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1

U-Pb and K-Ar geochronology of the subvolcanic rock pebbles from the Cretaceous and Paleogene gravelstones and conglomerates of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Carpathians; Poland, Slovakia) – relevance for tectonic evolution and palaeogeography

Poprawa Paweł, Krobicki Michał, Nejbert Krzysztof, Krzemińska Ewa, Armstrong Richard, Pecskay Zoltan

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

58--58

EN

In the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), the Cretaceous and Paleogene conglomerates and cohesive debrites commonly contain pebbles and blocks of the subvolcanic rocks among other, mainly sedimentary rocks (e.g. multicoloured sandstones, oolitic limestones, dark bivalve coquinas, dolostones, etc.). This detritus was interpreted as derived from the Andrusov Ridge located south of the PKB basin (Birkenmajer, 1988). Age of these subvolcanic rocks, regarded to represent subduction-related igneous activity, was previously constrained by K-Ar whole rock dating as c. 140–90 Ma, leading to suggestion that during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous PKB basin developed on oceanic lithosphere, subducted during at the end of Early Cretaceous (Birkenmajer, 1988). Within this study, the geochemical composition, the K-Ar whole rock age and the U-Pb zircon ages of the above mentioned subvolcanic rocks were studied. The pebbles are well rounded. They are represented by granitic and subvolcanic andesitic-type rocks (mainly andesite, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite and rhyolitic pebbles, and rare dacite, tephrite, trachybasaltic and basaltic pebbles). Domination of andesitic pebbles, bimodal spectrum of volcanic rocks with high content of SiO2 (rhyolites, dacites) and Na2O and K2O within mafic and transitional ones is observed. Their petrographic character and geochemical analysis of concentration of rare elements with MgO > 2% ratio and La/Yb 4–35, Sc/Ni < 1.5, Sr/Y < 20, Ta/Yb > 0.1, Th/Yb > 1 values, indicate magmatic island arc of active continental margin similar to Andean-type subduction regime. The K-Ar whole rock dating was performed for 17 samples. The obtained ages cover mainly the Early Cretaceous time span, with the most data representing the Barremian-Albian, therefore are coherent with Birkenmajer (1988) results. However, the U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating reveled different results. Most of the analyzed subvolcanic rock samples (9) give ages in the narrow range of c. 270–266 Ma. The ages are based on concordant data with amount of measured point in a range of 20–30, and are characterized by low error bars, usually lower than ±2 Ma. In addition, one sample of subvolcanic rock gave lower quality results, with a few youngest, partly concordant, zircons grains giving the age of 251.0 Ma ±8.5 Ma. Moreover, one sample of orthogenesis was analyzed, which is regarded to represent crust on which the volcanic arc developed. In this case the U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating result is 493.9 Ma ±4.1 Ma. We regard these pebbles/blocks to be derived from the Inner Carpathians, assuming therefore lack of the Andrusov Ridge located south of the PKB basin (comp. Plašienka, 2018). The results of K-Ar whole rock dating is representative for intensive diagenetic overprint, rather than age of the rock. The U-Pb data clearly indicate, that subduction-related magmatic arc developed during the middle Permian (Guadalupian). This follows, that the oceanic crust was of the middle Permian or older age, and thus cannot be related to the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous development of the PKB basin. The magmatic arc was presumably connected with southern margin of Laurusia and subduction of oceanic crust of the Paleotethys (proto-Vardar Ocean?).

2

Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic records in the Niedzica Succession sediments (Pieniny Klippen Belt) in the light of geochemical and chemostratigraphical analysis

