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1

Coevolution of Paleo-Tethys and Rheic: New tectonic constraints from Iran and Turkey

Chu Yang, Wan Bo, Lin Wei, Allen Mark B., Talebian Morteza, Uysal Ibrahim, Xin Guangyao

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

|

nr 1-2 (72-73)

15--15

EN

In the Paleozoic, one large ocean once separated the Eurasia of the north and the Gondwana of the south, but it has two names, Paleo-Tethys and Rheic, suggesting different tectonic history. The Paleo-Tethys represent the ocean from east Asia to Middle East regions and vanished in Early Mesozoic, while the Rheic existed across the Europe and finally closed in Carboniferous. The two oceans coevolved for a long time, but the interaction and mutual effect at subduction and collision stages are not well understood. Initiation processes of ocean spreading, subduction and collision are crucial in plate tectonics, so resolving the timing for these turning points may greatly enhanced the precision and accuracy of reconstruction of the two oceans, especially for the western Paleo-Tethys. In NE Iran, we find that all the Paleozoic clastic rocks record two major zircon U-Pb age groups peaked at ~800 Ma and ~600 Ma. Consistency in age patterns show a dominant provenance from Neoproterozoic basement of the north Gondwana and a long-lasting passive margin sedimentation after the spreading of the Paleo-Tethys. This environment was interrupted by initial collision between the Turan (Eurasia) and Central Iran (Gondwana) Blocks with massive coarse clastic deposition, i.e. the protolith of the Mashhad Phyllite, in a peripheral foreland basin on the Paleozoic passive margin. The Mashhad Phyllite yields a striking provenance change from passive margin to active margin. The Paleozoic ages reveal a long-lived subduction zone at the south Turan Block initiated since the latest Ordovician. More importantly, the provenance shift better constrains the initial collision timing with the maximum deposition age of the Mashhad Phyllite (~228 Ma) refining the evolution history of Paleo-Tethys. Based on our new results and previous data, we compare the tectonic history of the Paleo-Tethys in its western segment with eastern Rheic, and further discuss the interaction between the Rheic and Paleo-Tethys. We find existence of a lateral subduction zone plays a crucial rule in initiating new subduction zone after an old oceanic plate vanishes and two continents collides, while a lateral collision can also result into shallowing of subducted slab and preservation of coeval compressional structures. These new insights help us to better interpret the emplacement of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during subduction and subduction zone jump when the Rheic and Paleo-Tethys coevolved.

2

Wstrząs w ogóle i szczególe

Królikowski Jerzy

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2023

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nr 3

8--9

3

Developing numerical equality to regional intensity-duration-frequency curves using evolutionary algorithms and multi-gene genetic programming

Citakoglu Hatice, Demir Vahdettin

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

469--488

EN

This study aims to carry out regional intensity−duration−frequency (IDF) equality using the relationship with IDF obtained from point frequency analysis. Eleven empirical equations used in the literature for seven climate regions of Turkey were calibrated using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques and the obtained results were compared. In addition, in this study, new regional IDF equations were obtained for each region utilizing Multi-Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP) method. Finally, Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test was applied to the IDF values obtained from the methods and the observed values. As a result of the study, it was observed that the coefficients of 11 empirical equations calibrated with PSO, and GA techniques were different from each other. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute relative error (MARE), coefficient of determination (R2 ), and Taylor diagram were used to evaluate the performances of PSO, GA, and MGGP techniques. According to the performance criteria, it has been determined that the IDF equations obtained by the MGGP method for the Eastern Anatolia, Aegean, Southeastern Anatolia, and Central Anatolia regions are more successful than the empirical equations calibrated with the PSO and GA method. The empirical IDF equations produced with PSO and the IDF equations acquired with MGGP have similar findings in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Marmara. In addition, the KW test results showed that the data of all models were from the same population.

