Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Methodology and potential of image analysis and unconventional use of GIS tools in determining grain size distribution and fractal dimension : a case study of fault rocks in the Western Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians, Poland)

Kania Maciej

Geological Quarterly

|

2019

|

Vol. 63, No. 2

345--358

EN

A methodology of textural analyses based on image analysis is proposed and tested based on study of fault rock samples from the Tatra Mts., Poland. The procedure encompasses: (1) SEM-BSE imagery of thin sections; (2) image classification using the maximum likelihood method, performed with GIS software; (3) statistical analysis and fractal dimension (self-similarity) analysis. The results of this method are comparable to those obtained with methods involving specialized software. The proposed analytical procedure particularly improves qualitative observations with quantitative data on grain shape and size distribution. The potential of the method is shown, as an auxiliary tool in determining the nature of deformation processes: the role of high-temperature dynamic recrystallization processes is recorded using grain shape indicators, whilst the switch from ductile to brittle conditions is reflected by the grain size distribution pattern.

2

Profesor Stanisław Sokołowski – odkrywca wód termalnych (geotermalnych) na Podhalu

Chowaniec J.

Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych

|

2018

|

R. 57, nr 1

131--139

PL

W 2018 r. mija 55. rocznica odkrycia i udokumentowania wód termalnych (geotermalnych) na Podhalu (na Antałówce w Zakopanem) w otworze Zakopane IG-I. Projekt robót wiertniczych otworu został opracowany przez prof. S. Sokołowskiego przy współpracy mgr. A. Sławińskiego. Analizując uzyskane rezultaty, profesor wyróżnił pod utworami fliszu podhalańskiego w rejonie Zakopanego dwa piętra wód podziemnych: piętro górne wód słabozmineralizowanych z zawartością siarkowodoru oraz piętro dolne wód zmineralizowanych, siarczanowo-ziemnoalkalicznych. Wody termalne z otworu Zakopane IG-1 stosowane były w otwartym basenie kąpielowym wybudowanym w drugiej połowie lat 60. ubiegłego wieku i czynnym do lat 70. XX wieku. W roku 2006 otwarto nowoczesny Aqua Park zasilany wodami termalnym z otworu Zakopane IG-1, jak również z otworu Zakopane 2 wykonanego w 1975 roku. Profesor, przeżywszy 90 lat, zmarł w dniu 3.04.1990 r. w Warszawie i zgodnie z jego wolą został pochowany w rodzinnym grobowcu na Cmentarzu Zasłużonych na Pęksowym Brzyzku w Zakopanem. Pozostanie w pamięci wielu pokoleń geologów jako człowiek prawy, wybitny uczony o wszechstronnych zainteresowaniach naukowych, rozległej wiedzy i ogromnym doświadczeniu badawczym.

EN

In 2018 takes place the 55th anniversary of the discovery of geothermal water in the Podhale region (Antałówka Hill, Zakopane) in the Zakopane IG-I borehole will be celebrated in 2018. The project of drilling the borehole was elaborated by Professor S. Sokołowski in cooperation with A. Sławiński M.Sc. Professor Sokołowski distinguished two groundwater horizons under the Podhale Flysch in the area of Zakopane. The upper one of low-mineralized groundwater with the content of hydrogen sulphide and the lower one of mineralized and sulphated earth-alkaline water. Based on thermal water from the Zakopane IG-1 well in the second half of the 1960s, an open swimming pool was built, and was still operating in the 1970s. In 2006, a modern Aqua Park was opened, powered by thermal water from the Zakopane IG-1 well, as well as from the Zakopane 2 well which was drilled in 1975. The Professor died in Warsaw, on October 3, 1990 at the age of 90. According to His will, he was buried in the family tomb, at the Pęksowy Brzyzek Cemetery in Zakopane. He will be remembered by many generations of geologists as a discoverer of the Podhale thermal (geothermal) waters, a righteous man, an outstanding scholar with comprehensive scientific interests, extensive knowledge and vast research experience.

3

Profesor Kazimierz Guzik : zasłużony geolog kartograf, geotechnik i tektonik

Miecznik J. B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, nr 10/1

616--624

EN

Kazimierz Guzik (1911-1970), Polish geologist, graduated from the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, employee of the National Geological Institute and professor at the University of Warsaw. He was the organizer of one of the first soil mechanics laboratories in Poland, an expert in engineering geology and cartography, a pioneer in ground and aerial photogeology. He was a researcher of the tectonics of the Tatra Mts. and the Carpathians, and the co-author of the first detailed geological map of the Polish Tatras.

