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Baltic Sea datums and their unification as a basis for coastal and seabed studies

Wolski T., Wiśniewski B., Musielak S.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 2

239--258

EN

This paper presents examples of application of a common reference datum, such as NAP, within the elevation EVRS reference system for the Baltic Sea. A common reference datum allowed for setting the geographical pattern of occurrence of extreme sea levels in the Baltic Sea. The eastern Baltic coasts exposed to western air masses are vulnerable to extreme hydrological events (the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Bothnia). On the contrary, the Swedish coasts of the central and northern Baltic are the least threatened by extreme sea levels. The south-western coasts of the Baltic Sea (the Bay of Mecklenburg and the Bay of Kiel) cover the basins with the most frequent and the most severe storm falls and extremely low sea levels. Demonstration of the Baltic surface deformation magnitude during a storm event is another example of NAP application. The instantaneous height difference between the north-eastern and southwestern coasts was 356 cm, which resulted from the negative impact of pressure (water cushion) induced by a dynamic and deep low-pressure system moving through the Baltic Sea. The common reference datum allowed for visualization of the so-called 'theoretical water' distribution which has a wide application in the hydraulic engineering within the coastal zone. In addition, the study provides examples of differences that may be observed during storm events between the real sea-level data and the hydrodynamic model forecast. This is of great practical significance in terms of forecasting storm surges in the Baltic Sea.

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Adjustment of the European Vertical Reference System for the representation of the Baltic Sea water surface topography

Wiśniewski B., Wolski T., Giza A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2014

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nr 38 (110)

106--117

EN

Reference system was adapted EVRS (European Vertical Reference System), which is based on the level of NAP (Normal Amsterdam Peil) for the spatial imaging extreme levels of the Baltic Sea. The observational data on sea levels have been converted of the selected 38 stations in each of the Baltic countries to the level of NAP (Normal Amsterdam Peil). The images of the Baltic Sea area were obtained in a uniform reference system, for the example of chosen stormy situation of 1–2 November 2006, and the spatial distribution of the maximum and no maximum sea levels that occurred during the 1960–2010 year.

3

Monitorowanie i weryfikacja emisji na przykładzie energetyki konwencjonalnej

Kruszewska-Krawczyk K., Krawczyk W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Elektryka / Politechnika Opolska

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2006

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Vol. 315, z. 56

385-392

PL

Od dnia 1 stycznia 2005 r. we Wspólnocie Europejskiej funkcjonuje system handlu uprawnieniami od emisji gazów cieplarnianych będący nowym instrumentem ekonomicznym w ochronie powietrza. Podstawę prawną tego rozwiązania stanowi dyrektywa 2003/87/WE z dnia 13 października 2003 r. ustanawiająca system handlu przydziałami emisji gazów cieplarnianych we Wspólnocie i zmieniającą dyrektywę 96/61/WE, transponowana do polskiego porządku prawnego za pomocą ustawy z dnia 22 grudnia 2004 r. o handlu uprawnieniami do emisji do powietrza gazów cieplarnianych i innych substancji (Dz U 2004 r. nr 281 poz. 2784). W Polsce do systemu zakwalifikowano 878 instalacji. Poniżej omówiono proces monitoringu i weryfikacji emisji stanowiące kolejny krok na drodze do czynnego udziału w handlu emisjami.

EN

Nowadays in Poland are a lot of serious problems with permission for the operators of installations which have to receive them to the end of March. This was the term from Polish and EU law. But this is the consequence of legislator's delay and lack of law in Poland until the 12 of January 2006 when the translation of the EU Monitoring and Reporting Guidelines - Commission Decision - 29/01/2004 - 2004/156/WE was published. This was the real start of CO2 monitoring system in Poland. The Operator starts to supplement their application or even prepare the correct monitoring protocols or internal procedures. From the first days of March the Competent Authorities started to publish the permissions. From this moment started the verification's process of the annual reports of emissions. Polish operators have a lot of problems with standard based on tier's 2a,2b,3a,3b for the solid fuel. This is connected with using in Polish energy sector complex systems of balancing deviations (based on PN-93/M-35500). These systems are used f.e. in Power Plants: Łaziska, Turów, Kozienice, Jaworzno, Połaniec. Power plants which used this system did not control their metering devices or mass balance (fuel purchased plus fuel stock at he beginning and the end of the reporting period) like is essential in MRG. They prefered balances based on TKE (technical control of exploitation) for the accountancy approach, too. In the year 2005 in Poland there are a lot of departure from the MRG standard. That is why the verification is a long lasting process.