4

Energy generation, transition and sustainable growth in Turkey

Pashaev Ibragim

Polityka Energetyczna

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2022

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T. 25, z. 1

23--38

EN

The structural economic problems of Turkey have led to the significant challenges for the development of the country, especially in the postcoronavirus economy. One of such challenges is the achievement of the sustainable development imperatives in combination with the preservation of the competitive advantages of the Turkish economy. The loss of the major drivers of the economy of the country, including tourism and logistics, in complex with the economic deterioration of the monetary system of the country are the major components of the current crisis. This controversy is analyzed in the paper along with the search for the best options of the energy sphere development in Turkey. This search covers economic aspects of the current situation in the country. The authors put forward and prove a hypothesis that Turkey energy system can be more influential on its economic development. This proof is based on the energy mix analysis and on the thorough review of the potential of the country for the green energy development and its economic effectiveness for the country. The key findings of the article include the proof that the sustainable development and the green energy development in Turkey are quite different processes, which are on intention divided by political measures, the proof that Turkey has serious issues in development of the energy sector due to its low influence on the economic development in its current state, the developed recommendations for the better structuring of the energy sector development.

PL

Strukturalne problemy gospodarcze Turcji doprowadziły do poważnych wyzwań dla rozwoju kraju, zwłaszcza w gospodarce po pandemii koronawirusa. Jednym z takich wyzwań jest osiągnięcie założeń zrównoważonego rozwoju w połączeniu z zachowaniem przewag konkurencyjnych tureckiej gospodarki. Utrata głównych sił napędowych gospodarki kraju, w tym turystyki i logistyki, w połączeniu z pogorszeniem się sytuacji gospodarczej systemu monetarnego kraju to główne elementy obecnego kryzysu. Kontrowersje te są analizowane w artykule wraz z poszukiwaniem najlepszych opcji rozwoju energetyki w Turcji. Poszukiwanie to obejmuje ekonomiczne aspekty aktualnej sytuacji w kraju. Autorzy stawiają i udowadniają hipotezę, że system energetyczny Turcji może mieć większy wpływ na jej rozwój gospodarczy. Dowód ten opiera się na analizie miksu energetycznego oraz na wnikliwym przeglądzie potencjału kraju dla rozwoju zielonej energii i jej efektywności ekonomicznej. Kluczowe wnioski z artykułu są takie, że zrównoważony rozwój i rozwój zielonej energii w Turcji to zupełnie różne procesy, które celowo dzieli się środkami politycznymi, powodując, że Turcja ma poważne problemy z rozwojem energetyki, ponieważ w obecnym stanie ma ona niewielki wpływ na rozwój gospodarczy. Zostały wypracowane rekomendacje, których realizacja pozwoli na lepsze ustrukturyzowanie rozwoju energetyki.

5

Reception of modern movement architecture of second half of the XX century in local context comparative analisys method on examples of housing estates in İzmir, Turkey and the Upper Silesia Agglomeration, Poland

Żmudzińska-Nowak Magdalena, Güler Nakip Gizem

Builder

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2022

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R.26, nr 9

50--53

EN

Housing architecture - multi-storey houses, housing estates, and their urban layouts - of the second half of the XX century is a spectacular representation of the transformation process from traditional to modern architecture. Modernism, referred to as the “International Style”, created numerous variations depending on local conditions. The main thesis of this study is to reveal that the reception of the Modern Movement known as “International Style” in local contexts results in differences in the form of apartment buildings and their urban layouts, among others. We study this phenomenon by examining and comparing examples of housing estates. The effects of global Modernism in the local context will be compared with selected examples from Izmir, Turkey and the Upper Silesia Agglomeration, Poland in the second half of the XX century. Analyzing how two different regions adopted modernism under different conditions, their differences and similarities, are an important point of the research problem. The main goal of this article is to present the scientific problem of the study and the methodological approach for further in-depth studies on selected examples. It is advocated that the comparative research method to be applied to local modernism is a convenient approach for understanding the transformation of housing and settlement patterns.

PL

Architektura mieszkaniowa drugiej połowy XX wieku i jej rozwój stanowi spektakularną ilustrację procesu transformacji od architektury tradycyjnej do nowoczesnej. Modernizm, zwany „stylem międzynarodowym”, stworzył wiele odmian w zależności od lokalnych uwarunkowań. Główną tezą badawczą niniejszego opracowania jest wykazanie, że recepcja i adaptacja Modernizmu zwanego „stylem międzynarodowym” w kontekstach lokalnych skutkuje różnicami m.in. w formie budynków mieszkalnych i ich układach urbanistycznych. Proces zostanie zbadany poprzez porównanie wybranych przykładów osiedli z drugiej połowy XX wieku, z terenu Izmiru w Turcji oraz z Aglomeracji Górnośląskiej w aspekcie zgodności z wytycznymi modernizmu oraz lokalnych różnic. Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu oraz zarysu metody analizy porównawczej, która będzie rozwijana w toku dalszych pogłębionych badań na wybranych przykładach.