Kasperek Kamila

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

34--34

EN

The Middle–Upper Jurassic sediments of the Niedzica-Podmajerz section was the subject of integrated study, including sedimentological, geochemical and stratigraphic analysis. The studied section is located in the Pieniny Klippen Belt area and belongs to the Niedzica unit. The section is characterized by continuous exposure of Jurassic carbonate-silica deposits extending from the Bajocian to Kimmeridgian, showing a transition from crinoidal limestones representing typical neritic facies to pelagic facies, i.e. radiolarites and red nodular limestones. The following lithofacies were distinguished in the studied section: grey crinoidal limestones (Smolegowa Limestone Formation), red crinoidal limestones (Krupianka Limestone Formation), red nodular limestones (Niedzica Limestone Formation), radiolarites (Czajakowa Radiolarites Formation) and red nodular limestones (Czorsztyn Limestone Formation). Based on a multidisciplinary dataset, the palaeoenvironmental interpretation was proposed. The results of magnetic susceptibility (MS), gamma-ray spectrometric measurements, CaCO3 content, δ13C analysis and concentrations of major and trace elements data indicate a rapid change in sedimentary conditions at the Callovian–Oxfordian boundary. Variations of δ13C from the Niedzica-Podmajerz indicate global changes in biological productivity, ocean circulation and burial of organic matter in the Tethys area, analogies of which can be found, for example, in Fatricum Domain in the Tatra Mountains. Records of MS, elements K, Th, Al, as well as Ti/Al and Zr/Al proxies indicate probably a period of increased (Lower Bathonian–Upper Callovian) and decreased (Oxfordian) detrital supply to the sedimentary basin. This process was most likely climatically controlled. The CaCO3 results indicate the variability of carbonate production. The lowest values of calcium carbonate (<20%) in Niedzica-Podmajerz section was recorded in the middle part of the radiolarites of the Czajakowa Radiolarite Formation, corresponding to the phase of the carbonate crisis. From this interval, the amount of carbonates in the rocks gradually increases, indicating a return to carbonate sedimentation. These fluctuations probably reflect changes in the position of the ACD and CCD.

3

General history of the PKB

Krobicki Michał, Golonka Jan

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 3-4 (74-75)

12--17

4

Geodynamic studies in the Pieniny Klippen Belt in 2004-2020

Staniszewska Dominika, Liwosz Tomasz, Pachuta Andrzej, Próchniewicz Dominik, Szpunar Ryszard

Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy

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2023

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Vol. 58, No. 2

88--104

EN

The Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field is situated in the middle of the region between the Inner and Outer Carpathians. Geodynamic research conducted in the past in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) region were suggestive of neotectonic activity. The goal of the investigation was to determine whether the nearby structures, the Podhale Flysh (FP) and the Magura Nappe (MN), are affected by neotectonic activity in the PKB. The goal of the study was to ascertain the velocity and direction of motion of stations situated close to the Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field’s 3 main structures. Twelve GNSS stations, including 6 in the PKB, 3 in the MN, and 3 in the FP, make up the Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field. Three GNSS sites in the Tatra Mountains (TM) complete the entire geodynamic test field. The satellite observations made between 2004 and 2020 (excluding the year 2005 due to lack of observation) were investigated to identify the horizontal movements. Using the IGb14 reference system, the station’s positions and velocities were calculated. First, daily sessions were used to process the horizontal coordinates of the points for an average observation epoch in a given year. Sixteen measurement epochs were included in the long-time solution. Based on the horizontal velocity residues in the north-south and east-west directions, the station’s movement was calculated. The collected results were compared to information from the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EUREF) and to the findings of prior research on the tectonic activity of the PKB. The results of horizontal displacements calculated using GNSS measurements in the area of the PKB and nearby structures-the MN and the FP are presented and analyzed in this article.

5

Application of malacological analysis to reconstruction of regional and local environmental changes : the Cisowa Skała locality (the Carpathians, southern Poland)

Skoczylas-Śniaz Sylwia, Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 5

EN

An isolated limestone hill (Cisowa Skała), located in the Podhale Basin in southern Poland, has yielded mollusc shells and small vertebrate bones in deposits filling small karst forms such as rock shelters, characteristic molluscan assemblages can be identified, the succession of which reflects changes in the environment and also microhabitat variations depending on local factors, such as slope exposure and type of vegetation. These local factors markedly affect regional environmental trends determined primarily by climate change and, during the last several hundred years, also by human activity. Such malacological analysis enables effective palaeogeographical reconstructions, both on the scale of geographical regions and for microhabitats.

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Groundwater impact assessment of Lake Czorsztyn after 25 years of its operation

Humnicki Włodzimierz, Krogulec Ewa, Małecki Jerzy, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Wojdalska Anna, Zaszewski Daniel

