focus on how to monitor the propagation of air pollution, provided the pollution sources should be positioned with permanently placed wireless sensors. However, it is hard and time-consuming to identify pollution sources due to a number of chimneys in industrial areas. Therefore, to air pollution source detection in the minimum search time from the chimneys with fixed locations in an industrial park using one or more UAVs. In this paper, we propose two heuristics algorithms for air-pollution-source detection by UAVs including Interference-Graph- Based Algorithm (IGBA), and Extended Interference-Graph-Based Algorithm (EIGBA). As a result, the detection time by these proposed algorithms compared with that by the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) algorithm air pollution source detection time is significantly reduced.

8

Development of a UAV-based system for the semi-automatic estimation of the volume of earthworks

Ajayi Oluibukun G., Oyeboade Timothy O., Samaila-Ija Hassan A., Adewale Taiwo J.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2020

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Vol. 110

21--28

EN

One of the challenges faced by surveyors in acquisition of accurate spatial data for mining applications is the risk involved in acquiring data in rugged terrains and difficult or inaccessible areas. With the advent of modern technology, accurate geospatial data can now be safely obtained for proper mining documentation periodically. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for data acquisition in mine surveying has been a viable means of obtaining reliable geospatial data rapidly and efficiently. The main goal of this study is to develop a semi-automatic UAV-based system for the acquisition of spatial data required for the estimation of the volume of earthworks. A DJI Phantom 4 quadcopter was used for the acquisition of image data of the project site, while the images were processed into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using Pix4Dmapper v2.0.1, which was then imported into the MATLAB-based system developed for the automatic estimation of the volume of earthworks. The volume obtained from the automated system was thus compared with the volume obtained directly from the Pix4Dmapper software, having specified a contour interval of 1 and an allowable error rate of ±3% as the standard error. While ±1.02% error was observed in the volume estimated using the Pix4Dmapper, the developed automated system yielded an estimated precision of ±0.81% in its volume estimation, which proves to be more robust for automatic volume estimation in terms of accuracy and precision.

9

Synthesis of an intelligent UAV control system based on fuzzy logic in external disturbance conditions

Korobiichuk Igor, Shevchuk Dmytro, Prokhorenko Iryna, Tymoshenko Nataliia, Smityuh Yaroslav, Boyko Regina

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2020

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Vol. 14, No. 3

3--9

EN

To ensure reliable execution of flight tasks in the presence of both external perturbations and internal parametric perturbations, deterioration of the characteristics of the sensors, a control system structure based on intelligent technologies is proposed. The process of forming a “knowledge base” of a fuzzy controller is considered. The results of mathematical modeling of the longitudinal UAV control channel with a PID-controller and a fuzzy controller in the control loop are presented.

10

Preparation and implementation of a test flight of lightweight, unmanned stratospheric balloon with GoPro camera mounted and analysis of acquired material

Skoneczny Hubert

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2019

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Nr 2 (255)

21--32

EN

Publication contains a description of the preparation and the implementation of a test flight of a stratospheric balloon with a mounted camera GoPro Hero3. Description includes: used equipment, its parameters, role in the success of the mission and the difficulties and limitations that the project team encountered during the preparation and implementation of the flight. The mission was attended by a team of six engineers and scientists from the Remote Sensing Division, who were also involved in the implementation of the HESOFF project. One of the main goals of the HESOFF project was to obtain aerial images on the Krotoszyńska Plate (woj. wielkopolskie) using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and to carry out remote monitoring of oak stands. The primary goal of an experimental balloon flight was to check the technical operational capability and gain experience in planning and implementing this type of project. During the balloon raising, the video material was acquired in the form of a recording, which later was analyzed. On the basis of the collected information, the conclusions regarding the possibility of implementing a long endurance flight in the stratosphere, illustrating (using a multisensor platform) research surfaces of the HESOFF project were presented. The stages of implementation of the presented mission were divided into following parts: preparation of the flight with the completion of equipment and necessary documents (flight permission), proper flight realization, understood as the release of the balloon and identification of the place where the equipment landed, as well as analysis and presentation of the results.