6

The utilisation of conceptual and data-driven models for hydrological modelling in semi-arid and humid areas of the Antalya basin in Turkey

Sezen Cenk, Partal Turgay

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 2

897--915

EN

Hydrological modelling is essential for improving water management and planning efficiency and sustainability. In this study, lumped conceptual models [i.e., Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier (GR4J), Génie Rural à 6 paramètres Journalier (GR6J)] and wavelet-based data-driven models [Wavelet-Genetic algorithm-Artifcial neural network (WGANN), Wavelet-based support vector regression (WSVR)] were used for daily rainfall-runoff modelling by using three gauging stations, namely Çaydere Eğirdir Göl Giriş, Kargı Ç. Türkler and Naras D. Şişeler, in semi-arid and humid areas of Antalya basin, Turkey. The Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), index of agreement (d) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the model performance. Although conceptual and data-driven models yielded a good performance, data-driven models could be more helpful, especially in semi-arid and small basins, challenging for conceptual models due to nonlinearity and complexity. The best runoff forecasting performance improvement was observed in Çaydere Eğirdir Göl Giriş with the WGANN (NSE=0.96, d=0.99, RMSE=0.5 mm/d), WSVR (NSE=0.95, d=0.99, RMSE=0.6 mm/d) against the GR4J (NSE=0.53, d=0.79, RMSE=1.8 mm/d) and the GR6J (NSE=0.49, d=0.78, RMSE=1.8 mm/d). It was also found that the GR4J and GR6J yielded a similar performance. Data denoising via wavelet transformation and input selection had a significant role in developing performance for the data-driven models. Data-driven models yielded better results for the forecasting of extreme flows. In this regard, using and integrating the useful parts of the conceptual and data-driven models could be more favourable.

7

Spatiotemporal analysis of droughts in Hirfanli Dam basin, Turkey by the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)

Zeybekoglu Utku

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

361--371

EN

Drought is generally defined as a disaster affecting vital activities negatively because of water scarcity as a result of precipitation falling below the recorded normal levels. In the present study, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index was applied for the first time in Hirfanli Dam basin, which has the characteristics of a semiarid climate in Turkey. The annual drought events in the basin between 1968 and 2017 were investigated by using the precipitation and temperature data obtained from Gemerek, Kayseri, Kirsehir, Nevsehir, Sivas, and Zara meteorology observation stations located in Hirfanli Dam basin. The dry and wet years were determined in the basin, and evaluations were made in this respect. The years when the most severe droughts happened in the basin were determined, and drought maps, which showed the spatial distribution of drought, were prepared. In the light of the analyses and maps made, it was found that the most severe drought happened in 2001 in Hirfanlı Dam basin.

8

Rethinking of Turkey’s Geopolitics together with Eastern Mediterranean : Turkish Perspective

Arıboğan Deniz Ülke, Arslan İbrahim

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2021

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Nr 2

45--66

EN

In the studies carried out within the scope of geopolitical discipline, the expression “geography is destiny” is frequently used and it is claimed that geography has unchangeable, irreversible qualities and the policies implemented are shaped through this assumption. This assumption ignores the humanitarian interventions over the geography and makes it difficult to understand the results produced by these interventions at both regional and global level. Similarly, the dynamic nature of international relations reveals new actors in the international system in times of bounce and collapse, and the borders that expand or narrow with each transformation can differentiate the geopolitical view with new sovereign countries. In the historical process, transportation accessibility, trade, search for raw materials, security and alliance relations have caused the same geography to be interpreted differently in different periods. This situation also applies to the geography of Turkey had been the homeland of empires. The developments in the Middle East over the past two decades has created a sensitivity in the relations between Turkey and the West, especially the United States. Competing interests with the EU and the US in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, has necessitated a reassessment of Turkey’s geography.

