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1

Current challenges in professional education and training of seafarers at management levels on oil tankers

Pavić V., Tominac-Coslovich S., Kostović N., Mišlov I.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

695--700

EN

Maritime education and training (MET) are under constant pressure from the maritime industry, characterized by extremely rapid development. Due to the high risk in the transport and handling of crude oil, seafarers employed on oil tankers are required to have skills and competencies well above the minimum education standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW). Therefore, tanker companies should provide additional training for their employees to ensure the fundamental goals of zero‐accident rates and reduce human error to a minimum. This especially applies to seafarers at the management level, who must have the competence and knowledge to operate oil tankers at the highest professional level. This paper examines the current challenges in education and the required competencies of seafarers at management levels concerning the rapid growth and development of the tanker industry. In addition, some shortcomings regarding the current form of education and training have been considered, and recommendations for the future upgrade of the education and training system for seafarers at the management level are provided.

2

Origin and development of seamanship competence

Johansen K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

363--371

EN

Seafaring is one of the oldest documented human activities, with a rich heritage created by generations of seamen. The first boats were developed several thousand years ago, based on primitive principles, and they were probably not suitable for other than simple purposes. Analyzing the history of boat building shows a gradual change in designs. These design changes were most likely due to improvements, related to different aspects of experiences undergone; the changing activity purposes of the boats; and the continual resolution of a conflict between what is possible and what is desired. Nevertheless, design changes and different improvements were developed in a relationship between experiences gained by sailors and shipbuilders. Therefore, the development of seafaring was probably, both directly and indirectly, based on the experiences of sailors who had gained knowledge of the sea. The first written documentation to support the relationship between sailors and knowledge of the sea is in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, approximately 950 years before Christ. King Solomon of Israel formed an alliance with the Phoenician king of Tyre, Hiram 1, because he needed the Phoenicians’ ships and naval expertise. “And Hiram sent his servants with the fleet, sailors that have knowledge of the sea, along with the servants of Solomon” (1. King IX – 27). The phrase “sailors with knowledge of the sea” correlates with a partial core of seamanship science. The science of seamanship is a multi-dimensional expression, which concerns seamen’s complete competence in sailing and operating a ship. The purpose of this article is to discuss the origin and development of the ship-operating aspects of seamanship and shed light on aspects of the development and challenges regarding exercise of seamanship competence-related maritime education and training (MET).

3

Navigation and seamanship concepts learned and students’ level of satisfaction in training ship

Bangalisan A. A., Morit B. O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 4

667--671

EN

This study aimed to determine the concepts learned in Navigation and Seamanship as well as the level of satisfaction of students’ in using the training ship in terms of food, accommodation, readiness of venue, quantity of equipment, activities, speakers, and ships’ crew. The respondents of this study were the 129 students of JBLFMU-Arevalo. They were selected through stratified and cluster sampling. A questionnaire was sent to the respondents through e-mail and Facebook messenger to gather the data. The comments of the students were classified according to themes. For BSMT 1 – Familiarization and Ship Tour, in Navigation, the themes are learning the ship nomenclature and manipulating the different navigational equipment onboard, inculcating skills to plan and manage a ship for safety voyage, employing the concepts learned about the various ship positioning to arrive at the port or point of destination, and refining the importance of learning the qualities of a competent navigator. In Seamanship, the themes are enhancing concepts learned about the importance of prioritizing safety on board and learning the International Maritime Law, learning the important purposes and uses of the different navigational equipment on board, improving skills on proper operation of the ship, and uplifting the duties and responsibilities of officers and crew members on board. For BSMT 2, Port and Anchor Watch, in Navigation, the themes are, learning the uses and importance of the different navigational equipment on board, different types of navigation use to navigate accurately, employing the concepts learned about the various ship positioning to arrive at the port or point of destination, uplifting the duties and responsibilities of officers and crew members on board, and defining navigation for watercraft. In Seamanship, the themes are learning about anchor operations, familiarizing different parts of the ship, integrating seamanship skills in navigation, enhancing concepts learned about the importance of prioritizing safety on board, learning mooring operation, and definition of seamanship. For BSMT 3, Navigational Trip, in Navigation, the theme is learning the different navigational equipment on board and for Seamanship, improving seamanship skills. Having different themes for every year level indicates that the students have actually learned various knowledge about Navigation and Seamanship during their stay onboard the training ship. For the students’ level of satisfaction, the grand mean is described as “High”. This means that some aspects are good in terms of food, accommodation, venue, quantity of equipment, activities, speakers, and ships’ crew. This study concludes that the concepts learned by students’ in Navigation and Seamanship varies in each activity. Furthermore, the students were highly satisfied in using the training ship’s amenities in terms of food, accommodation, readiness of venue, quantity of equipment, activities, speakers, and ships’ crew. The researchers recommend another follow-up study to include respondents from other units as well and some other non - JBLFMU/JBLCF students utilizing the training ship to further validate the results, reduce the number of students participating in every activity to optimum to maximize the outcome intended for each activity, and finally, create a multiple choice questionnaire to assess better the concepts learned and to be given personally to the respondents.

