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1

Metal pollution status and health risk assessment of beach sediments along the Mersin coast, Turkey

Özbay Özgür, Akçay Ismail

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

461--470

EN

In the present study, the ecological risk assessment of metal contamination in beach sediments along the Mersin coast was determined using the metal contents of beach sediments in Mersin, Kızkalesi, Susanoğlu and Taşucu region obtained between 2006 and 2009. Furthermore, the potential health risk assessment for ingestion and dermal contact pathways of adults and children was determined. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals showed that there is no pollution in the beach sediments for the metals Cu, Pb and Zn for the all studied coasts. However, the high ecological risk indices calculated in this study strongly suggested an apparent Cd, Cr and Ni pollution in the studied beach sediments due to natural and anthropogenic contamination. Study findings indicated the HI values were greater than 1 for the metal Cr. The TCR values were higher than 1.00E-04 for the metals Cr and Ni calculated for adults, and for the metal Cu, Cr and Ni calculated for children, respectively. All these findings showed that there is a high carcinogenic risk for adults and children resident in the Mersin province from carcinogenic Cr and Ni whilst the studied coasts have additional health risks to children from carcinogenic Cu.

2

First record of Felimare picta (Philippi, 1836) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Chromodorididae) from Tobruk, Libyan coast

Said Rashad E.M., Fitori Amani, El-Fituri Ali, Mahdy Aldoushy

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 2

258--263

EN

Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea has not yet beenfully explored. There has been very little research on molluscsalong the Libyan coast. An individual of the chromodorididnudibranch Felimare picta (Philippi, 1836) was encounteredduring scuba diving at the Lido resort near the Tobruk baybasin. The sample was carefully transported to the lab inseawater, photographed, and identified. The current studyrevealed that Felimare picta was recorded for the first timeon the Libyan coast. Despite Felimare picta being rathercommon in many Mediterranean regions, records of it on thesouthern Mediterranean coasts are extremely rare or absent.It may be concluded that this study represents not only thesouthernmost record of Felimare picta in the Mediterraneanbut also the first record of the species in Libya.

3

The migrant crisis in the Mediterranean Sea 2015-2020 - case study of Greece and Libya

El Ghamari Magdalena, Daniiloudi-Zielińska Eleni

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

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XVI

1--15

EN

The issue of uncontrolled migration to the European Union through the Mediterranean Sea is a phenomenon that has been with members of the com-munity for many years. In this article, the authors have analyzed the migration crisis between 2015 and 2020 in the context of two countries - Greece and Libya. The former was the most common transit route and destination for illegal immi-grants during the study period. Tens of thousands of people are still living on its territory, awaiting asylum or the possibility to travel to another EU country. In contrast, Libya (like Turkey) is regarded by migrants as the “door to a better world,” and it is through Libya that the main Central Mediterranean route passes. The sea route across the Mediterranean is chosen by citizens of both Middle East-ern and African countries.

PL

Problem niekontrolowanej migracji do Unii Europejskiej przez Morze Śródziemne to zjawisko, które towarzyszy członkom wspólnoty od wielu lat. W niniejszym artykule autorki podjęły się analizy kryzysu migracyjnego w latach 2015-2020, w kontekście dwóch państw – Grecji i Libii. Pierwsze z nich było najczęściej wybieraną drogą tranzytową, jak również docelową dla nielegalnych imigrantów w badanym okresie. Do dzisiaj na jej terytorium przebywa w oczekiwaniu na azyl lub możliwość wyjazdu do innego państwa UE kilkadziesiąt tysięcy ludzi. Natomiast Libia (podobnie jak Turcja) traktowana jest przez migrantów jak „drzwi do lepszego świata” i to przez jej terytorium przebiega główny etap trasy środkowo-śródziemnomorskiej. Drogę morską przez Morze Śródziemne wybierają zarówno obywatele państw Bliskiego Wschodu, jak i Afryki.