PL

Na gruncie nauki o geopolityce często wskazuje się, że geografia jest przeznaczeniem i że charakteryzuje się niezmiennymi cechami. Takie założenie wpływa na kształt i prowadzenie polityki, ignoruje humanitarne interwencje i sprawia, że trudniej jest zrozumieć skutki owych interwencji zarówno na poziomie regionalnym, jak i globalnym. Dynamiczny charakter relacji międzynarodowych sprzyja pojawianiu się nowych aktorów na arenie międzynarodowej, zwłaszcza w okresach koniunktury i dekoniunktury, w wyniku transformacji może dochodzić do zmiany granic, a w związku z tym do zróżnicowania geopolitycznego, powstania nowych suwerennych państw. Z perspektywy procesu historycznego - dostępności transportu, handlu, poszukiwania nowych surowców, a także relacji sojuszniczych czy w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa - można stwierdzić, że sama interpretacja geografii bywa różna w zależności od okresu rozwojowego. Przykładem - geografia Turcji, ojczyzny wielu imperiów. Rozwój wydarzeń na Bliskim Wschodzie w ostatnich dwóch dekadach spowodował, że relacje między Turcją a Zachodem, szczególnie zaś Stanami Zjednoczonymi, zostały nadszarpnięte. Konkurencyjność interesów z Unią Europejską i Stanami Zjednoczonymi na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego zmusza do ponownej oceny geografii Turcji.

9

Post event feld observations in the İzmir–Sığacık village for the tsunami of the 30 October 2020 Samos (Greece) Mw 6.9 earthquake

Aksoy M. Ersen

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 3

1113--1125

EN

The Mw 6.9 Samos earthquake occurred on 30 October 2020 11:51 ofshore of the Samos island, west of the Kuşadası bay in the Aegean Sea. The earthquake caused destruction in villages of Greece and Turkey. The earthquake intensity reached a maximum of VII in İzmir–Bayraklı. A tsunami followed the shock and hit many villages around Samos and the Kuşadası bay. The Sığacık village of Izmir-Turkey sufered heavily from the tsunami. A post-event feld survey in Sığacık has been conducted on 31 October 2020, and measurements of fow depth, run-up and limits of inundation were collected. The tsunami inundated the entire coastal area in Sığacık for at least 200 m inland. The maximum inundation has been observed NE of Sığacık. Sea water reached a distance of 391±2 m. The maximum run-up is measured as 5.3±0.3 m north of Sığacık. This is the highest value for the Samos tsunami measured along the Greek and Turkish coastal areas. The high run-up value is attributed to the elongated geometry of the Sığacık bay, the shallow seafoor, the low and fat land morphology in Sığacık and to the existence of four>70-m-long E–W trending channels. The tsunami left limited amount of clay to sand size sediments forming a layer of less than 2–3 cm in the depression areas in Sığacık. The limited amount of evidence remained from the tsunami of this Mw 6.9 earthquake in Sığacık (a location with signifcant inundation and the highest run-up value) signifes the difculty of palaeo-tsunami surveys for the Aegean Sea region.

10

Landslide susceptibility mapping and hazard assessment in Artvin (Turkey) using frequency ratio and modifed information value model

Akinci Halil, Yavuz Ozalp Ayse

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 3

725--745

EN

Landslides cause loss of lives and serious material damage almost every year around the world. In Turkey, risks related to landslides increase due to the combined efects of climate change, deforestation, uncontrolled urbanization and improper land use. Artvin is among the cities where landslides occur most frequently due to its topographical and geological char acteristics. In the present study, landslide susceptibility of the Central district of Artvin was evaluated using the frequency ratio (FR) and modified information value (MIV) models. In the study, ten parameters afecting the occurrence of landslides were considered. 70% of the landslide inventories were utilized to create susceptibility maps, and the remaining 30% were utilized for validation. The success and prediction capabilities of the models were assessed using the receiver operating characteristics curve and area under the curve. The success rates of the MIV and FR models were calculated as 88% and 84.9%, respectively, and the prediction rates were computed as 82.7% and 81.9%, correspondingly. The MIV model showed a slightly better performance compared to the FR model in terms of prediction and success rates. It was also determined that most of the village built-up areas, as well as the majority of the planned areas of the Artvin Municipality and majority of the public and private buildings within the municipal boundaries, were located in landslide susceptible zones. Therefore, the outcomes of the present study may assist local administrators, planners, and engineers in reducing the damage caused by landslides and planning the optimal land use.