4

Late Albian calcareous dinocysts and calcitarchs record linked to environmental changes during the final phase of OAE 1d – a case study from the Tatra Mountains, Central Western Carpathians

Ciurej A., Bąk K., Bąk M.

Geological Quarterly

|

2017

|

Vol. 61, No. 4

887--895

EN

Calcareous dinocysts and calcitarchs have been investigated for the first time within the Upper Albian limestone and marl succession of the Zabijak Formation from the High-Tatric Unit in the Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians), related to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d (OAE 1d). Four groups of morphotaxa of calcareous dinocysts have been distinguished. They totally dominate the assemblages, and belong to the pithonellids. They are represented by Pithonella sphaerica (Kaufmann in Heer) and P. ovalis (Kaufmann in Heer), which dominate, as well as P. trejoi Bonet and P. lamellata Keupp in Keupp and Kienel, which are less abundant. Two other morphotaxa, Colomisphaera gigantea (Borza) and Cadosina oraviensis Borza, occur sporadically in the assemblages. Both forms represent the calcitarch group, which assembled calcispheres of unknown taxonomic affinity. The calcareous dinocyst and calcitarch diversity is low to moderate, compared to the general species richness known from Late Albian assemblages in other Western Tethyan sections. This is interpreted as a result of nutrient input fluctuations due to changes in the circulation pattern of surface and intermediate waters. The changes in the P. sphaerica/P. ovalis ratio along the Upper Albian section are here correlated with short-term (third-order) sea level fluctuations including transgressive and regressive events and a highstand. Pelletization processes might have influenced cyst abundance on the sea floor, especially during periods with oligotrophic surface waters.

5

Evolution of the Bystrej Valley caves (Tatra Mts, Poland) based on corrosive forms, clastic deposits and U-series speleothem dating

Kicińska D., Hercman H., Najdek K.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2017

|

Vol. 87, No. 1

101--119

EN

The origin and age of cave deposits, as well as palaeogeographical changes in the Bystrej catchment during the last ca. 250 ka, were reconstructed in Magurska, Kasprowa Niżnia, Goryczkowa, Kalacka and Bystrej caves (the Bystrej Valley). The reconstruction is based on the study of corrosive forms, heavy mineral analyses and U-series dating of speleothems. Two generations of palaeoflows were distinguished by observations of scallops and heavy mineral analyses. In the older stage, now abandoned caves drained massifs surrounding the Bystrej Valley and part of an adjacent valley. The direction of palaeoflow changed as a result of the water capture after Kasprowa Niżnia Cave came into being. In the later stages, the evolution of cave systems was controlled by glaciation-deglaciation cycles. Probably at this time, some caves located in the lowest parts of the massifs also started to be formed. U-series speleothem dating allows the determination of five phases of speleothem deposition: ca. 220–150 ka, ca. 135–105 ka, ca. 95–70 ka, ca. 40–23 ka and during the Holocene.

6

Application of electrical and electromagnetic methods to study sedimentary covers in high mountain areas

Tomecka-Suchoń S., Żogała B., Gołębiowski T., Dzik G., Dzik T., Jochymczyk K.

Acta Geophysica

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, no. 4

743--755

EN

The results of geophysical studies conducted with selected electrical and electromagnetic methods in the Kondratowa Valley in the Tatra Mountains (the Carpathian Mountains, Poland) are presented in the article. The surveys were performed with the following methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), georadar (GPR) and conductivity meter (CM). The objective of the noninvasive geophysical measurements was to determine the thickness of the Quaternary postglacial sediments that fill the bottom of the valley and to designate the accumulation of boulders deposited on Quaternary sediments. The results of ERT surveys conducted along the axis of the valley allowed to determine the changeability of the thickness of the postglacial sediments and allowed to designate a few areas of occurrence of boulders. The ERT, GPR and CM surveys conducted across the valley allowed to designate with high accuracy the thickness of the accumulation of boulders sliding down the valley bottom from the couloirs surrounding the valley.