PL

Niniejsza publikacja zawiera opis przygotowania jak i samego wykonania testowego lotu balonem stratosferycznym z zamontowaną kamerą GoPro Hero3. Opisany w niej został wykorzystany sprzęt, jego parametry, rola w powodzeniu misji oraz trudności i ograniczenia jakie zespół napotkał w trakcie przygotowań i realizacji lotu. W misji brał udział sześcioosobowy zespół inżynierów i naukowców Zakładu Teledetekcji, którzy zaangażowani również byli w realizację projektu LIFE - HESOFF. Jednym z podstawowych celów projektu HESOFF było pozyskiwanie zdjęć lotniczych na terenie płyty Krotoszyńskiej (woj. wielkopolskie) z wykorzystaniem Bezzałogowego Statku Powietrznego (BSP) i realizowanie zdalnego monitoringu drzewostanów dębowych. Podstawowym celem dla eksperymentalnego lotu balonem, z kolei było: sprawdzenie technicznej zdolności operacyjnej oraz zdobycie doświadczenia w planowaniu i realizacji tego typu projektu. W trakcie wznoszenia balonu zebrano materiał wideo w postaci nagrania oraz wykonano analizę otrzymanych wyników. Na podstawie zebranych informacji przedstawiono wnioski dotyczące możliwości realizacji długotrwałego lotu w stratosferze obrazującego (za pomocą platformy wielosensorowej) powierzchnie badawcze projektu HESOFF. Etapy realizacji przedstawionej misji podzielono na następujące części: przygotowanie do lotu wraz z kompletowaniem sprzętu i niezbędnych dokumentów (zgłoszenie lotu), realizacja właściwa lotu rozumiana jako wypuszczenie balonu i identyfikacja miejsca w którym spadł sprzęt oraz przeanalizowanie otrzymanych wyników i przedstawienie wniosków.

11

Wykorzystanie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w świetle prawa międzynarodowego i bezpieczeństwa Polski

Maciąg Paweł

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2019

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R. 9, Nr 15

317--339

PL

Gwałtowny rozwój nowoczesnej technologii wojskowej i cywilnej związanej z bezzałogowymi statkami powietrznymi wymaga kodyfikacji w prawie międzynarodowym. Wykorzystanie BSP nasuwa fundamentalne pytania prawne i wynikające z nich bariery, które wiążą się z faktem, że wykorzystanie i użycie dronów jest ograniczone do jurysdykcji stron. Działanie z użyciem BSP ma głównie charakter eksterytorialny. Rodzi to wiele istotnych, nierozstrzygniętych problemów związanych z prawem międzynarodowym i międzynarodowym prawem humanitarnym. Celem artykułu jest próba odniesienia się do tych kwestii. Obowiązujące ramy prawne nie są bowiem adekwatne do współczesnej sytuacji międzynarodowej. W artykule wskazuje się, że mimo ułomności prawnych jest możliwe w oparciu o obecne przepisy de lege lata, w tym o Kartę Narodów Zjednoczonych, konwencję chicagowską, konwencje haskie i genewskie, Reżim Kontroli Technologii Rakietowych, a także Powszechną Deklarację Praw Człowieka regulowanie w pewnym stopniu wykorzystywania BSP. Uzasadniona wydaje się również konkluzja de lege ferenda, że wielostronna konwencja międzynarodowa może być najlepszym rozwiązaniem regulacji prawnej w odniesieniu do BSP.

EN

This article examines acquiring and use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the light of security of Poland and international law. Most UAV’s are used for intelligence gathering, surveillance and reconnaissance in peacetime and during war. UAV can also carry a range of explosive ordnance, including missiles and bombs. There is a rapid technological transformation in warfare with ever more equipment and weapons being delegated to unmanned vehicles controlled by humans thought remote computer systems. The use of UAV invokes fundamental legal questions with regard to international law and international humanitarian law. Can UAV be considered a lawful weapon? Can the state conduct an attack with UAV outside of an armed conflict or simply outside its own jurisdiction and territory? Are UAV strikes a violation of international law? Are there legal limits to UAV’s use? What are legal conditions governing the permissibility of UAV strikes? Is there a need for new law, legal basis to regulate the use of UAV, including purpose of conducting strikes? The paper tackles with such legal issues. Crucial point is that there are no specific international treaties or conventions regulating the status and legality of UAVs. It is underlined that the gaps can be filled up de lege lata with the fundamental legal acts like UN Charter, Geneva and Haque Conventions, Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Important legal point is that UAV’s have in common a human involvement. Such devices are remotely controlled or semi-controlled by the operator or a team. Decision regarding launch attack is still mostly in human hands (exemption are the most technologically advanced systems like AEGIS). Poland with a group of NATO Allies established the Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) - a program that will enable to perform persistent surveillance over wide surface areas from high altitude. This operation will be performed by high altitude, long endurance UAV’s i.e. Global Hawk. It seems clear than for the near future, it cannot be guaranteed that fully autonomous weapons systems will be able to comply with International Law, especially International Humanitarian Law. It should be appropriate to suggest de lege ferenda that states should cease restating the clause in treaties or other international instruments. A framework convention, which brings parties to the table and enables the development of a multilateral convention, may be the best solution to the regulation of UAVs.

