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EN
The Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic accretionary complexes of the Khangai-Daur belt, in central Mongolia, lie between the Siberian craton and the North China block. These complexes consist of Silurian mafic rocks (basalt, dolerite, and gabbro), Silurian–Devonian radiolarian cherts, and Carboniferous clastic rocks. While the mafic rocks are considered oceanic island alkaline, few studies have been conducted, and their classification is still under discussion. Understanding the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these mafic rocks within the accretionary complexes is crucial for comprehending the tectonic evolution of ancient oceanic plates. This study involves geochemical analyses of 39 mafic rock samples and whole rock Sr-Nd isotopes from 24 mafic rock samples collected from four localities within the Khangai-Daur belt: Uubulan, Ikh-Oortsog, Takhilt area in the Ulaanbaatar terrane, and the Burd area in the Kharhorin terrane. Geochemically, all mafic rocks from the Uubulan, Ikh-Oortsog, and Takhilt area exhibit the signature of ocean island basalt (OIB). They are characterized by alkaline affinity with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), as well as depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE), resulting in a high concentration of ((La/Yb)cn = 4.5–15.6). In contrast, the mafic rocks from the Burd area exhibit tholeiitic-like affinity with less enrichment in LILE and LREE, and depletion in HFSE and HREE, resulting in a concentration of ((La/Yb)cn = 1.4–3.0). Therefore, the Ti/Y vs. Nb/Y and Ti vs. Zr ratio diagrams suggest that the samples were formed in a within-plate setting. Our latest study reveals that the hornblende K-Ar age (412.7 Ma ±8.6 Ma) of the mafic rocks and the reconstruction of the oceanic plate stratigraphy of the accretionary complex at Uubulan indicate a Late Silurian age. The Sr-Nd isotopic compositions ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7040–0.7078, εNd(t) = 5.0–9.3) suggest that the magmas were derived from a deep OIB reservoir, indicating slightly heterogeneous magma sources. Overall, the results of this study suggest that alkaline and tholeiitic magmatism may have occurred during the Late Paleozoic within the oceanic plate between the Siberian craton and the North China blocks.
EN
The SW margin of the Zavkhan terrane is significant for research on Paleozoic amalgamation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The study area is located in the western part of the Khasagt Mountains, western Mongolia. We present a new preliminary K-Ar dating of metasedimentary rocks from the Yargait Formation which were deformed during collision of the Zavkhan terrane with the Lake Zone terrane. Our results include two dating that are similar to earlier data by other authors (Stípskáetal., 2010; Bold et al., 2016b). The first dating equal to 544.1 ±13.7 Ma can be interpreted as the age ofmetamorphism and the subduction of the SW margin ofthe Zavkhan terrane under the Lake Zone terrane during the late Ediacaran-early Cambrian. The second dating of 441.1 ±11.7 Ma indicates the Late Ordovician - Silurian regional extension event.
3
Content available Kolej w Mongolii
PL
Główna linia kolejowa w Mongolii to linia tranzytowa biegnąca z Rosji do Chin przez mongolską stolicę Ułan-Bator. Obecnie udziałem 50% w kolejach mongolskich dysponują RŻD i jest to pozostałość z czasów, gdy z pomocą Związku Radzieckiego zarówno zbudowano infrastrukturę kolejową, jak i pozyskano tabor (wyłącznie produkcji ZSRR). Linia ta o charakterze tranzytowym to linia jednotorowa, niezelektryfikowana o rozstawie 1520 mm, długości 1110 km i przebiegająca przez (Nauszki RŻD –) Suche Bator – Ułan-Bator – Zamyn Uud (– Erenhot CR). Natomiast sumaryczna długość sieci kolejowej Mongolii, włączając odcinek do Czojbałsan, jest równa 1815 km (2004 r.).
EN
The main railway line in Mongolia is a transit line running from Russia to China north-south through the Mongolian capital Ulaan-Bator. At present, RZD has a 50% share in Mongolian railways, and this is a remnant of the time when, with the help of the Soviet Union, both rail infrastructure was built and rolling stock was acquired. This transit line is a single-track, non-electrified line with a rail gauge of 1520 mm. The total length of Mongolia’s rail network is 1815 km (2004). One of the factors currently supporting the development of railways in Mongolia is big deposits of mineral resources: hard coal, gold, copper ores, as well as molybdenum, uranium, and others. Transport of the above raw materials, in particular exports, would not be possible without rail transport, which in the above conditions is the optimal method for transporting heavy loads over long distances. Central Mongolian authorities intend to significantly expand their own rail network to transport growing raw materials, whose extraction is gradually increasing, and to raise funds from foreign entities while maintaining control over the whole. All rolling stock used in Mongolia has been manufactured abroad.