7

Profesor Stefan Żychoń

Böhm A.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

|

2016

|

T. 44

31--33

PL

Tekst w zarysie przedstawia sylwetkę Profesora Stefana Żychonia – zakopiańczyka, znakomitego narciarza i architekta - współzałożyciela i profesora Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Krakowskiej Praca jest wprowadzeniem do opublikowanej po ponad półwieczu naukowej pracy Profesora, którą poświęcił zagadnieniom początków i rozwojowi przemysłu u podnóża Tatr.

EN

The text is a general outline of the character of Professor Stefan Żychoń - a native of Zakopane, an excellent skier and architect - the co-founder and a professor of the Faculty of Architecture of the Cracow University of Technology. This work is an introduction to a scientific work by the Professor, published after more than half a century from the time of its writing, which he devoted to the matter of the beginnings and the development of industry at the foot of the Tatra Mountains.

8

Historyczny rozwój Kuźnic

Żychoń S.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

|

2016

|

T. 44

35--77

PL

Praca jest napisaną w 1956 roku rozprawą doktorską Stefana Żychonia. Publikacja po ponad półwieczu od jej napisania - ma w pierwszym rzędzie spełnić cel poznawczy - ściślej, uzupełnić wiedzę na temat początków przemysłu u podnóży Tatr.

EN

This work is a doctoral thesis written in 1956 by Stefan Żychoń. The publication - after over half a century from the moment it was written - is, first and foremost, meant to serve as a source of knowledge, to increase our understanding of the beginnings of industry at the foot of the Tatra Mountains.

9

Wpływ wiatrowałów na zróżnicowanie cech osadów aluwialnych w dolinach tatrzańskich o różnym stopniu wylesienia

Michno A., Wasak K., Stolarczyk M., Strzyżowski D., Wrońska-Wałach D., Fidelus J., Sobucki M., Żelazny M.

Landform Analysis

|

2016

|

Vol. 31

35--48

PL

Celem badań było poznanie zróżnicowania cech teksturalnych oraz cech chemicznych osadów odprowadzonych ze zlewni tatrzańskich objętych wiatrowałem w 2013 roku. Zróżnicowanie to powiązane zostało z energią rzeźby zlewni oraz skutkami wiatrowału. W zlewniach dominowały osady złożone podczas małej dynamiki transportu, jednak dwie zlewnie charakteryzowały się pewnym udziałem (do 10%) osadów deponowanych w środowisku o większej energii. Jednak zróżnicowanie to związane jest z energią rzeźby badanych zlewni, natomiast wpływ wiatrowałów nie zaznaczył się jeszcze wyraźnie w cechach teksturalnych osadów.

EN

The aim of the research was to recognize the diversity of the textural and chemical characteristics of the sediments removed from the catchments of the Tatra Mts., which were affected by the windthrow event in 2013. The diversity was related to the morphometry of the catchments and the effects of the windthrow event. In catchments sediments deposited during low transport dynamics dominated, two of the catchments were characterized by some percentage (up to 10%) of the sediments deposited in the high-energy environment. However, this diversity is connected to the morphometry of the studied catchments and up to this time impact of the windthrows is not clearly reflected in the textural characteristics of the sediments.

10

Jurassic unconformities in the High-Tatric succession, Tatra Mountains, Poland

Jezierska A., Łuczyński P.

Geological Quarterly

|

2016

|

Vol. 60, No. 2

273--290

EN

During the Triassic/Jurassic boundary interval and in the Jurassic, the Triassic carbonate platforms occupying the northern shelf of the Western Tethys were subjected to disintegration. Record of these processes in the Alpine-Carpathian area is incomplete and contains a number of stratigraphic gaps. In the High-Tatric succession of the Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians) stratigraphic gaps expressed by unconformity surfaces occur between the Triassic and the Middle Jurassic. In particular areas, the Triassic is directly overlain by the Dudziniec Formation (Sinemurian-Bajocian), the Smolegowa Formation (Bajocian), the Krupianka Formation (Bathonian) or the Raptawicka Turnia Formation (Callovian-Hauterivian). The occurrence of Bajocian and Bathonian deposits is limited to isolated lenticular bodies or to infillings of neptunian dykes penetrating the Triassic. Spatial relations between particular Jurassic lithosomes and the occurrence of stratigraphic gaps between particular units allow discerning four main unconformities. In the stratigraphical order these are: base of the Dudziniec Format ion (erosional unconformity), base of the Smolegowa Formation (penacordance or parat conformity), base of the Krupianka Format ion (erosional unconformity) and base of the Raptawicka Turnia Formation (drowning unconformity). Following episodes of erosion modified the previously developed unconformity surfaces, which resulted in complex modern architecture of the Triassic/Jurassic contact, as well as between particular Jurassic formations.