4

Analysis of extreme rainfall trend and mapping of the Wadi pluvial food in the Gaza coastal plain of Palestine

Al-Najjar Hassan, Purnama Anton, Özkan Korhan, Abualtayef Mazen

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 5

2135--2147

EN

In the eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East and North Africa, pluvial flooding has become a common and severe climate change consequence event that requires immediate attention. The Wadi-Gaza basin is a critical source of surface water in Palestine; nevertheless, climate change and anthropogenic processes are altering the basin’s hydrological features, resulting in a series of extreme and disastrous flooding events in the coastal plain at the basin downstream. The Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and the IPTA method that was used to analyze historical rainfall in the basin from 1979 to 2013 refer to a declining trend pattern, which reduces the surge of runoff discharge. Moreover, the future projection for the total monthly rainfall under the ensemble model of CIMP5 for the RCP scenarios of 2.60, 4.50, and 8.50 demonstrate a general decreasing trend in the rainfall with a variation ranging between about − 36 and − 53%. The frequency analysis for the maximum daily rainfall using different computing approaches shows that the theoretical maximum rainfall values for the assessment of flooding events were assigned to 22, 31, 35, 45 52, 59, 66, and 77 mm for the whole basin for the return periods (T) of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively. The land cover–land use of the basin shows that 51% is barren land while the other portion is divided between urban (~16%), agricultural (~ 13%), and natural (~ 20%) lands. However, the type of soil that covers the basin is classified mainly as clay, loam, and sandy clay. According to the hydraulic analysis of downstream flooding, the volume of surge water that might reach the coastal plain in the event of water storms of 22 and 77 mm is around 6 and 118 million cubic meters, respectively. The area at risk of inundation due to foods in the Wadi-Gaza is between 3 and 17 km2 , covering around 5–29 percent of the Gaza Strip’s middle governorate area, respectively.

5

Analysis of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey

Kutlu Banu, Özcan Tahir, Özcan Gülnaz

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2021

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Vol. 50, No. 4

411--420

EN

The ecological risk resulting from the accumulation of some heavy metals in the sediments of Iskenderun Bay was assessed using the following measures: enrichment and contamination factor, pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The concentrations of the studied heavy metals were in the following order: Fe > Ni > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > As > Pb > Cd > Hg. Ni and As had the highest EF values. This situation is most likely due to the presence of iron, pesticide, and fertilizer plants in the region. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ni, As, Mn, and Cr may have harmful effects on faunal communities in sediments. According to the RI, Site 4 was more contaminated and toxic than the other seven study sites, with “moderate” ecological risk. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined by multivariate methods – cluster and principal component analysis. As can be inferred from the RI values, the potential toxic effect of As and Ni in the sediments is moderate.

6

Statistical analysis of Mediterranean coastal storms

Martzikos Nikolas T., Prinos Panayotis E., Memos Constantine D., Tsoukala Vasiliki K.

Oceanologia

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2021

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No. 63 (1)

133--148

EN

Coastal storms as extreme hydrometeorological events have severe impacts on the coasts and consequently affect the coastal communities, attracting considerable research interest nowadays. Attempting to understand the risk of these extreme events, a coastal storm analysis is accomplished by studying the parameters which define a coastal storm and their properties, such as the wave height, the wave period, the duration, the calm period, and the storm energy. The frequency of occurrence of coastal storms, the thresholds of storm parameters and the way they are interrelating with each other draw a rough outline of wave climate during coastal storm events for a specific location. This information is valuable afterwards for the design of coastal structures and the coastal zone management. In this work, buoy datasets from 30 locations in the Mediterranean Sea are analysed for describing coastal storm activity. A sample of 4008 coastal storms is identified. Each location faces around 10-14 coastal storms per year, with most of them to occur in winter months and their characteristics to be site-dependent. Their average duration is lower than 30 hours, and 25% of them are consecutive events which hit the same location in less than a day. Furthermore, the wave period and the main direction present no remarkable fluctuations during a coastal storm. With this analysis, a deeper understanding of coastal storm severity is pursued, gaining knowledge about their past activity, in order to be prepared in the future and to protect the coastal areas.

7

The possibilities of saving illegal immigrants, by ships owned by the non-governmental organizations on the Mediterranean Sea

Rokiciński Krzysztof

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2020

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R. XIV

169--186

EN

The paper analyzes the possibilities of saving illegal immigrants, on the Mediterranean Sea, by the non-governmental organizations. The number, structure, equipment and legal determinants of using the ships owned by the organizations were evaluated.