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 2

65--78

PL

Powstanie sztucznego zbiornika wodnego oddziałuje na wszystkie elementy środowiska. Na przykładzie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego oceniono jego oddziaływanie na wody podziemne oraz zmiany wymuszone przez jego budowę w zagospodarowaniu terenu. W ocenie wykorzystano długoletnie obserwacje chemizmu i stanów zwierciadła wód podziemnych oraz wydajności źródeł, obejmujące okres sprzed budowy zbiornika, z czasu jego napełniania oraz 25-letniej eksploatacji. Zmiany zagospodarowania przestrzennego wywołane budową zbiornika określono metodami teledetekcyjnymi. Konsekwencją budowy zbiornika była zmiana użytkowania powierzchni terenu. Wzrosła powierzchnia obszarów zabudowanych i leśnych kosztem terenów rolniczych. Dominującą rolę odgrywają dwa typy wód podziemnych HCO3–Ca oraz HCO3–Ca–Mg, dotyczy to zarówno okresu przed jego napełnieniem (68%), jak i po jego napełnieniu (95%), a także w odniesieniu do analiz kontrolnych z 2020 roku (100%). Udokumentowano stopniowy zanik występowania typów wód z udziałem jonu siarczanowego powyżej 20% miliwali, co wskazuje na tendencję poprawy jakości badanych wód. Ponadto zmiany wartości wskaźników nasycenia wód, względem faz mineralnych budujących warstwę wodonośną, w czasie budowy zbiornika i na wczesnym etapie jego eksploatacji, wskazują na ich modyfikacje hydrochemiczne. Zaobserwowano obniżenie zwierciadła wód gruntowych spowodowane przekształceniem doliny Dunajca w czasie budowy zbiornika i związanego z tym obniżenia regionalnej bazy drenażowej. Po napełnieniu zbiornika nastąpił wzrost rzędnej zwierciadła wody. Oprócz oddziaływania zbiornika można to tłumaczyć również większym zasilaniem opadowym. Powstanie Zbiornika Czorsztyńskiego spowodowało stopniowe przekształcenia w użytkowaniu terenu z rolniczego w kierunku turystyczno-rekreacyjnym. Zmiany te oraz zalanie doliny rzecznej wodami powierzchniowymi nie spowodowało zasadniczych zmian ilościowych i jakościowych wód podziemnych. Natomiast związane z budową zbiornika uporządkowanie gospodarki wodno-ściekowej przyczyniło się do zauważalnej tendencji poprawy ich jakości.

EN

Artificial water reservoirs pose impact on the natural environment. Impact of the artificial Czorsztyn Lake on groundwater and land management is assessed. The study is based on long-term observations of chemistry, groundwater levels and spring discharges during reservoir construction, filling, and 25-year-long exploitation. Land management changes caused by reservoir construction were recognized using remote sensing. Reservoir construction resulted in land management change in the study area. Built-up and forest areas gained prevalence over farmland areas. Two types of groundwater dominate: HCO3–Ca and HCO3–Ca–Mg, both before reservoir filling (68% analyses) and afterwards (95% analyses), and in control analyses from September 2020 (100% analyses). Gradual decrease in the occurrence of water types with the sulphate ion exceeding 20% mvals is documented, which points to water quality improvement trends. Moreover, changes of water saturation index values with regard to aquifer-forming mineral phases during reservoir construction and early exploitation phase indicate hydrochemical modifications. Decrease of groundwater level was related with transformation of the Dunajec river valley during reservoir construction and, accordingly, decrease of regional drainage base level. Groundwater level increased after reservoir filling, which points to coupled impact of the reservoir and increased precipitation recharge. Construction of the Czorsztyn Lake resulted in gradual land management transformation from farmlands into tourist-recreational areas. This change and river valley flooding by surface waters did not cause significant modifications in groundwater quantity and quality. Organization of water-sewage management related with reservoir construction resulted in noticeably improved quality trends.

7

Problemy określenia „wieku” wód podziemnych drenowanych przez źródła pienińskie

Humnicki Włodzimierz, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Porowski Adam

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 475, Hydrogeologia z. 16

59--65

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki oznaczeń trytu w wodach z czterech źródeł usytuowanych na terenie Pienińskiego Par¬ku Narodowego. Za pomocą programu FLOWPC podjęto próbę oszacowania trytowego wieku wód w systemie hydrogeologicznym, tj. czasu wymiany wody w zbiornikach drenowanych przez źródła. Z uwagi na skomplikowany porowo-szczelinowy system krążenia wód i niewielkie obszary zasilania najbardziej prawdopodobne wyniki uzyskuje się dla modeli dyspersyjnych i eksponencjalno-tłokowych. Uzyskane wyniki szacowania wieku wód, niezależnie od przyjętego modelu i jego parametrów, potwierdzają stosunkowo młody wiek wód, nieprzekraczający najprawdopodobniej 30 lat, i świadczą o drenowaniu przez badane źródła wód współczesnego zasilania infiltracyjnego.

