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1
Content available The trend of changes in soil organic carbon content in Poland over recent years
Bogusz Paulina, Zimnoch Urszula, Brodowska Marzena S., Michalak Jacek
Archives of Environmental Protection
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2024
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Vol. 50, no 1
35--44
EN
The article analyzes soil organic carbon (SOC) content of in Poland from 2015 to 2021. The research aims to determine SOC levels and their dependence on soil agronomic categories and drought intensity. Soil samples from 1011 farms across 8 Polish voivodships were collected for analysis, all from the same agricultural plots. SOC determination was conducted using the Tiurin method. The results indicate a low SOC content nationwide (0.85- 2.35%). Heavy soils exhibited higher SOC accumulation compared to light soils. Moreover, significant drought impact led to decreased SOC content in affected regions. Scientific evidence underscores a declining trend in organic carbon stock within agricultural soils, attributed to natural soil changes and unsustainable management practices. This decline is concerning given the crucial role of SOC in soil health, quality, and crop productivity. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor and address areas with low SOC levels to enhance SOC abundance. Furthermore, when used as a whole-cell biocatalyst in a low-cost upflow MFC, the Morganella morganii-rich SF11 consortium demonstrated the highest voltage and power density of 964.93±1.86 mV and 0.56±0.00 W/m3, respectively. These results suggest that the SF11 bacterial consortium has the potential for use in ceramic separator MFCs for the removal of penicillin and electricity generation.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy zawartości węgla organicznego w glebie (SOC) w Polsce w latach 2015 - 2021. Celem badań było określenie poziomu SOC oraz określenie jego zależności od kategorii agronomicznej gleby, odczynu i zawartości wody w glebie. intensywność suszy w glebie. Dane do analizy zawartości SOC uzyskano poprzez pobranie i analizę prób glebowych z 1011 gospodarstw zlokalizowanych na terenie całej Polski w 8 województwach Polski. Próbki gleby do badań pobierano co roku z tych samych powierzchni rolniczych. Oznaczenie SOC przeprowadzono metodą Tiurina. Wyniki testów wykazały niską zawartość SOC w całym kraju (0,85-2,35%). Lepsza. Większą kumulację zawartości SOC stwierdzono na glebach ciężkich w porównaniu z glebami lekkimi. Stwierdzono duży wpływ suszy na spadek zawartości SOC w rejonach jej występowania. Dowody naukowe wskazują, że zasoby węgla organicznego w górnych warstwach gleb rolniczych są niskie i nadal maleją w wyniku naturalnych zmian w glebie i niezrównoważonej gospodarki. Z danych naukowych wynika, że zasoby węgla organicznego w górnych warstwach gleb rolniczych zmniejszają się. Jest to szczególnie niepokojące, ponieważ zasoby SOC są ważnym czynnikiem wpływającym na zdrowie i jakość gleby, a tym samym na wydajność upraw. Z tego powodu bardzo ważne jest monitorowanie i identyfikowanie obszarów o niskim poziomie SOC oraz podejmowanie działań w celu poprawy obfitości SOC
2
Content available Methods for lithium-based battery energy storage SOC estimation. Part I: Overview
Hallmann Marcel, Wenge Christoph, Komarnicki Przemysław, Balischewski Stephan
Archives of Electrical Engineering
|
2022
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Vol. 71, nr 1
139--157
EN
The use of lithium-ion battery energy storage (BES) has grown rapidly during the past year for both mobile and stationary applications. For mobile applications, BES units are used in the range of 10–120 kWh. Power grid applications of BES are characterized by much higher capacities (range of MWh) and this area particularly has great potential regarding the expected energy system transition in the next years. The optimal operation of BES by an energy storage management system is usually predictive and based strongly on the knowledge about the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The SOC depends on many factors (e.g. material, electrical and thermal state of the battery), so that an accurate assessment of the battery SOC is complex. The SOC intermediate prediction methods are based on the battery models. The modeling of BES is divided into three types: fundamental (based on material issues), electrical equivalent circuit (based on electrical modeling) and balancing (based on a reservoir model). Each of these models requires parameterization based on measurements of input/output parameters. These models are used for SOC modelbased calculation and in battery system simulation for optimal battery sizing and