11

Analysis of temperature data by using innovative polygon trend analysis and trend polygon star concept methods: a case study for Susurluk Basin, Turkey

Ceribasi Gokmen, Ceyhunlu Ahmet Iyad, Ahmed Naveed

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 5

1949--1961

EN

Climate change is an event that has significant effects as direct or indirect on ecosystem and living things. In order to be prepared for the effect of climate change, it is necessary to anticipate these changes and take measures for this change. Therefore, many studies have been carried out on changes in climate parameters in recent years. The most common method used in these studies is trend methods. Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis (IPTA) and Trend Polygon Star Concept are trend analysis methods. IPTA Method divides data series into two as first and second data set and analyzes these two data sets by comparing them with each other. Trend Polygon Star Concept analyzes distance between two months in data set in graph, which is result of IPTA, and shows analysis result by dividing it into four regions. Therefore, in this study, monthly average temperature data are analyzed by using this two-polygon method. This data set is for 22 years (1996–2017). Polygon graphics were created as a result of study. Besides, trend slopes and lengths of temperature data with IPTA Method were calculated. The values of graphs created with Trend Polygon Star Concept Method on x- and y-axis were given in a table. When the results of both analysis methods were examined for a station, the following results were observed. For example, a regular polygon was not seen in arithmetic mean and standard deviation graphs of IPTA Method of Bandirma Station. Besides, when general evaluation of arithmetic mean analysis results was examined an increasing trend in most months. When arithmetic average graph created by Trend Polygon Star Concept Method of Bandirma Station was examined, transition between two months was seen first and third region. When standard deviation graph was examined, transitions between two months were seen in all four regions.

12

Cyprus – meeting point for global and regional players

Majchút Ivan

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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Vol. 52, No. 3(197)

587--599

EN

The Cyprus Island, located in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, is known for decades of conflict known as the “Cyprus conflict”. The resolution to the conflict is, first of all, influenced by the citizens of local communities. However, we should not forget about the external actors. First and foremost international organisations (UN, EU) and the significant world or regional countries (USA, Russia, Great Britain, Turkey, and Greece) are also significant and very active and efficient in this process. These countries have an important influence on activities in the Eastern Mediterranean and assert their interests in the mentioned region.

PL

Wyspa Cypr, położona we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego, znana jest z trwającego od dziesięcioleci konfliktu zwanego „konfliktem cypryjskim”. Na rozwiązanie konfliktu wpływają przede wszystkim członkowie lokalnych społeczności. Nie należy jednak zapominać o graczach zewnętrznych. Istotną rolę w tym procesie odgrywają przede wszystkim organizacje międzynarodowe (ONZ, UE) oraz znaczące mocarstwa światowe lub regionalne (USA, Rosja, Wielka Brytania, Turcja, Grecja). Kraje te mają istotny wpływ na działalność we wschodniej części basenu Morza Śródziemnego i realizują swoje interesy we wspomnianym regionie.

13

Intolerance to uncertainty and motivational persistence among turkish females according to entrepreneurial intention