EN
The article deals with the problem related to the growing conflict of interest in access to natural pastures, which is the basis of nomadic pastoralism in Mongolia. The discovery of significant mineral resources (inter alia: gold, copper and coal) resulted in a huge increase in interest in their extraction and use of this potential to accelerate the economic development of the country. The opencast mining causes the degradation of natural pastures and permanently hinders the migration of animals between winter and summer stands. This is a serious threat to traditional pastoralism, which is of high importance not only from the economic point of view, but also from cultural one. The aim of the article is to show the specificity of the issue of ecological justice in Mongolia, and to find an answer to the research question: How can ecological justice in this country be restored? Until this day there are no effective solutions to ensure fair access to areas where fossil resources have been discovered. Simultaneously, due to air pollution, and degradation of water resources, environmental health became a problem of the highest importance among Mongolians’ population. Ecological justice is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in the country, that has been so far considered an example of the most successful pro-democracy transformation in Central Asia.
PL
W artykule omówiono bazę zasobową węgla kamiennego i brunatnego w Mongolii. Scharakteryzowano górnictwo węglowe, sposoby wydobycia i przeróbki oraz kierunki wykorzystania węgla. Pokazano miejsce Mongolii na tle światowego górnictwa węgla, jeśli chodzi o zasoby, wielkość wydobycia i eksportu. Nakreślono perspektywy rozwoju wydobycia i eksportu węgla do 2035 roku. Zasygnalizowano próby dotyczące współpracy z Chinami nad podziemnym zgazowaniem węgla.
EN
This paper describes the resource base of coal and lignite inMongolia. It characterizes the coal mining sector, methods of coal extraction and preparation, as well as directions of the use of Mongolia’s coal. Comparisons are drawn between the current state of the Mongolian coal mining sector and global coal mining conditions in terms of resources, the volume of production, and exports. Also outlined are the prospects of the mining and export of coal to 2035, as well as attempts to cooperate with China on underground coal gasification.
PL
Wieloletnia zmarzlina jest pozostałością po zlodowaceniu kontynentów północnych w plejstocenie. Warstwa przemarzniętego gruntu o średniej miąższości 200-300 m (na Syberii ekstremalnie do 1500 m) w niektórych obszarach przetrwała w postaci ciągłej marzłoci o dużym zasięgu obszarowym, w innych natomiast ma charakter sporadyczny (np. w centralnej i południowej Mongolii). W artykule przedstawiono formy rzeźby terenu charakterystyczne dla zimnego, suchego klimatu - związane z obecnością zmarzliny, opisano zjawiska sezonowe spowodowane okresowym rozmarzaniem przypowierzchniowej warstwy lodu (m.in. spływy soliflukcyjne), a także zaprezentowano problemy budownictwa wynikające z obecności i aktywności tzw. warstwy czynnej.
EN
Permafrost is the residue of northern continents glaciation in Pleistocene. An ice layer of the average thickness of about 200 - 300 m (and extremely in Siberia up to 1500 m) has remained in some areas as the large scale continuous permafrost, and in other, it has a relict character (eg. in central and southern Mongolia). This article presents landforms characteristic of cold, dry climate connected with the presence of permafrost, seasonal phenomena caused by the periodic thawing of the surface ice layer (among others solifluction flows) and construction problems resulting from the presence of the so-called “active layer”.
7
PL
W latach 2007–2011 prowadzono w Mongolii badania terenowe mające na celu znalezienie złóż surowców metalicznych w pięciu różnych obszarach koncesyjnych. W ciągu ostatnich dwóch lat skoncentrowano się na obszarze M2, położonym w zachodniej części Mongolii (ajmak Bayankhongor), w którym poza bogatą mineralizacją miedziową, występującą w skałach okwarcowanych i granitopodobnych, zaobserwowano również w serpentynitach strefy zawierające okruszcowanie Ni i Cu. Badano także wychodnie serpentynitów pod kątem występowania w nich spineli chromowych i platyny.