planning. Empirical SOC assessment methods currently remain the most popular because they allow practical application, but the accuracy of the assessment, which is the key factor for optimal operation, must also be strongly considered. This scientific contribution is divided into two papers. Paper part I will present a holistic overview of the main methods of SOC assessment. Physical measurement methods, battery modeling and the methodology of using the model as a digital twin of a battery are addressed and discussed. Furthermore, adaptive methods and methods of artificial intelligence, which are important for the SOC calculation, are presented. In paper part II, examples of the application areas are presented and their accuracy is discussed
3
Content available remote Determining the shortest charging time of batteries using SOC set point at constant current – constant voltage mode
Faanzir Faanzir, Ashari Mochamad, Soedibyo Soedibyo, Umar Umar
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2021
|
R. 97, nr 4
54--59
EN
A method of determining the shortest charging time of 3 types of batteries: Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Nickel metal hydride. Constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes are applied. Initially filled using the constant current method, the voltage and SOC increase over time. When reaching a certain SOC, as a set point, the voltage becomes constant and the charging current decreases until the battery is fully charged. The results show that the fastest charging time by for Li-Ion is 2.632 hours, Lead Acid is 4.619 hours, Ni-mH is 6.714 hours.
PL
Opisano metodę określania najkrótszego czasu ładowania trzech typów baterii: ołowiowej, litowo-jonowej i niklowej. Rozpatrywano tryb stałego prądi I stałego napięcia. Po osiągnięciu pewnej wartości SOC (State of Cargin) pozostaje stałe napięcie a prąd stopniowo maleje. Otrzymano następujące rezultaty: liowo jonowe 2.6 godz, ołowiowe 4.6 godz I niklowe 6.7 godz.
4
Content available remote FPGA based real-time epileptic seizure prediction system
Cosgun Ercan, Çelebi Anil
Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
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2021
|
Vol. 41, no. 1
278--292
EN
The development of systems that can predict epileptic seizures in real-time offers great hope for epilepsy patients. These systems aim to prevent accidents that patients may experience caused by the loss of consciousness during seizures. Therefore, patients must use real-time epileptic seizure prediction systems that do not interfere with their daily activities. In this study, using the unipolar EEG data from a surface electrode, a patient-specific estimation system is implemented in real-time on a system on chip (SoC) that contains an embedded processor and programmable logic blocks. The European epilepsy database EPILEPSIAE is used in the scope of this work. In the proposed system, pre-processing is applied to the EEG data. Then, the features of the data in the frequency domain are extracted. The classifier model is trained with the RusBoosted Tree cluster classifier, which is a machine learning algorithm. Testing is carried out using the proposed classification model. Threshold values are determined, and then false alarms and erroneous classifications are prevented by post-processing. At the end of the tests, prediction success, sensitivity (SEN), Specificity (SPE), False Prediction Rate (FPR), and prediction times are obtained as 77.30%, 95.94%, 0.041 h_1, and 33.23 min, respectively. The proposed system outperforms other studies in the liter-ature in the number of electrodes, real-time operation, hardware/software architecture, and FPR performance. A wearable seizure prediction system seems to be commercialized according to the results achieved in this study.
5
Content available Układ eksperymentalny monitorujący stan naładowania baterii akumulatorowej
Krystkowiak Michał, Gąsiorek Amadeusz, Mielczarek Norbert
Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering
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2020
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No. 104
99--108
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano układ eksperymentalny umożliwiający monitorowanie stanu naładowania (SOC) konwencjonalnej baterii akumulatorowej typu kwasowo-ołowiowego. Opisano m.in. wybrane metody pozwalające oszacować stan naładowania. W następnej kolejności zaprezentowano, opracowane w ramach prowadzonych prac, algorytmy, które następnie zostały zaimplementowane w systemie procesorowym. Przedstawiono także zbudowany model symulacyjny pozwalający na dodatkową weryfikację poprawności funkcjonowania przedstawionego na łamach niniejszego artykułu rozwiązania.
