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Hydroenergetyka w dorzeczu Waitaki (Nowa Zelandia)

Jaguś A., Rzętała M.

Gospodarka Wodna

2013

Nr 11

431--436

Przedstawiono udział hydroenergetyki w produkcji energii elektrycznej na świecie, w tym w Nowej Zelandii. Zaprezentowano dorzecze i system hydroenergetyczny rzeki Waitaki. Podano podstawowe parametry obiektów służących hydroenergetyce w tym systemie (akwenów i elektrowni wodnych). Zwrócono uwagę na kaskadową specyfikę systemu.

The articles presents the hydroelectric power stations’ share in the global electricity production, including that in New Zealand. It presents the Waitaki гіѵег basin and hydroelectric system, listing the basic parameters of hydroelectric facilities (reservoirs and power stations). The authors indicate that the system is based on cascades.

Ontogenetic variation and inoceramid morphology: a note on early Coniacian Cremnoceramus bicorrugatus (Cretaceous Bivalvia)

Crampton J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

1998

Vol. 48, no. 4

367-376

Taxonomic studies of Cretaceous inoceramid bivalves are confounded by high levels of intraspecific morphological variation within the group. Such variation is illustrated here using Cremnoceramus bicorrugatus s.s. (Marwick, 1926) from the lower Coniacian of New Zeland. This taxon displays a remarkable range of intraspecific variation that is the sum of three major components: 1) a basic set of ontogenetic transformations between the juvenile, immature and adult stages; 2) intra-populational variation in the relative timing or rate of developmental events; and 3) intra-populational variation in therate of absolute growth. The first of these components was largely genetically determined, whereas the other two were probably influenced by extrinsic environmental factors. Taxonomic interpretation of C. bicorrugatus s. s. is not possible without some understanding of both the basic ontogenetic plan and developmental variations within that plan. Interpretation is facilitated by the profound and step-wise nature of the ontogenetic transformations. In many other inoceramids, however, ontogenetic transformations are more subtle but may be subject to equally significant intraspecific developmental variations. Therefore, inoceramid taxonomists should describe not only total population variation, but also should document ontogenetic development in any species. In this way it is possible to identify basic ontogenetic plans, constrain likely limits to intraspecific variation, and distinguish intraspecific from interspecific morphological variation.