8

A blue-pigmented hasleoid diatom, Haslea sp., from the Adriatic Sea

Palińska K. A., Surosz W.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 1

60--66

EN

We present the first report and description of the pinnate diatom Haslea sp. from the northeastern Adriatic Sea, Croatia, producing a blue pigment. This organism is very similar to the well-known Haslea ostrearia, the first described “blue” diatom producing marennine, i.e. the pigment involved in the greening of oysters, and recently described H. provincialis. However, the Croatian diatom slightly differs from other Haslea species in its morphology and 18S rRNA sequence. The discovery of Haslea sp. from Croatia confirmed the possible existence of more species among the representatives of blue Haslea species, as previously assumed. The discovery of several genetically distinct populations of Haslea ostrearia, new species H. karadagensis, H. provincialis and Haslea sp. from Croatia, suggests that species richness in the group of “blue” diatoms is probably underestimated and still more new blue diatoms remain undiscovered. This also raises questions about previously published reports and observations of Haslea distribution in the Mediterranean Sea whether these organisms really belong to H. ostrearia.

9

Composition and diel vertical distribution of euphausiid larvae (calyptopis stage) in the deep southern Adriatic

Gangai Zovko B., Lučić D., Hure M., Onofri I., Pestorić B.

Oceanologia

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2018

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No. 60 (2)

128--138

EN

Diel changes in the vertical distribution and abundance of calyptopes were studied in the deepest area of the southern Adriatic over four seasons (July 2003, February 2004, October 2004, April 2009). Temperature variations were limited to the upper 100 m and salinity variations were small. Of previously known adult euphausiid species – 12 for the Adriatic (Gangai et al., 2012) and 13 for the Mediterranean (Mavidis et al., 2005) – calyptopes of 11 species of euphausiids were recorded. Abundance of calyptopes of all species was the highest in spring. Species were characterized according to their mean depth: surface (0-50 m), sub-surface (50-200 m), mesopelagic (200-800 m), or bathypelagic (800-1200 m) and vertical dispersion (scattered or non-scattered). Four diel patterns emerged: (i) nocturnal ascent to upper layers (Euphausia brevis, E. hemigibba, E. krohnii, Nematoscelis megalops, N. couchii), (ii) migration to upper layers at middle of the day and at night, and descent during the morning and evening (Stylocheiron maximum – only winter), (iii) weakly-migrating or non-migrating (S. longicorne), (iv) irregular migration independent of the day/night cycle (S. abbreviatum, S. maximum – during spring, summer and autumn, T. aequalis).

10

Spatio-temporal variability of the phytoplankton biomass in the Levantine basin between 2002 and 2015 using MODIS products

Hourany R. E., Fadel A., Gemayel E., Abboud-Abi Saab M., Faour G.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (2)

153--165

EN

The Levantine basin in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is subject to spatial and seasonal variations in primary production and physical-chemical properties both on a short and long-term basis. In this study, the monthly means of daily MODIS product images were averaged between 2002 and 2015, and used to characterize the phytoplankton blooms in different bioregions of the Levantine basin. The selected products were the sea surface temperature (SST), the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd_490) and the colored dissolved organic matter index (CDOM_index). Our results showed that phytoplankton blooms were spatially and temporally variable. They occurred in late autumn at the Nile Delta, in early spring and late summer at the eastern coastline, and in spring at the northeastern coastline. The northern coastline and the open water had a common bloom occurring in winter. The Nile Delta was found to be the most productive area of the Levantine basin showing high Chl-a. Kd_490 and Chl-a present a parallel co-variation indicating a dominance of Case 1 waters in the Levantine basin. The CDOM_index shows a phase shift with the Chl-a fluctuation. A strong inverse correlation was observed between both Chl-a and CDOM_index with SST, connoting an indirect relation represented by a depression of CDOM in summer by photobleaching, and a suppression of the chlorophyll-a concentration due to water stratification, together with nutrient stress. An overestimation of the Chl-a values had been signaled by the use of the CDOM_index, suggesting a correction plan in a latter study.

11

Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring

Rouane-Hacene O., Boutiba Z., Belhaouari B., Guibbolini-Sabatier M. E., Francour P., Risso-de Faverney C.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (4)

362--374

EN

The aim of the present work is to broaden our knowledge on the variability of trace metals in mussel tissues, focusing on seasonal fluctuations in the three different sampling sites of Algerian west coast (Oran Harbor (S1), Ain Defla (S2) and Hadjaj (S3)). For this purpose, the bioavailability (metal indices) and bioaccumulation (metal concentrations in soft tissues) of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd), and the physiological characteristics (e.g. biological indices such as condition index (CI)) of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis have been assessed and related to seasons and sites. In S1, the highest levels of metal concentrations and indices were obtained in mussels sampled in winter for Zn, Cu and Cd, but in summer for Pb. The biological indices significantly decreased in winter. In S2, the levels of concentrations and indices of all metals varied whatever the seasons, excepting in summer where the values were the lowest. In summer and spring, the biological indices were lower than in autumn and winter. The low growth of organisms in spring and summer might be correlated to the reproductive period and the low trophic level known in S2. S3, considered as a “pristine” area, showed low metal concentrations and indices, and high biological indices, reflecting the favorable physiological conditions for the mussel growth. This approach might be used in the monitoring of the quality of coastal waters and the present work provided a useful data set for Mediterranean monitoring network.