Onalan Mehmet Sercan, Magda Róbert

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 21, No. 2

285--300

EN

This paper aims to examine the effect of motivational persistence on intolerance to uncertainty in the comparison of female entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs to reveal what the decisive internal factors are in Turkey. Motivation, decisiveness and intolerance to uncertainty are the most determinative characteristics of an entrepreneur. As of now, most of the studies have been conducted in terms of external factors of entrepreneurial intention, but in this study, the researchers have focused on internal factors that are causing the potential individuals to fail. A total of 250 female entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs from Turkey were surveyed who are actively involved in business/working life. During the analysis process, the data were analysed by using Correlation Analysis, Independent-Samples T-Test and One way ANOVA method. The results of the study reveal that female entrepreneurs have higher motivational persistence for following long-term goals, tracking existing goals and repeating unreachable goals than the non-entrepreneur females. Further, the study asserts that participants who are over 35 years old have more intention to follow the current goals when compared to younger females, and the individuals with a low economic income have higher levels of motivation to be an entrepreneur.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie wpływu wytrwałości motywacyjnej na nietolerancję niepewności w porównaniu kobiet-przedsiębiorców i osób niebędących przedsiębiorcami w celu ujawnienia, jakie decydujące czynniki wewnętrzne mają Turcja. Motywacja, zdecydowanie i nietolerancja niepewności są najbardziej determinującymi cechami przedsiębiorcy. Na chwilę obecną większość badań została przeprowadzona pod kątem zewnętrznych czynników intencji przedsiębiorczych, ale w tym badaniu naukowcy skupili się na czynnikach wewnętrznych, które powodują porażkę potencjalnych osób. Przebadano łącznie 250 kobiet-przedsiębiorców i nie-przedsiębiorców z Turcji, którzy aktywnie uczestniczą w życiu gospodarczym / zawodowym. Podczas procesu analizy dane analizowano za pomocą analizy korelacji, testu T niezależnych próbek i metody ANOVA jednokierunkowej. Wyniki badania pokazują, że kobiety-przedsiębiorcy wykazują wyższą motywację do realizowania długoterminowych celów, śledzenia istniejących celów i powtarzania nieosiągalnych celów niż kobiety niebędące przedsiębiorcami. Co więcej, badanie potwierdza, że uczestnicy, którzy ukończyli 35 lat, mają większy zamiar podążać za obecnymi celami w porównaniu z młodszymi kobietami, a osoby o niskim dochodzie ekonomicznym mają wyższy poziom motywacji do bycia przedsiębiorcą.

14

Impact of distributive justice on the trust climate among Middle Eastern employees

Alshaabani Ayman, Oláh Judit, Popp József, Zaien Samir

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 21, No. 1

34--47

EN

Having a positive trust climate and organizational distributive justice is essential for any organization. Many studies have found that both trust and organizational justice have a direct positive impact on organizational performance. However, the relationship between them has not been considered widely, especially in the Middle East. Therefore, the study aims to examine the relationship between organizational distributive justice and the trust climate among the employees in three Middle Eastern countries and to find out what demographic variables affect this relationship. The sample of the study consisted of 190 employees who came from three countries, namely, Syria, Egypt, and Turkey. To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire of 20 items was sent online to employees. Later descriptive analysis methods and Pearson correlation were used to achieve the purposes of this study. The study found that there was a strong positive relationship between organizational distributive justice and the trust climate. Besides, there was a significant difference in organizational distributive justice when it was related to work experience. There were also statistically significant differences in trust in the supervisor, related to age; moreover, there were significant differences in trust in the organization and co-workers depending on work experience level, however, gender did not show any significant differences.

PL

Posiadanie atmosfery pozytywnego zaufania i sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej organizacji jest niezbędne dla każdej organizacji. Wiele badań wykazało, że zarówno zaufanie, jak i sprawiedliwość organizacyjna mają bezpośredni pozytywny wpływ na wyniki organizacji. Jednak relacje pomiędzy nimi nie były szeroko rozważane, szczególnie na Bliskim Wschodzie. Dlatego badanie ma na celu zbadanie związku między organizacyjną sprawiedliwością dystrybucyjną a atmosferą zaufania wśród pracowników w trzech krajach Bliskiego Wschodu oraz ustalenie, jakie zmienne demograficzne wpływają na ten związek. Próba badawcza obejmowała 190 pracowników pochodzących z trzech krajów, a mianowicie z Syrii, Egiptu i Turcji. Aby osiągnąć cel badania, do pracowników wysłano kwestionariusz zawierający 20 pytań. Późniejsze metody analizy opisowej i korelacja Pearsona zostały wykorzystane do osiągnięcia celów tego badania. Badanie wykazało, że istnieje silny pozytywny związek między organizacyjną sprawiedliwością dystrybucyjną a atmosferą zaufania. Poza tym istniała znacząca różnica w organizacyjnej sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej, gdy była ona związana z doświadczeniem zawodowym. Istniały również statystycznie istotne różnice w zaufaniu do przełożonego, związane z wiekiem; ponadto istniały znaczne różnice w zaufaniu do organizacji i współpracowników w zależności od poziomu doświadczenia zawodowego, jednak płeć nie wykazywała znaczących różnic.