EN

The paper presents the results of tritium determinations in four springs located within the Pieniny National Park. The attempt of assessing the age of groundwater, i.e. the groundwater tritium turnover time in the drained reservoirs was made using the FLOWPC computer code application. Due to the complex fissure-pore groundwater circulation system as well as relatively small recharge areas, the most reliable results were obtained for dispersion and exponential-piston flow models. The obtained groundwater age estimations, regar¬dless of the assumed model and its parameters, corroborated the relatively young age of studied waters, presumably not exceeding 30 years. This proves that the studied springs in the Pieniny National Park are recharged mainly by modern infiltration.

8

The Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland

Golonka J., Krobicki M., Waśkowska A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 1

111--125

EN

The Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland marks the Central Carpathian-North European plate suture zone. The strictly tectonic present-day confines of the Pieniny Klippen Belt are characterized as (sub)vertical faults and shear zones. A strong reduction in the space of the original sedimentary basins took place. The strike-slip-bounded tectonic blocks, thrust units, toe-thrusts and olistostromes are mixed together, resulting in the present-day mélange character where individual tectonic units are difficult to distinguish. The sedimentary rocks of the Pieniny Klippen Belt were deposited in the paleogeographic realm known as the Alpine Tethys that was divided into two basins separated by the Czorsztyn Ridge. The accretionary prism formed in front of the advancing Alcapa (Central Carpathians) terrane had overridden the Czorsztyn Ridge during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene. The destruction of the Czorsztyn Ridge supplied huge amounts of coarse-clastic material, including olistoliths, into the Magura Basin during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene. The rotation of the Alcapa caused the strike-slip motions which led to the deformation of the previously created nappes and development of the flower structure. Two parallel faults delineate the southern and northern limits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The stops in Sromowce (Macelowa and Sobczański Gorge area) allow the observation of the southern marginal zone of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the overturned position of the rotated counterclockwise deformed rock as well as the diapiric uplift of the Pieniny rocks in a transpressional strike-slip regime. The Zawiasy (Krościenko area) stop is located in the northern marginal zone (Hulina Unit) of the Pieniny Klippen Belt along the major dextral strike-slip Dunajec Fault.

9

The North European Platform suture zone in Poland

Golonka J., Pietsch K., Marzec P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 1

5--16

EN

The authors interpret the structure of the Central Carpathian-North European plates suture zone in Poland, where three main Carpathian tectonic units: the Central Carpathian, Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) and Outer Carpathian are present. In general, the PKB follows this zone. Several deep bore-holes were drilled in this region and the seismic lines were tied to bore-hole data and geological maps. The Polish PKB belongs to the complex geological structure stretching from Vienna in Austria to Romania. The rocks included in the PKB tectonic components were deposited within the paleogeographic realm known as the Alpine Tethys, mainly during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times. Both strike-slip and thrust components occur within the Polish section of the PKB. The strongly tectonized, few kilometer wide PKB zone is limited by a flower structure marked by two major faults, linked to the strike-slip zone. These faults reach the North European Platform (part of the North European Plate). The flysch sequences, arranged into a series of north-vergent thrust-sheets, constitute the main component of the PKB in the survey zone. They contain olistoliths, which are mainly Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in age. The PKB tectonic components of different age, strike-slip, thrust as well as toe-thrusts and olistostromes are mixed together, giving the present-day mélange character of this belt, where individual units are hard to distinguish. Two olistostrome belts (mélange units) exist within the PKB structure. The seismic lines show the Central Carpathian Paleogene rocks covering the Paleozoic Central Carpathian Basement south of the PKB. The Subtatric covers the High-Tatric autochthonic and allochthone rocks. The Central Carpathian Plate is thrust over the North European Platform in the Podhale region. The allochthonous Outer Carpathians consist of several nappes (thrust-sheets) verging northward. They are thrust over each other and over the North European Platform which dips gently southward.