12

Modelling the water and heat balances of the Mediterranean Sea using a two-basin model and available meteorological, hydrological, and ocean data

Shaltout M., Omstedt A.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (2)

116--131

EN

This paper presents a two-basin model of the water and heat balances of the Western and Eastern Mediterranean sub-basins (WMB and EMB, respectively) over the 1958–2010 period using available meteorological and hydrological data. The results indicate that the simulated temperature and salinity in both studied Mediterranean sub-basins closely follow the reanalysed data. In addition, simulated surface water in the EMB had a higher mean temperature (by approximately 1.6°C) and was more saline (by approximately 0.87 g kg−1) than in the WMB over the studied period. The net evaporation over the EMB (1.52 mm day−1) was approximately 1.7 times greater than over the WMB (0.88 mm day−1). The water balance of the Mediterranean Sea was controlled by net inflow through the Gibraltar Strait and Sicily Channel, the net evaporation rate and freshwater input. The heat balance simulations indicated that the heat loss from the water body was nearly balanced by the solar radiation to the water body, resulting in a net export (import) of approximately 13 (11) W m−2 of heat from the WMB (to the EMB).

13

The Prevailing Weather and Traffic Conditions in the Evaluation of a Future ECA in the Mediterranean Sea. A view into the Western Mediterranean

Castells M., Martínez-Osés F. X.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 1

157--163

EN

Appendix III of MARPOL´s Annex VI sets out the criteria and procedures for designating an emission control area (ECA).These criteria includes: a clear delineation of the proposed ECA; types of emissions proposed for control, land and sea areas at risk; emission quantification and impact assessment; prevailing weather conditions; data and quality on marine traffic; land based measures concurrent with the ECA adoption and the relative costs of reducing emissions from ships. This paper analyses the climate parameter together with traffic conditions: prevailing weather conditions as a parameter to be kept in mind for the adoption of a future ECA in the Mediterranean Sea. Preliminary results would show how marine emissions coming from existing traffic will impact the sea and land ecology in the Mediterranean area.

14

Recent sea surface temperature trends and future scenarios for the Mediterranean Sea

Shaltout M., Omstedt A.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (3)

411--443

EN

We analyse recent Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and their response to global change using 1/4-degree gridded advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) daily SST data, 1982-2012. These data indicate significant annual warming (from 0.24°C decade-1 west of the Strait of Gibraltar to 0.51°C decade-1over the Black Sea) and significant spatial variation in annual average SST (from 15ºC over the Black Sea to 21°C over the Levantine sub-basin). Ensemble mean scenarios indicate that the study area SST may experience significant warming, peaking at 2.6°C century-1 in the Representative Concentration Pathways 85 (RCP85) scenario.

15

The Lampedusa Disaster: How to Prevent Further Loss of Life at Sea?

Coppens J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 4

589--598

EN

Lampedusa – an Italian island barely 70 miles from northern Africa and 100 miles from Malta – has become a gateway to Europe for migrants. In some seasons, boats filled with asylum seekers arrive almost daily. However, yearly, hundreds of people die trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea. This paper will deal with the obligations of States towards seaborne migrants, the question of why so many people die near Lampedusa and the possible solutions in order to prevent further loss of life at sea.

16

The Italian Navy, the Mediterranean and the war

Cernigoi E.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 1(86)

351-357

17

Reproductive Biology of the Mediterranean Green Crab Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Portunidae) in Homa Lagoon, Aegean Sea, Turkey

Özbek M., Koçak C., Acarli D.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 4

77-80

EN

The Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Portunidae) is a common inhabitant of the shallow waters of Homa Lagoon in Izmir Bay, Turkey, in the eastern Mediterranean. Monthly samples were collected in Homa Lagoon from June 2006 to May 2007 using trammel nets, fyke nets, beach seines and fence traps. In total, 608 males and 559 females of C. aestuarii were collected. The highest sex ratio (81-86% females) was recorded between October and December, and in August (58% females). Ovigerous females were obtained only from November to February with the highest ratio of ovigerous females (55%) observed in January 2007. The maturation curve presenting the carapace width showed that 50% of female crabs with the carapace width of 26.84 š1.58 mm (r= 0.72) were physiologically mature. Regression analyses indicated that the number of eggs was positively correlated with carapace width and wet weight (P < 0.05, in both cases).