15

Dwustuletnia historia rozwoju nowoczesnych mostów wiszących, cz. 3. Wiek XXI

Dąbrowiecki Krzysztof

Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne

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2020

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Nr 5

100--109

PL

W ciągu ostatnich 30 lat Chińska Republika Ludowa (ChRL) wdrożyła największy na świecie program projektowania i budowy dróg i mostów. Skoncentrował się on głównie w trzech strategicznych regionach kraju, w środkowym i dolnym biegu rzeki Jangcy, środkowym i dolnym biegu Rzeki Perłowej oraz w deltach obu tych rzek. Nowe konstrukcje stały się ważnymi kanałami ekspansji ekonomicznej i społeczno-technologicznego rozwoju tych regionów.

16

Mineralogical, geochemical and gemological investigation of Artova Ch-chalcedonies, Tokat – Turkey

Başıbüyük Zeynel, Akbudak Ilkay Kaydu, Gürbüz Meltem

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2020

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T. 36, z. 1

77--92

EN

Ch-chalcedony is a green colored member of the quartz group of gem stones. The appearance of Ch-chalcedony is very similar to that of chrysoprase. Differently, Ch-chalsedonies have a chromium element instead of a nickel element as a trace element. Green quartz used in jewelery as a seal stone, in necklaces and rings and has been one of the most valuable quartz varieties throughout history, with its beautiful green color, more rare than other quartz varieties. The Ch-chalcedonies in the North Anatolian region is yellowish-white, brownish gray, light green to dark green in color ranging from several centimeters to one meter thick in veins and lenses in the Lower-Middle Eocene dolomitic limestones. Ch-chalcedonies are composed of fine-grained and occasionally fibrous needle-like quartz; in some examples, quartz is present together with cristobalite, tridimite and cuspidine minerals. According to geochemical investigations in Ch-chalcedonies, the main oxides that were determined are as follows: SiO2 was observed in the range of 95.86–97.81%, Fe2O3 was observed in the range of 0.61–0.91% and Cr2O3 was observed in the range of 0.125–0.168%. A trace element analysis of Ch-chalcedonies, shows their significant enrichments in: Ni, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Cr and W, especially in the Cr (up to 705 ppm). The green color of the studied Cr-chalcedonies originates from the element chromium. Taking the possible reserves into account, the hardness, color, massive structures, mineralogical, petrographical and gemological features of Ch-chalcedonies in the region are evaluated together. It is determined that they are suitable for the production of jewelry and ornaments.

PL

Ch-chalcedon jest składnikiem kwarcowej grupy kamieni szlachetnych w kolorze zielonym. Wygląd Ch-chalcedonu jest bardzo podobny do chryzoprazu. W szczególności Ch-chalcedony zawierają pierwiastek chromu zamiast pierwiastka niklu jako pierwiastka śladowego. Zielony kwarc stosowany w biżuterii jako kamień do: pieczętowania, naszyjników i pierścionków był jedną z najcenniejszych odmian kwarcu w historii dziejów. Ch-chalcedony w regionie północnoatlantyckim mają żółtawo-biały, brązowo-szary kolor od jasnozielonego do ciemnozielonego o grubości od kilku centymetrów do jednego metra, występują w żyłach i soczewkach wapieni dolomitycznych dolno-środkowego eocenu. Ch-chalcedony składają się z drobnoziarnistego i czasami włóknistego igłopodobnego kwarcu; w niektórych próbkach kwarc występuje razem z minerałami krystobalitu, tridymitu i kuspidyny. Według badań geochemicznych w Ch-chalcedonach zawartość głównych tlenków kształtowała się następująco: SiO2 zaobserwowano w zakresie 95,86–97,81%, Fe2O3 zaobserwowano w zakresie 0,61–0,91%, a Cr2O3 zaobserwowano w zakresie 0,125–0,168%. Analiza pierwiastków śladowych Ch-chalcedonów pokazuje ich znaczące wzbogacenie w: Ni, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Cr i W, szczególnie w Cr (do 705 ppm). Zielony kolor badanych Ch-chalcedonów pochodzi od pierwiastka chromu. Obecnie oceniane są: możliwe zasoby, twardość, kolor, struktury, cechy mineralogiczne, petrograficzne i gemologiczne chalcedonów w analizowanym regionie. Ustalono, że te Ch-chalcedony nadają się do produkcji biżuterii i ozdób.