12

General Approach to Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Tiurin Vitalij, Martyniuk Oleksii, Mirnenko Volodymyr, Openko Pavlo

Safety & Defense

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2019

|

1

6--12

EN

The following study is devoted to the problem of preventing offensive missions led with small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The main goal of the paper is to familiarize the reader with a general methodology for counteracting offensive UAVs. In this paper, the authors describe counter UAV approach, which includes several stages, such as: the identification of threats, the development of prevention measures, active counteracting (including: detection, tracking, identification, evaluation, decision making and counteraction), evaluation and improvement of the anti-UAV counteraction system.In the recommendations, the authors give two non-exclusive practical approaches to countering hostile UAVs: the offensive counter UAV and the defensive counter UAV, which concern wide range of different strategies from “destroy as many UAVs as possible” to “protect all high value assets from UAVs threats”.

13

Operational and technological directions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems development

Polak G.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 18, No. 1

57--74

EN

Unmanned Aircraft Systems are continuously delivering new and enhanced battlefi eld capabilities to the military sphere. While the demand for unmanned systems remains at a relatively high level, it is expected that a number of operational and technological factors will further influence unmanned program development in the nearest future. The purpose of this paper is to articulate a vision for the continued development of unmanned systems technology across military applications. Th is article establishes a technological and an operational vision for the next 25 years and outlines actions and technologies for military experts and industry to pursue to efficiently align with this vision.

14

Brushless DC motor control on Arduino platform

Mach V., Kovar S., Valouch J., Adámek M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 11

105--107

EN

The Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are often used in many situations in many sectors. These motors are widely used in the application of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (AUV). However, BLDC motors need to be controlled by the external system to ensure flawless and reliable function. Using the Electronic speed control (ESC) for the brushless motor, every motor can be controlled by any platforms such as Arduino. The Arduino platform was selected due to its simplicity, availability at the market and the cost-effectiveness. The aim of this research is designing the motor control for the BLDC motor on the Arduino platform. The designed system should be used by the UAV using propellers. This paper also includes the software implementation for the motor control. An implementation is developed to study the performance of the system for wide range speed control and power quality improvement.

PL

W artykule opisano zdalne sterowanie bezszczotkowym silnikiem DC w zastosowaniu do dronów. Wykorzystano platformę Arduino i system ESC – electronik speed control. Przedstawiono oprogramowanie I badania przy różnych warunkach pracy.

15

Evaluation of the thrust force of a multirotor agricultural drone

Berner B., Chojnacki J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 3

6--8

EN

Multirotor drones can be used in ecological agriculture as agricultural machines that do not produce pollution or knead the soil. The movement of drone over plants is related to the thrust generated by rotors and propellers. Test stand, where the drone was placed on electronic scales, was constructed in order to establish the thrust force of the drone. The test stand, where the drone was placed on electronic scales, was constructed in order to establish the thrust force of the drone. Optical tachometer was used to measure the propellers’ rotational speed. A mathematical formula was determined that describes the relation between the rotational speed of the drone propellers and the thrust force it generates.

PL

Drony wielowirnikowe mogą być wykorzystywane w rolnictwie ekologicznym jako maszyny rolnicze, które nie emitują zanieczyszczeń i nie ugniatają gleby. Ruch drona nad roślinami związany jest z wytwarzaną siłą ciągu przez wirniki i śmigła. W celu wyznaczenia siły ciągu drona zbudowano stanowisko badawcze, w którym dron osadzono na wadze elektronicznej, a do pomiaru prędkości obrotowej śmigieł użyto tachometru optycznego. Wyznaczono formułę matematyczną opisującą zależność pomiędzy prędkością obrotową śmigieł drona a wytwarzaną przez niego siłą ciągu.

16

Application of drones in protection of state border

Adamski M., Mieżaniec J., Adamski A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 4

9--15

EN

An unmanned aerial vehicle is a flying apparatus that does not require a crewmember on board to complete a task. Its piloting is done by means of indirect control. UAVs also have the ability to perform autonomous flight on a pre-programmed flight path. The purpose of the study was to use the unmanned aircraft "Fly Eye" by WB Electronic used by the Border Guard to patrol the state border in 103 TRA zone on the section of the Republic of Poland with the Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation. The TRA zones constitute a specially designated area for the use of the Border Guard and the army, in order to carry out flights there beyond the scope of the pattern for training purposes and to patrol the state border. The article also contains information of the Border Guard formation and the characteristics of the unmanned aerial vehicle “FlyEye”. In order to ensure the safety of the UAV flight, the test was carried out in the TRA zone, which is used for special use for the Border Guard formation and the army.