EN
The article presents an experimental system enabling the monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of a conventional lead-acid battery. Described include selected methods to estimate the state of charge. Next, algorithms developed as part of the work were presented, which were then implemented in the processor system. A constructed simulation model was also presented, which allows additional verification of the correctness of functioning of the solution presented in this article. To this end, based on the review of the SOC methods used, algorithms have been developed in a simplified and modified version based on the so-called Coulomb Counting. In order to verify the correct operation of the constructed experimental system, the obtained test results were compared not only with the battery manufacturer's data, but also with the results obtained by computer simulation.
6
Content available remote Design a High-Performance Memory Controller for a Multimedia SOC
Chu S.-L., Lo M.-J.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
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2012
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R. 88, nr 7b
353--356
EN
Continuously growing functionalities of modern consuming electronics make the major multimedia SOC (system-on-a-chip) chip more complex. Moreover, the integrated multimedia processors and the required memory bandwidth are increasing. Therein how to improve the performance of the memory controller will become a major challenge of designing a modern multimedia SOC. According to our previous study of multimedia SOC, to achieving the bandwidth requirements are not only by improving memory throughput but also by dynamically adjusting the bandwidth usage of multimedia processors. Therefore we develop novel memory subsystem, called Smart Memory Controller (SMC), which integrates a novel scheduling/arbitration mechanism, a unified access buffer, multi-level memory access classification/scheduling, and several corresponding hardware modules, to provide a sufficient memory bandwidth for the multimedia processors with high bandwidth requirements. The proposed SMC architecture has been implemented by SystemC/Bluespec/Verilog HDL. The experimental results from whole SMC system illustrates that SMC will arrange enough bandwidth for the channels that have bursting transferring requirement. The fabrication results of SMC are also provided.
PL
W artykule zaproponowano nowy system pamięci nazwany SMC (smart memory controller) przeznaczony do multimedialnych elementów typu SOC (system on a chip). System integruje mechanizm planowania i arbitrażu (scheduling/arbitration), bufor dostępu, wielopoziomowy dostęp do pamięci i wiele innych modułów.
7
Content available Moduł dydaktyczny z układem FPGA emulującym mikroprocesor
Chrząszcz J., Kompa K., Mazur G.
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
|
2010
|
R. 56, nr 7
796-798
PL
Tematem artykułu jest studium użycia układu FPGA do emulacji działania mikroprocesora w zastosowaniach dydaktycznych. Zaprezentowano proces powstawania rozwiązania od etapu analizy wymagań, przez architekturę do opisu implementacji, ze wskazaniem istotnych uwarunkowań użytkowych i technologicznych oraz kluczowych decyzji. Wynikiem przedstawionych prac jest moduł użyty po raz pierwszy w zajęciach laboratoryjnych w bieżącym semestrze.
EN
The paper presents a case study of using the FPGA chip for emulating a microprocessor system for didactic purposes. Inside the FPGA chip there are implemented an open source Z80 processor core together with code and data memory blocks connected to the proces-sor bus as well as UART peripheral. The emulated processor bus behaviour is compliant with the original Z80 bus. Therefore, a student is able to connect external devices to the bus (by means of the appropriate connectors, three-state buffers and address decoding circuits). The UART peripheral, which is connected to the external USB/UART converter, is used by the NoICE commercial monitoring application. By means of this application, a student is able, among others, to load own program to the Z80 system, execute the code stepwise or in the free run mode, observe and modify content of the memory connected to the Z80 processor bus. Z80 processor core is shared between the NoICE monitor program and the user's code. The presented hardware platform allows for implementation of other 8-bit microprocessors as well. This way students may learn the modern System On Chip concept (SOC). Moreover, the module can be also used to teach the issues of logic circuit implementation inside the FPGA. The result of presented work is a versatile laboratory module, used since 2010 in the microprocessor systems laboratory at the Warsaw University of Technology.
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