10

New data on the age and stratigraphic relationships of the Czajakowa Radiolarite Formation in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Carpathians) based on the radiolarian biostratigraphy in the stratotype section

Bąk M., Chodacka S., Bąk K., Okoński S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 1

1--20

EN

The radiolarian biostratigraphy of the Middle–Upper Jurassic pelagic siliceous sediments (Czajakowa Radiolarite Formation) in the Niedzica succession of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Carpathians) is interpreted in terms of their age in a stratotype section, and facies equivalents in other tectonic-facies units of this region. The siliceous sediments are represented by radiolarian cherts and silicified limestones which are underlain and overlain by red nodular limestones, equivalents of the Rosso Ammonitico facies. The radiolarian association includes thirty-seven taxa belonging to twenty one genera which represent the Northern Tethyan Palaeogeographic Province. Key radiolarians recorded provide a means of correlation with zonation schemes based on Unitary Associations defined for the Jurassic Tethyan sediments. The age of the Czajakowa Radiolarite Formation in the stratotype section is determined as U.A.Z.9 to U.A.Z.11 corresponding to middle Oxfordian up to Kimmeridgian. Comparison of radiolarian biozones from the stratotype section with other facial equivalent sections in the Pieniny Klippen Belt reveals a significant diachronism for both the lower and the upper limits of the Jurassic pelagic siliceous facies.

11

Identyfikacja okresów suszy hydrogeologicznej na podstawie obserwacji źródeł w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym (pieniński pas skałkowy) – wyniki wstępne

Humnicki W.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 11/2

1264--1269

EN

The paper discusses the results of stationary limnimetric observations conducted since 2003 for three springs located in Pieniny Czorsztyńskie within the Pieniny National Park. Current knowledge on the hydrogeological regime of the examined springs, and especially their response to precipitation, meltwater supply and type of discharge recession during periods with no water supply indicated that all the springs drained small local groundwater reservoirs characterized by rapid water exchange. One of the springs was ofperiodic nature. Relatively short (14 years) observational series on spring discharge were used to identify the periods of low flow and hydrogeological drought. In order to achieve this goal, total precipitation and snow cover thickness were analyzed in individual hydrological years. Low flow periods were defined as those when the spring discharge dropped below an average value calculated on the minimum annual spring discharge for the observation period. Identification of the hydrological drought was based on the interpretation of moving average values, which allowed for the elimination of changes in spring discharge due to seasonal fluctuations and random deviations. The basis for the determination of hydrogeological droughts were the deviations ofmoving average values from the mean value over the entire observation period. The methodology was similar to the ways of determining hydrogeological drought described by other authors in mountainous areas of Poland. Periods of the most severe hydrogeological drought in the Pieniny occurred in the 2003-2004, at the turn of 2005 and 2006, in 2012, and in the 2015-2016. Specific dates of drought occurrence for different springs were variable and depended on the morphological location of the spring and local hydrogeological conditions.

12

The Grajcarek Succession (Lower Jurassic–mid Paleocene) in the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland : a stratigraphic synthesis

Birkenmajer K., Gedl P.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2017

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Vol. 87, No. 1

55--88

EN

A concise stratigraphic synthesis of the Grajcarek Succession of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (West Carpathians,Poland) is presented. This succession consists of 12 lithostratigraphic units with the rank of formation, and two with the rank of member, spanning the geological time from middle Toarcian (late Early Jurassic) to Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) and mid Paleocene. The stratigraphical column starts with deep-water flysch (the Szlachtowa Fm; Toarcian–Aalenian through Bajocian–?lower Bathonian), followed by dysoxic shales, marls and limestones (the Opaleniec Fm; Bajocian–Bathonian). The previously distinguished Krzonowe and Stembrow formations, are downgraded to members. Late Bathonian–Oxfordian times were characterized by the widely occurring deposition of abyssal radiolarites and shales, which is represented by the Sokolica Radiolarite Fm and the Czajakowa Radiolarite Fm, common to both the Grajcarek and Klippen successions. Red nodular limestones and aptychus marls (the Czorsztyn Limestone Fm; Kimmeridgian–lower Tithonian) overlie the radiolarites. Above, pelagic cherty limestones occur (the Pieniny Limestone Fm; Tithonian–Aptian). These are followed by Lower Cretaceous predominantly dark shales and marls (the Kapuśnica Fm; Aptian–Albian, the Wronine Fm; Albian, and the Hulina Fm; Albian–Cenomanian), succeeded by abyssal, red shales (the Malinowa Shale Fm; upper Cenomanian–Campanian), and these in turn by grey, marly, flyschoid strata (the Hałuszowa Fm; ?Campanian). The Grajcarek Succession terminates with the Jarmuta Fm (Maastrichtian–mid Paleocene). It consists of sedimentary breccias, often with large olistoliths of Jurassic–Cretaceous rocks, and conglomerates and sandstones in a southern zone, giving way to proximal flysch and distal flysch facies further north. This was the time of orogenic Laramian folding events, associated with subaerial and submarine erosion. A sedimentary hiatus separates the Jarmuta Fm flysch (Maastrichtian) from the Szczawnica Fm (Upper Paleocene–Eocene) in both the Klippen and Grajcarek successions. This hiatus seems to diminish and finally close in a northward direction, in the Magura Nappe succession.