17

Wykorzystanie technologii militarnych w zastosowaniach cywilnych na przykładzie rozwoju systemów bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (SBSP)

Stolarz A.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2018

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nr 11

474--483, CD

PL

Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na dynamiczny rozwój technologii bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (BSP) tzw. dronów i ich coraz szersze wykorzystanie w coraz to innych obszarach zarówno do celów wojskowych jak i cywilnych. Autor wskazuje, iż systemy BSP nie są wymysłem ostatnich lat ale ich historia jest dłuższa niż historia klasycznego lotnictwa sięgając do Egiptu i antycznej Grecji a także Chin. Latające systemy bezzałogowe zaczęły się dynamicznie rozwijać w XX w. zaczynając od konstrukcji ściśle wojskowych jak pociski V1 i V2 w czasie II Wojny Światowej a od lat 90ych stając się jednym z podstawowych obszarów rozwoju technologii wojskowych (takie konstrukcje jak Predator, Global Hawk itp.). Miało to związek z dynamicznym rozwojem technologii materiałowych i elektroniki a także zwiększeniem sie troski o zachowanie maksymalnego bezpieczeństwa dla walczących żołnierzy (siły żywej) poprzez przesunięcie ciężkości prowadzenia działań na systemy bezzałogowe nie tylko lotnicze ale również naziemne i morskie. Rozwój technologii wojskowych podlega dyfuzji i ma wpływ na innowacje w zastosowaniach cywilnych. Wykorzystanie bezzałogowych systemów powietrznych pojawia się w plan strategicznych m.in. DHL, Amazon. Intensywnie drony wykorzystują służby cywilne takie jak straż pożarna, straż graniczna czy policja.

EN

The article is an attempt to look at the dynamic development of unmanned aerial vehicle (BSP) technology (called drones ) and their wider use in more and more areas for both military and civilian purposes. The author points out that BSP systems are not inventions of recent years, but their history is longer than the history of classical aviation reaching for Egypt and ancient Greece as well as China. Flying unmanned systems began to develop dynamically in the twentieth century, beginning with strictly military equipments like V1 and V2 missiles during World War II and from the 90s becoming one of the basic areas of development of military technologies (such as Predator, Global Hawk, etc.) . This was related to the dynamic development of materials technology and electronics as well as increased care for maximum safety for fighting soldiers (live force) by shifting the heaviness of conducting operations to unmanned systems, not only air, but also ground and sea. The development of military technologies is subject to diffusion and has an impact on innovations in civil uses. The use of unmanned aerial systems appears in the strategic plan (e.g DHL, Amazon) and in real life by civil services such as fire brigade, border guards or police.

18

Estimation of UAV Position with Use of Smoothing Algorithms

Kaniewski P., Gil R., Konatowski S.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2017

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Vol. 24, nr 1

127--142

EN

The paper presents methods of on-line and off-line estimation of UAV position on the basis of measurements from its integrated navigation system. The navigation system installed on board UAV contains an INS and a GNSS receiver. The UAV position, as well as its velocity and orientation are estimated with the use of smoothing algorithms. For off-line estimation, a fixed-interval smoothing algorithm has been applied. On-line estimation has been accomplished with the use of a fixed-lag smoothing algorithm. The paper includes chosen results of simulations demonstrating improvements of accuracy of UAV position estimation with the use of smoothing algorithms in comparison with the use of a Kalman filter.

19

Possibilities of misuse of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to terrorist targets

Hutter M., Scurek R

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2016

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T. 4

195--202

EN

This paper deals with description of current technological developments in the field of UAVs and analyzes the possibilities of abuse them with unlawful acts, in particular with regard to the potential application of CBRNE agents. Then describes the incidence of similar events in recent times and predicts its development trend of the future. It is also given the example of theoretical calculation of the effects of selected CBRNE agents in selected area.

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono nowoczesne technologie w zakresie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych oraz dokonano analizy możliwości ich wykorzystania w działaniach nielegalnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zagrożeń CBRNE. Ponadto przedstawiono rzeczywiste przypadki takich działań oraz oszacowano możliwość ich wystąpienia w przyszłości. Zaprezentowano również teoretyczną analizę efektów wystąpienia zagrożeń CBRNE na wybranym obszarze.

20

Estimation of Flight Path Deviations for SAR Radar Installed on UAV

Łabowski M., Kaniewski P., Konatowski S.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 3

383--391

EN

The paper presents a method of calculation of position deviations from a theoretical, nominally rectilinear trajectory for a SAR imaging system installed on board of UAV. The UAV on-board system consists of a radar sensor, an antenna system, a SAR processor and a navigation system. The main task of the navigation part is to determine the vector of differences between the theoretical and the measured trajectories of UAV center of gravity. The paper includes chosen results of experiments obtained during ground and flight tests.