11

Integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic shallow water carbonates of the High-Tatric Unit (Mały Giewont area, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland)

Pszczółkowski A., Grabowski J., Wilamowski A.

Geological Quarterly

|

2016

|

Vol. 60, No. 4

893--918

EN

New biostratigraphical and carbon isotope data are presented for the Upper Jurassic limestones of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation (High Tatric unit, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland) from the Mały Giewont area. The Kimmeridgian, lower Tithonian and lower part of the upper Tithonian have been identified on the basis of calcareous dinocysts and calpionellids. Eight microfossil biozones are distinguished: acme Fibrata, acme Parvula, Moluccana, Borzai, Tithonica acme Pulla(?), Malmica, Chitinoidella and Crassicollaria (pars). The Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary is indicated at the top of the Borzai Zone 76 m above the base of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation. The microfossil stratigraphy suggests the late Early Kimmeridgian age (acme Parvula Zone) of the ammonites described by Passendorfer (1928). The taxon Taramelliceras ex gr. compsum found 14 m above those ammonites is Late Kimmeridgian in age. Seven microfacies types (MF) are identified in the Upper Jurassic limestones of the Mały Giewont area. The Bositra-Saccocomidae MF occurs across the Lower-Upper Kimmeridgian boundary. The planktonic and benthic foraminifera occur in the Upper Jurassic deposits of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation. The genera Lenticulina Lamarck and Spirillina Ehrenberg are common in the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian limestones. The palaeobathymetric evolution of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian deposition recorded in the Mały Giewont sections reveals: the transgressive episode at the Lower/Upper Kimmeridgian boundary interval, the transgression peak during the Early Tithonian (Malmica Zone) and gradual shallowing of the High-Tatric swell in the Late Tithonian. Integrated isotope stratigraphy and biostratigraphy enabled correlation with the pelagic section of the Sub-Tatric succession in the Długa Valley section. The middle part of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation (Upper Kimmeridgian) might be correlated with the upper part of the Czajakowa Radiolarite Formation (red radiolarites) and Czorsztyn Formation in the Długa Valley section. The upper part of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation of Early Tithonian age corresponds mostly to the Jasenina Formation. The overall similarity of the δ13C decreasing values recorded in the Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian interval of the Mały Giewont (this study) and Długa Valley sections indicates that the generally shallow-water deposits of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation accumulated below the zone influenced by changes in the composition of marine water caused, for instance, by intense rainfalls.

12

Carbonate-clastic sediments of the Dudziniec Formation in the Kościeliska Valley (High-Tatric series, Tatra Mountains, Poland) : role of syndepositional tectonic activity in facies development during the Early and Middle Jurassic

Jezierska A., Łuczyński P., Staśkiewicz A.

Geological Quarterly

|

2016

|

Vol. 60, No. 4

869--880

EN

Sediments of the Dudziniec Formation (Lower Jurassic – Aalenian) outcropping in the Kościeliska Valley (autochthonous unit of the High-Tatric series) are represented by a range of mixed carbonate-clastic deposits. Seven lithofacies have been distinguished based on lithology, sedimentary structures, colour and composition of intra- and extraclasts, with sandstones and crinoidal limestones as end members of a continuous spectrum of facies. The study area represents a shallower part of the sedimentary basin located in the vicinity of source areas, as compared to the Chochołowska Valley region located in the west. Facies characteristics and distribution were controlled mainly by synsedimentary tectonic activity, with sandy varieties representing periods of faulting with enhanced influx of extraclasts, and with crinoidal limestones corresponding to intervals of relative tectonic stability. Such influence of synsedimentary tectonics on the deposition in the Early Jurassic strongly resembles the Middle Jurassic development in the High-Tatric area. Neptunian dykes cutting the Dudziniec Formation, and most probably filled by Lower Jurassic sediments, are yet another indication of tectonic instability of the area in the Early Jurassic.