13

Zmiany wydajności monitorowanych źródeł w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym w latach 2003–2014 (pieniński pas skałkowy)

Humnicki W.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 10/1

750--755

EN

The paper presents the 12-years discharge variations of the three springs located within the Pieniny National Park. The background was the observations of the water table variation in the springs and seasonal measurements of the springs discharge, which made the possibility of calculation of the rating curves. Generally, the Pieniny springs are characterized by low discharge. The mean discharge of the springs studied for the period 2003–2014 was as follows: spring of the Potok pod Wysoki Dział – 1.66 dm3s‒1, spring of the Kotłowy Potok – 0.26 dm3s‒1, seasonal spring of the Kirowy Potok – 0.10 dm3s‒1. Variations of the springs discharge are different due to the fact that particular spring drain separate, and relatively small groundwater reservoir. First of all, the influence of the many-years variation in the sum of atmospheric precipitation as well as the amount of infiltrating meltwater can be observed. Observations with monthly distribution showed the characteristic shift between maximum discharge of the spring and the sum of atmospheric precipitation (about 1 month shift) as well as the thawing period (1–3 months shift). Presumably, during dry seasons the springs have mainly the thawing regime, in the normal (balanced) seasons – the thawing-precipitation regime is dominant, and during the wet season – the precipitation-thawing regime prevails. In the years 2012 and 2013 the sudden decrease of discharge of the Kotłowy Potok and Kirowy Potok springs have been observed which is in well agreement with the hydrogeological drought identified in Poland.

14

Neogene calc-alkaline intrusive magmatism of post-collisional origin along the Outer Carpathians: a comparative study of the Pieniny Mountains and adjacent areas

Pécskay Z., Gméling K., Molnár F., Benkó Z.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 1

77--89

EN

A petrographical and geochemical analysis was carried out on intrusive rocks from the Pieniny and Moravian areas, with special attention to boron content and K-Ar radiometric ages. The intrusions form medium- to high-potassium calc-alkaline andesitic suites, which are compositionally slightly different from each other and from the other calc-alkaline sequences in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region. No significant geochemical differences were observed within the different phase intrusions in the Pieniny areas. However, there is a slight difference in major and trace element composition between the Moravian and Pieniny intrusions. The andesitic rocks in the Pieniny and Moravian area are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and depleted in high field strength elements, indicating a metasomatized mantle source of the parent magmas. The low boron concentration of the andesitic rocks in the Pieniny area is in the range measured in back-arc, intraplate basalts of the Bakony-Balaton Highland volcanic field, whereas the higher boron content of the Moravian rocks overlaps with that of the Western Carpathian andesites. This may indicates the heterogeneity of the mantle lithosphere below the areas, or indicates different magma evolution histories. On the basis of the systematic geochronological study, the intrusive rocks along the Outer Carpathians can be divided on three groups, which overlap with each other temporally. The oldest magmatism occurred from 14.8 Ma to 11.0 Ma in the Uhersky Brod area, Moravia, which was followed by the emplacement of andesitic dikes and sills in the Pieniny Mts., south Poland (13.5–10.8 Ma). In the Pieniny area, two intrusive phases were distinguished. Partly overlapping with this area, but generally younger than this magmatism, the emplacement of the youngest intrusions is referable to the Poiana Botizei-Ţibleş-Toroiaga-Rodna-Bârgâu intrusive area, Romania, where magmatic activity started at ~11.8 Ma and terminated at 8.0 Ma.

15

Early?–Middle Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts and foraminifera from the dark shale of the Pieniny Klippen Belt between Jarabina and Litmanová (Slovakia) : age and palaeoenvironment

Gedl P., Józsa Š.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 1

91--122

EN

The results presented are a part of the biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental studies of the authors on the microfauna and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from the Mesozoic dark deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The authors present the latest results from the Lower–Middle Jurassic strata, including the Szlachtowa and the Skrzypny Shale formations in the Slovak part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt near the villages of Jarabina, Kamienka and Litmanová. Material for the present study comes from exposures along the Malý Lipník, Veľký Lipník and Riečka Streams, and from the Jar-1 borehole, near Jarabina. The authors document the microfaunal and phytoplanctonic content of these rocks that contain over 50 foraminifera and 20 dinoflagellate cyst species. Their Middle Toarcian?–Aalenian to Bajocian–Bathonian ages are proposed and discussed. Quantitative and qualitative variations of both microfossil groups are interpreted as reflecting various sedimentary settings, related mainly to the variable intensity of influx of terrestrial matter into marine basins, leading to different bottom-water living conditions.