18

Calculating the water and heat balances of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin using ocean modelling and available eteorological, hydrological and ocean data

Shaltout M., Omstedt A.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (2)

199-232

EN

Eastern Mediterranean water and heat balances were analysed over 52 years. The modelling uses a process-oriented approach resolving the one-dimensional equations of momentum, heat and salt conservation; turbulence is modelled using a two-equation model. The results indicate that calculated temperature and salinity follow the reanalysed data well. The water balance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin was controlled by the difference between inflows and outflows through the Sicily Channel and by net precipitation. The freshwater component displayed a negative trend over the study period, indicating increasing salinity in the basin. The heat balance was controlled by heat loss from the water surface, solar radiation into the sea and heat flow through the Sicily Channel. Both solar radiation and net heat loss displayed increasing trends, probably due to decreased total cloud cover. In addition, the heat balance indicated a net import of approximately 9 W m-2 of heat to the Eastern Mediterranean Basin from the Western Basin.

19

Probable root structures and associated trace fossils from the Lower Pleistocene calcarenites of Favignana Island, southern Italy : dilemmas of interpretation

Uchman A., Ślączka A., Renda P.

Geological Quarterly

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2012

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Vol. 56, No. 4

745–-756

EN

Two types of large, branched structures from the Lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) high-energy calcarenites of Favignana Island are described: Faviradixus robustus gen. et sp. nov. and Egadiradixus rectibrachiatus gen. et sp. nov. They may be interpreted as root structures of large plants, trees and trees or shrubs, respectively. The former taxon co-occurs with the marine animal trace fossils Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha isp., Thalassinoides isp. and Beaconites isp. The interpretation as root structures although tentative is probable and can be related to short emergence episodes for the formation of E. rectibrachiatus or to longer emergence, responsible for the discontinuity at the base of the overlying Tyrrhenian deposits, for F. robustus. Calcified root mats of smaller plants associated with the Tyrrhenian or younger emergence surfaces are common.

20

Współpraca w regionie Morza Śródziemnego jak przejaw realizacji Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa

Rossa D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2011

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R. 52 nr 3 (186)

251-268

PL

Polityka zagraniczna stanowi podstawowy instrument realizacji zarówno interesów państw, jak i organizacji międzynarodowych. Unia Europejska, jako twór składający się z dwudziestu siedmiu państw leżących na być może najważniejszym kontynencie świata, musi odgrywać coraz większą rolę w obliczu dominacji potęgi Stanów Zjednoczonych i rodzącej się potęgi państw Dalekiego Wschodu — Chin i Indii. Stworzenie monolitu z odrębnych polityk zagranicznych państw członkowskich wydaje się być nie lada wyzwaniem w sytuacji wciąż trwającej transformacji organizacyjnej Unii Europejskiej. Polityka zagraniczna wobec najbliższych sąsiadów wydaje się być rzeczą kluczową dla funkcjonowania bytu, jakim jest Unia Europejska. Fakt okresowego poszerzania UE oraz olbrzymi jej obszar powoduje, że polityka wobec sąsiadów musi być niezwykle elastyczna, dostosowana indywidualnie do określonej grupy partnerów, z jednoczesnym uwzględnieniem interesów Unii.

EN

The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and our neighbors and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all. In order to realize the vision of building an increasingly closer relationship with our neighbors, and a zone of stability, security and prosperity for all, the EU and each ENP partner reach agreement on reform objectives across a wide range of fields within certain ‘common’ areas such as cooperation on political and security issues, to economic and trade matters, mobility, environment, integration of transport and energy networks or scientific and cultural cooperation. The EU provides financial and technical assistance to support the implementation of these objectives, in support of partners’ own efforts. During the Barcelona Conference in November 1995, the foreign ministers of the 15 member states and the 12 TCMs, from then on ‘partners’ (Maghreb and Mashrek countries including the Palestinian Authority as well as Israel, Turkey, Malta and Cyprus) officially approved the principle of the creation of a Euro-Mediterranean free-trade economic zone. This article shows how this cooperation is connected with The European Neighborhood Policy.