13

Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland

Marks L., Dzierżek J., Janiszewski R., Kaczorowski J., Lindner L., Majecka A., Makos M., Szymanek M., Tołoczko-Pasek A., Woronko B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2016

|

Vol. 66, no. 3

403--427

EN

Though the stratigraphical and palaeogeographical framework of the Quaternary in Poland is still to be completed, several crucial points have been confirmed recently. The preglacial series, accepted for years as belonging to the Lower Pleistocene, is undoubtedly of Early Pliocene age, with a huge hiatus above almost until the uppermost Lower Pleistocene. The earliest glaciation in Poland (Nidanian) occurred at about 900 ka BP when the ice sheet reached the mid-southern part of the country. The following Podlasian Interglacial embraced the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary in the middle, in a similar fashion to the corresponding Cromerian Complex in Western Europe. The late Early and early Middle Pleistocene interglacials in Poland comprised 2-3 optima each, whereas every one of the younger interglacials was characterised by a single optimum only. The Late Vistulian ice sheet was most extensive in the western part of Poland (Leszno Phase) whereas the younger Poznań Phase was more extensive in the central and eastern part of the country. This was due to the varied distance from the glaciation center in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin reach a terminal position in different times. Palaeoclimatological research in the Tatra Mountains has provided new evidence for the atmospheric circulation over Europe. During cold phases of the Pleistocene in Poland a continental climate extended further westwards, quite the opposite that occurring during warmer intervals.

14

Stratygrafia wapieni tytonu dolnego-aptu dolnego skałki Niedźwiedź w allochtonie wierchowym polskich Tatr Zachodnich

Borowska U.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 3

164–-171

EN

Benthic foraminifera, tintinnids and calcareous dinocysts provide new important biostratigraphic data on the age of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation and Wysoka Turnia Limestone Formation of the NiedŸwiedŸ crag geological section in the Polish Western Tatra Mts. Foraminiferal assemblages of shallow- water limestones from the NiedŸwiedŸ section contain some stratigraphically significant species, including Haghimashella arcuata (Haeusler), Protomarssonella kummi (Zedler), Uvigerinammina uvigeriniformis (Seibold & Seibold) and Textulariopsis jurassica (Guembel). Sporadic planktonic microfossils, such as the tintinnid Tintinnopsella carpathica (Murgeanu & Filipescu), calcareous dinocysts (Cadosina minuta Borza, Colomisphaera lucida Borza, C. tenuis (Nagy), C. varia Øechanek and Parastomiosphaera malmica (Borza), have also been identified. On the basis of these microfossil assemblages the lower and middle parts of the NiedŸwiedŸ section was dated as the Lower Tithonian–Barremian. Limestones of the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone Formation section represent peloidal, peloidal-oolitic and peloidal-oolitic-bioclastic facies. Limestones from the Wysoka Turnia Limestone Formation of the NiedŸwiedŸ section was dated as the Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian, based on a specific composition of foraminifera assemblages, that suggest an eroded carbonate platform as a source of Urgonian-type carbonate material. The boundary between the formations occurs within a poorly dated interval (Valanginian–Barremian).

15

Zastosowanie metod dendrochronologicznych w badaniach lawin śnieżnych

Kaczka R. J., Janecka K, Lempa M., Rączkowska Z.

Landform Analysis

|

2015

|

Vol. 28

15--27

PL

Lawiny śnieżne pomimo swojej siły pozostawiają niejednorodny zapis w środowisku. Z tego powodu rekonstrukcja momentu wystąpienia i wielkości lawiny jest zadaniem trudnym. Jednym z pośrednich dowodów ich aktywności są miejsca, gdzie lawiny docierają do lasu pozostawiając swój ślad w skali makro (obniżanie górnej granicy lasu) i mikro (uszkodzenia pojedynczych drzew). Odpowiednio zaadaptowane metody dendrochronologiczne pozwalają datować zdarzenia lawinowe. W wyniku połączenia analiz dendrochronologicznych z innymi metodami badawczymi uzyskujemy wielowymiarowy obraz aktywności lawin w przeszłości. Zastosowanie podstawowych technik dendrochronologicznych do datowania zdarzeń lawinowych zostało omówione na przykładzie wyników badań w Białym Żlebie w Tatrach Wysokich. Opracowana dla tego miejsca rekonstrukcja aktywności lawin obejmuje ponad 100 lat i wskazuje na pięć dużych zdarzeń lawinowych w okresie od 1912 do 2009 roku. Włączenie do analiz technik GIS umożliwiło rozszerzenie rekonstrukcji o elementy przestrzenne, informujące o zasięgu przeszłych zdarzeń.