17

Geopolityczne uwarunkowania relacji turecko-rosyjskich a bezpieczeństwo na Bliskim Wschodzie

Adamkiewicz Jakub

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2019

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R. 9, Nr 16

91--102

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest stosunkom turecko-rosyjskim i ich wpływowi na bezpieczeństwo na Bliskim Wschodzie. Problem przedstawiony został w kontekście dążeń geopolitycznych Turcji w regionie, które nieuchronnie prowadzą do konfrontacji z Federacją Rosyjską. Uwagę poświęcono konfliktowi zbrojnemu w Syrii, który nakreśla stan napięcia panującego między państwami.

EN

The article is devoted to the issue of Turkish-Russian relations and their impact on security in the Middle East. The problem was presented in the context of Turkey’s geopolitical aspirations in the region, which lead to confrontation with the Russian Federation. In particular, attention was paid to the armed conflict in Syria, which outlines the state of tension between the two countries.

18

Youth unemployment and crime: an empirical investigation for Turkey

Tunca Halil, Gulel Ferda Esin

Managerial Economics

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2019

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Vol. 20, no. 1

27--42

EN

The crime economy has lately become a popular field of research because of regular increases in crime rates. Economists’ interest in crime analysis goes back to Becker’s (1968) model. “Cost‑benefit” analysis determined the crime preferences of rational individuals in this model. According to this analysis, if the benefit from the crime is higher than the cost to be faced, the individual will be willing to commit the crime. One of the factors studied in the crime phenomenon is migration. The main reason for migration is unemployment and poverty. The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between youth unemployment and crime rates by migration-receiving regions. By this purpose, aggregated crime rates, as well as non-aggregated crime rates (property crime, theft, and violent crime), were used. Also, the youth unemployment rate has been subdivided by gender differences and educational levels. We prefer to use spatial econometrics models in this study because of the unemployment rate, and crime rate showing the regional cluster pattern. Migration-receiving is considered as regions neighboring.

19

Rozwój kolei dużych prędkości w warunkach krajów rozwijających się – przypadek Turcji

Massel A.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2018

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R. 25, nr 6

26--35

PL

System kolei dużych prędkości w Turcji należy do najszybciej rozwijających się na świecie. Pierwszy odcinek Ankara–Eskişehir został uruchomiony w 2009 roku. Tymczasem, według danych UIC z 1 kwietnia 2018 roku, długość eksploatowanych linii dużych prędkości osiągnęła już 724 km. Ponadto 1 395 km takich linii znajduje się w budowie, a następne 1 127 km jest w fazie planowania [9]. Władze państwowe postawiły cel, aby w 2023 roku, czyli w 100-lecie istnienia Republiki, koleje dużych prędkości obsługiwały połowę ludności i 18 z 81 prowincji kraju [23]. Symboliczne znaczenie miał fakt, że 10 Światowy Kongres Kolei Dużych Prędkości UIC odbył się właśnie w stolicy Turcji, Ankarze, w dniach 8-11 maja 2018 roku.

EN

The high-speed railway system in Turkey develops very rapidly. The first section Ankara–Eskisehir was opened in 2009. According to UIC data, the total length of high-speed lines in April 2018 achieved 724 km. Moreover 1395 km of lines are under construction, while 1127 km remain in planning phase. The objective set by the government is to serve the half of the population of the country and 18 of 81 provinces with the high-speed trains till 2023 (100th anniversary of the Republic). Hosting the 10th UIC World Congress on High Speed Rail in Ankara in May 2018 had symbolic importance.

20

Railways carry Turkey to the future

Pomykała Agata

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2018

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R. 25, nr 9EN

8--10

EN

Interview with İsa Apaydin – Chairman of the Board and Director General of TCDD