16

Aptian age of the “spotted limestone” (Pieniny Lime stone Formation) in Grajcarek Stream (Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland)

Pszczółkowski A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 1

21--42

EN

Planktonic foraminifera, calcareous dinocysts and nannofossils have been identified in thin sections of the “spotted limestone”, exposed in the Grajcarek Stream at Szlachtowa and assigned to the Pieniny Limestone Formation in the Magura Succession, Pieniny Klippen Belt (southern Poland). The new data indicate that the “spotted limestone” is older than was suggested in previous reports (Albian or Cenomanian?). The foraminiferal taxa belong mainly to the upper part of the Lower Aptian. The calcareous nannofossils may correspond to the Aptian NC6(?)-NC7 zones, whereas the assemblage of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts is less conclusive (Late Barremian-Aptian).

17

Seismicity of Czorsztyn Lake Region : A Case of Reservoir Triggered Seismic Process?

Białoń W., Zarzycka E., Lasocki S.

Acta Geophysica

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2015

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Vol. 63, no. 4

1080--1089

EN

Czorsztyn Lake is an artificial water reservoir backed up by the hydropower plant Niedzica earth dam on Dunajec River in south Poland. Its filling began in 1995 and ended in 1997. The reservoir of 234.5 million m3 capacity is shallow, between 20 to 50 m of water column, on average. Until 2011 the seismic activity in this region was sparse, some 1 event trimonthly. However, in November 2011 more than 60 events occurred. Such bursts of activity, separated by low activity periods, continue to appear. Since August 2013 the area is monitored by a local seismic network. The setup allows to accurately locate the epicenters and to determine source mechanisms for stronger events. The events are clustered and aligned along NE-SW direction and their mechanisms are very similar, indicating N-S strike slip faulting. This and the irregular pattern of activity suggest that this seismicity is triggered by the reservoir impoundment.

18

The geotourist attractions in the vicinity of Szczawnica spa

Golonka J., Waśkowska A., Doktor M., Krobicki M., Słomka T.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2014

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nr 2

33--44

EN

The main aim of this paper is presentation of the most characteristic outcrops/geological monuments, which occur in Szczawnica spa vicinity and are perfect geotouristic objects. These objects are presented with short geological/geomorphological remarks about their origin, development and significance in natural sciences. They provide the excellent inanimate natural monuments (geotourist trail in Pieniny Mountains from Szczawnica to Červený Kláštor, Palenica Mountain, Zawiasy area, Bryjarka Mountain, Jarmuta Mountain and Zaskalnik Waterfall), which can be used for better understanding of the history of our Earth and numerous geological processes, which „sculptured” its surface, especially very complicated geological story of the Pieniny Klippen Belt.

19

The complex fault zone within poorly indurated strata in the Orava Basin (Western Carpathians, Poland)