EN
In 2007–2011, exploration work was carried out for metallic deposits on five tenements. During the last two years, the work was focused on area M2 in the western part of Mongolia (Bayankhongor province). In addition to rich copper mineralization found in silicified rocks and granitoids, Ni and Cu mineralization was reported in serpentinites, which were also analysed for Cr-spinels and platinum.
8
Content available remote Challenges in handling transport in the light industry in Mongolia
EN
The light industry, especially wool and cashmere processing sector, is one of important sector in Mongolia. It have been discussed handling transport in the light industry and selected problems in the wool processing. There are some problems front of many scholars and producer in the manufacture pre process of raw materials, which is wool and fiber materials. The present study was undertaken to see whether handling aids are providing a successful solution to manual material handling problems and, in addition, to determine which features are most important for their usability. This article considered some of material handling equipment and the widespread use of manual handling equipment for the textile industry in Mongolia.
PL
Przemysł lekki jest jednym z istotniejszych w Mongolii. W artykule zidentyfikowano wybrane problemy wymagające rozwiązania, w szczególności ukierunkowane na automatyzację, bezpieczeństwo, niezawodność.
9
PL
W latach 2007–2009 przeprowadzono w Mongolii szereg badań terenowych, mających na celu poszukiwanie złóż surowców metalicznych. Łącznie spenetrowano pięć różnych obszarów, z których jeden znajdował się na wschód od stolicy, a pozostałe w zachodniej części Centralnej Mongolii (województwo Bayankhongor). Prace polowe polegały na identyfikacji obiektów geologicznych, wstępnej weryfikacji odsłonięć przydatnych do oceny surowcowej badanych obszarów oraz na pobraniu próbek szlichowych, bruzdowych i mineralogicznych. W wielu miejscach stwierdzono obecność utlenionych minerałów miedzi, a w jednym – bogatą w siarczki wychodnię silnie okwarcowanych skał. Na obszarze oznaczonym jako M2, stwierdzono również obecność stref zawierających okruszcowanie typu Ni–Cu w serpentynitach. Analizy chemiczne potwierdziły trafność wyboru miejsc do dalszych badań. Ocenie złożowej poddano również dokumentowane wcześniej złoże W–Sn–Mo Bayantsogt-Tubszin i złoże żyłowe złota Tsagaan Tsakhir Uul.
EN
In the period of 2007–2009 three geological reconnaissance prospecting for metalliferous deposits in five areas of the central part of Mongolia were carried out. Four areas are close to the north edge of the Gobi Desert (Bayankhongor province), and one is located eastwards from the country capitol. All prospecting works were organized by scientist and students from Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection from AGH-University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland. Field works were focused on identification of outcrops, macroscopic recognition of metalliferous mineralization and sampling. As a results, several places containing interesting oxides and sulphides copper mineralization have been found. Within theM2area, places containing Ni–Cu type of occurrences have also been identified. Moreover geological information about Bayantsogt-Tubszin W–Sn–Mo and Tsagaan Tsakhir Uul Au deposits were verified.
10
Content available remote Wybrane atrakcje geoturystyczne centralnej i południowej Mongolii
PL
Artykuł zawiera informacje na temat interesujących geologicznie miejsc w centralnej i południowej Mongolii. Zapoznaje z budową i historią geologiczną oraz przekazuje wiadomości na temat litologii, rzeźby terenu oraz klimatu i przyrody tego odległego kraju. Dostarcza także krótkich informacji na temat kultury, historii i zwyczajów mieszkańców.
EN
The paper provides information on geosites in central and southern Mongolia with an outline geological structure and history, remarks on Mongolian history, culture and every-day life as well as on lithology, relief, climate and wild nature of this remote country.
EN
We report new data on 18 dinosaur footprint localities discovered in the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, where we have recognized more than 20 000 footprints of dinosaurs. There are at least four types of dinosaur footprints, attributed to theropod, ornithopod, ankylosaurid and sauropod trackmakers. We have also recognized abun dant footprints of un identified trackmakers from each locality. Co existence of footprints and many skeletal remains in the same and/or nearby beds is a remarkable feature of these Mongolian sites. Analyses of dinosaur footprints and associated body fossil remains for each locality reveal that even in the same beds, the ichnofauna differ from the fauna reconstructed on the basis of body fossils of dinosaurs. The results demonstrate that dinosaur faunal assem blages reconstructed from body fossil or footprint evidence solely should be considered very carefully.
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