EN

Despite their strength, snow avalanches leave a very diverse record in the environment. For this reason, the reconstruction of the occurrence, time and magnitude of avalanches is a really demanding task. It can only be performed in places where avalanches reach forests, leaving their marks in the macroscale (lowering the upper timberline) and microscale (damaging individual trees). Appropriately adapted dendrochronological methods allow dating the avalanche events. Combining the dendrochronological analyses with other techniques enables to obtain a multi-dimensional image of avalanche events. The application of the basic dendrogeomorphological techniques is discussed on the example of the results of the research from the Biały Żleb chute located in the High Tatras. The obtained reconstruction of avalanche activity covers more than 100 years and points to five major avalanche events in the period from 1912 to 2009. The employment of GIS techniques allowed to extend the reconstruction by a spatial element indicating the range of the past events.

16

Variation in clastic input in the Berriasian of the Lower Sub-Tatric (Krížna) succession in the Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians, Poland) : data from magnetic susceptibility and inorganic geochemistry

Grabowski J., Sobień K.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2015

|

Vol. 85, No. 1

139--150

EN

The paper deals with the age and palaeoenvironment interpretation of the Late Berriasian sedimentary transition from micritic calpionellid limestones to marls, corresponding to the passage from the Osnica Formation to the Kościeliska Marl Formation, Lower Sub-Tatric succession, Tatra Mts., Central Western Carpathians. Since only reliably dated sections are an appropriate basis for palaeoenvironmental study, the following pelagic and hemipelagic sections were chosen owing to enrichment in fine, clastic material and the existing biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic frameworks: Pośrednie III, Rówienka, Gładkie Upłaziańskie and Gęsia Szyja. The authors integrated and interpreted new, detailed data on magnetic susceptibility (MS), rock magnetism and element geochemistry from all of the sections. Well defined biostratigraphy permitted the testing of the potential of MS as a stratigraphic method. Owing to its close connection to selected terrigenous elements (e.g., Al, Th, Zr), MS could be used here as a proxy for detrital input into the basin. Its value as a correlation tool in a pelagic and hemipelagic setting was confirmed. MS permitted not only detailed correlation of the outcrops studied, but also the comparison of them with the Barlya section (Western Balkans) of the same age. This study proves that increased detrital input began in the Calpionellopsis simplex Subzone and continued into the lower part of the Calpionellopsis oblonga Subzone. It might be regarded as synchronous event within the Zliechov Basin and it is not everywhere correlated with the formation boundaries. The change in sedimentation was not only a local phenomenon. The onset of deposition of the terrigenous fraction can be identified in many sections of the Western Tethys. Two independent factors, regional regression and an increase in humidity might have contributed simultaneously to the increased detrital input in Late Berriasian time. However, this picture is further complicated by tectonic activity on local and regional scales.

17

Tectonic control of cave developmen t: a case study of the Bystra Valley in the Tatra Mts., Poland

Szczygieł J., Gaidzik K., Kicińska D.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2015

|

Vol. 85, No. 2

387--404

EN

Tectonic research and morphological observations were carried out in six caves (Kalacka, Goryczkowa, Kasprowa Niżna, Kasprowa Średnia, Kasprowa Wyżnia and Magurska) in the Bystra Valley, in the Tatra Mountains. There are three cave levels, with the youngest active and the other two inactive, reflecting development partly under epiphreatic and partly under phreatic conditions. These studies demonstrate strong control of the cave pattern by tectonic features, including faults and related fractures that originated or were rejuvenated during uplift, lasting from the Late Miocene. In a few local cases, the cave passages are guided by the combined influence of bedding, joints and fractures in the hinge zone of a chevron anticline. That these cave passages are guided by tectonic structures, irrespective of lithological differences, indicates that these proto-conduits were formed by “tectonic inception”. Differences in the cave pattern between the phreatic and epiphreatic zones at a given cave level may be a result of massif relaxation. Below the bottom of the valley, the effect of stress on the rock mass is related to the regional stress field and only individual faults extend below the bottom of the valley. Thus in the phreatic zone, the flow is focused and a single conduit becomes enlarged. The local extension is more intense in the epiphreatic zone above the valley floor and more fractures have been sufficiently extended to allow water to flow. The water migrates along a network of fissures and a maze could be forming. Neotectonic displacements (of up to 15 cm), which are more recent than the passages, were also identified in the caves. Neotectonic activity is no longer believed to have as great an impact on cave morphology as previously was thought. Those faults with displacements of several metres, described as younger than the cave by other authors, should be reclassified as older faults, the surfaces of which have been exposed by speleogenesis. The possible presence of neotectonic faults with greater displacements is not excluded, but they would have had a much greater morphological impact than the observed features suggest.