Fheed A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

82--83

EN

The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize a fault zone located within poorly indurated Pliocene clastic strata occurring in the southern part of the Orava Basin on the boundary of Outer and Central Western Carpathians, close to the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The Orava Basin is a part of the Orava - Nowy Targ intramontane basin. The fault zones within poorly indurated sediments are usually very complex. If the rocks are well indurated, a fault zone is divided into two parts - the fault gouge and the damage zone (Fossen 2010). The fault gouge is characterized by the slip plane and strong deformations such as fractures or clasts' reorientation. Not all the researchers, however, agree with a general fault zone model described by Fossen (2010). This model is indeed appropriate for strongly lithified rocks. In case of poorly lithified sediments, Rawling & Goodwin (2006) and later Gudmundsson (2011) and Loveless et al. (2011) suggested adding the third, additional zone - the mixed zone. It separates the fault gouge and the damage zone and the presence of the deformation bands and clasts' reorientation are its main features. The mixed zone records the initial deformations of the sediment and stays active for some time even after the lithification (Rawling & Goodwin 2006). Although no displacement of strata can be noticed in the studied exposure, the occurrence of numerous fractured clasts and exposure-scale fissures can be used in the interpretation of a potential fault zone. In order to describe the considered fault's anatomy, the presented research has been concentrated on the identification of three main fault parts occurring within poorly indurated strata: the fault gouge, the mixed zone and the damage zone. The analyzed exposure, whose length and height exceeds 70 and 15 meters, respectively, is located within a natural scarp in the Cichy Stream Valley. The scarp is mostly NNE-SSW to NE-SW oriented. It is dominated by poorly indurated Pliocene muddy to sand-supported paraconglomerates, mainly comprised of mudstone and sandstone clasts and up to 40% of matrix. The thickness of the rocks observed within the exposure reaches about 15 meters. Besides that, in few places, lense-shaped bodies of sandstone were observed. Their thickness is lower than 1 meter. They appear in the lower part of exposure, close to its easternmost side. From the neotectonic point of view, three groups of structures were recognized: clast-scale fractures, deformation bands and exposure-scale fissures. The paraconglomerates are dominated by the fractured clasts. The clasts are cut either by one or two sets of fractures. The planes of these fractures mainly strike NE-SW to NNE-SW. In the western part of the exposure, the measurements were the most consistent, while the eastern part shows a greater dispersion of the data. In both western and easternmost parts of the exposure, some clasts are reoriented. Inclination reaches even 90°. Fractured clasts' investigation have yielded information about the intensity of the deformation within the paraconglomerate. The counts have shown that the prevailing amount of the fractured clasts occurs in the western part of the exposure - even 126 counts per square meter. The average amount of fractures observed in the middle of the scarp is 57 per square meter, whereas in the eastern part approximately 30 fractures per square meterwere be counted. The deformation bands have been observed within the lenses of sandstones, located in the center of the eastern part of the exposure. Moreover, the whole exposure is cut by numerous fissures that either cut across or bypass the clasts. Some of them are open and wide, while other are narrow. The fissures differ between themselves in terms of size. Therefore they were subdivided into three groups: (1) cutting the whole exposure, (2) disappearing towards the top of the exposure, (3) inferior (the smallest) ones. Except for one fissure placed on the west, the first group appears mainly in the center of the eastern part of the scarp. Second group is located in the center of the exposure. The third group, in turn, can be observed mainly in the eastern part of the paraconglomerate. Besides the inferior fissures (3), they mostly strike NNE-SSW, similarly to the fractures in clasts. The fractured clasts' abundance, fissures' presence and clasts' reorientation can be interpreted as the indicators of a potential fault zone. The large amount of fractures in clasts in the westernmost part of the scarp, in combination with first group fissure presence and clasts's reorientation, leads to the conclusion that it may represent the location of the fault gouge. Whether the gouge is relatively narrow, the observed reorientation might belong to the adjacent mixed zone. The mixed zone seems to occur in few places within the scarp. Its presence can be inferred from deformation bands' location and clasts' reorientation. Quite high background of fractures at the level of approximately 50 per square meter and tension fissures' presence within the whole scarp may indicate of the damage zone location. In this case, the damage zone would cover the largest part of the exposure, leaving the rest of it for a fault gouge and the mixed zone. The model of the dominant damage zone also matches another theory, associated with a shear zone. In this case, the fissures observed within the scarp could be interpreted as the Riedel fractures related to left-lateral strike-slip fault occurring in the vicinity of the scarp.

20

Fault zone imaging based on refraction seismic surveys

Matuła R.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

106

EN

Refraction surveys were carried out along the border lines between Outer Carpathians, Inner Carpathians and Pieniny Klippen Belt. Measurements were focused on imaging transition zone structured by para-conglomerates, sandstone and clays lenses, crossing in near neighbourhood of Stare Bystre, village in the southern part of Poland. The geological and geophysical investigation was conducted to prove that occurring on site, main fault (NW-SE) has a system of smaller discontinuities. Para-conglomerate exposure, which was localized close to survey area, was cut by observable system of cracks. That geological evidence could be an effect of previous fault activity and suggests its continuation up to core of fault zone – covered by Neogene river sediments. In this case non-direct, refraction method was applied to confirm existence of a local bedrock faulting. Seismic acquisition was extremely focused on determining any changes of elevation and estimated P-wave velocity of buried para-conglomerates. Surveys were carried out in azimuthal schema, fitted to field conditions. 24-channels seismograph and 10 Hz geophones were used. Hypothetical discontinuities were estimated after analyzing high resolution seismic records. The obtained geophysical data had a volumetric character which allowed easier interpratation and was better related to initial assumptions about geological form of fault zone.