18

Evidence of bacteriogenic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides in Albian-Cenomanian marine sediments of the Carpathian realm (Poland)

Bąk M., Bąk K., Górny Z., Stożek B.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

|

2015

|

Vol. 85, No. 2

371--385

EN

The Albian and Cenomanian marine sediments of the Silesian and Tatric basins in the Carpathian realm of the Western Tethys contain ferric and ferromanganese oxyhydroxides, visible macroscopically as brown stainings. They coat calcareous bioclasts and mineral clasts, fill pore spaces, or locally form continuous, parallel microlayers, tens of micrometers thick. Light-microscope (LM) and scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) obser- vations show that the coatings contain elongated capsules, approximately 3–5 µm across and enriched in iron and manganese, which may be remnants of the original sheaths of iron-related bacteria (IRB). Moreover, the ferric and ferromanganese staining observed under LM is similar to bacterial structures, resembling the sheaths, filaments and rods formed by present-day bacteria of the Sphaerotilus–Leptothrix group. All of the possible bacteria-like structures are well preserved owing to processes of early diagenetic cementation. If the observed structures are fossil IRB, these organisms could have played an important role in iron and manganese accumulation on the sea floor during Albian–Cenomanian time. The most plausible source of metals for bacterial concentration in the Silesian Basin might have been submarine low-temperature hydrothermal vents, as previously was hypothesized for Cenomanian–Turonian deposits on the basis of geochemical indices.

19

Kolej zębata Śtrba - Śtrbske Pleso

Graff M.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

|

2014

|

R. 21, nr 3

25--28

PL

Znajdująca się w słowackich Tatrach kolej zębata Śtrba -Śtrbske Pleso łączy dwie stacje: pierwszą, położoną przy linii magistralnej Bratysława - Żylina - Koszyce, i drugą przy Jeziorze Szczyrbskim, będącą jednocześnie stacją końcową TEŹ (sł. Tatranske Elektricke Źeleznicej). Na trasie kolei zębatej Śtrba -Śtrbske Pleso znajduje się jedna stacja pośrednia - Tatransky Lieskovec.

20

Nowe elementy w tektonice płaszczowiny kriżniańskiej między Doliną Bystrej a Doliną Strążyską w Tatrach

Zabielski R., Iwanow A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2014

|

Vol. 62, nr 2

86--96

EN

The Sub-Tatric units was newly mapped for the implementation of the Detailed Geological Map of the Tatra Mountains at the scale of 1 : 10 000 (SmgT). Lithostratigraphic andtectonic field observations between the Bystra Valley and the Strążyska Valley allowed a newinterpretation of the geological structure of the area. The system of sheets has appeared to beeven more complicated than that advocated by Guzik and Kotański (1963). New sheets have been recognized: Grześkówki sheets (Lower and Upper sheets), which were distinguished from the former Grześkówki sheet (sensu Guzik & Kotański, 1963), and the Kazalnica sheet and Żywczańskie sheet, which were distinguished from the Samkowa Czuba sheet. Both Grześkówki sheets and Kazalnica sheet are composed of Carnian and Norian clastics or marly dolomites, Rhaetian limestones and Hettangian clayey-silty shales. The Lower Grzeoekówki and Kazalnica sheets lie in the inverted position and Żywczańskie sheet is composed of an isolated package of Lower Jurassic spotted marls and limestones lying in the normal position contrary to the inverted beds of the Samkowa Czuba sheet. The Spadowiec sheet has a wider spatial extent than it was postulated earlier. The Jastrzębia Turnia sheet probably does not exist in area between the valleys of Białego and Bystra.