4

Mental health surveillance tools for sea workers

Dramski M., Koivisto H., Gregorič T., de Melo Rodríguez G., Chronopoulos A., Ziarati R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

121--124

EN

This article presents the results of the works of the PROMETHEAS project, which focuses on the mental health of sea workers. This project is carried out at the Maritime University of Szczecin and brings together a consortium of various maritime institutions from Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Finland and Great Britain. PROMETHEAS aims to provide tools for assessing the mental health of sea workers that can be used by professionals and stakeholders alike. The most important ones will include an application for mobile systems (Android, iOS) and an online and offline e-learning course.

5

Maritime education and training in the COVID-19 era and beyond

Renganayagalu S. K., Mallam S. C., Hernes M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

59--69

EN

The rapid global spread of COVID–19 has created numerous challenges for educational organizations of all levels around the world. Maritime Education and Training (MET) institutions are no exception and have faced major disruptions from the pandemic. Differing technological and organizational solutions have had to be quickly adapted in short timeframes in order to fill gaps and ensure continued teaching and learning. Although online education is nothing new, COVID-19 has accelerated the necessity for distributed learning, digital tools and infrastructure needed to not only cope, but excel in the restructuring of MET. In this article we present our experiences from the blended course offered to maritime bachelor students at our university in Norway through a case study. The findings from the study have revealed that although blended learning has helped continued education during the pandemic, it still has to overcome general as well as MET specific challenges to be successful in future. Considering the impact and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic on MET, we further discuss the short-term responses and possible long-term solutions that can contribute to uninterrupted, high-quality learning for future MET. The use of emerging technologies for education, such as virtual reality (VR) and web-based training simulators, are likely to play an essential role in the future direction of MET.

6

Sustainable maritime career development: A case for maritime education and training (MET) at the secondary level

Heirs S., Manuel M. E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

91--100

EN

This study interrogated the relevance of maritime education and training (MET) at the secondary level as an effective strategy for developing a sustainable supply of maritime labour and to mitigate current and future supply-demand imbalances arising from philosophical and sociological changes in society and in the maritime industry. Secondary education and its associated curriculum may be developed to form the underlying fundamentals of early awareness of maritime concepts targeted at youth of ages 11-18 years. To find answers to five research questions relating to this topic, a mixed method approach was applied in collecting and analysing data. The findings indicate strong evidence of the importance and relevance of MET at the secondary level. They further show this importance as it relates to an appreciation by the youth of the maritime industry as a domain for technical career options and to the creation of a sense of stewardship of the world’s oceans. Despite these positive findings, the study also finds that a number of key stakeholders are unaware of the potential and role of the maritime industry leading to a notable barrier to the implementation of MET at the secondary level and a lack of the necessary rigour and focus on promoting the industry to the youth via MET in secondary education. The study concludes by noting that there is a need for a focus on reforming the curricula of national secondary education system, where appropriate, as a first step towards the achieving the benefits of implementation of MET at the secondary level.

7

Preparing for an unknown future. Autonomous ships versus position of the Maritime English/IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases(ME / IMO SMCPs) in maritime practice. How are we going to solve this problem?

Chirea-Ungureanu C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

111--116

EN

The reason for modern Maritime Education and Training (MET) is to provide students with the necessary skills, and knowledge to be successful in the future outside of school. Futuristic teachers need to help students become life-long learners who are ready, organized, and equipped for new challenges. This paper tries to find position of Maritime English/IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (ME/ IMO SMCPs) versus autonomous ships, to facilitate developments in a safe predictable environment and for ensuring safe navigation in the future, also in a mixed traffic situation where both manned and unmanned ships will be sailing on the same routes and ports. In its attempts, this paper tries to analyse the Obstacles and Disadvantages when no crew is required on board; this could jeopardize the statute of seafarers, and not every aspect of unmanned shipping is all roses. The work is much future oriented and requires challenging conventional concepts and operations.

8

Monitoring and identification of DP operators behavioural traits and common errors during simulator training

Bogachenko Y., Pipchenko O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

337--342

EN

The article presents factors influencing decision making by Dynamic Positioning Operator (DPO) and statistics of the DPOs behaviour in an emergency situation. Considering that supply operation is performed by a DP vessel at a distance comparable to its width of the hull to the installation, unit, or another vessel, the thruster failure may lead to a rapidly developing incident such as collision, pollution, or human injuries. Based on the IMO guidelines on formal safety assessment authors suggested a risk model of platform supply operation in dynamic positioning mode. It is shown that different approaches shall be applied for rule-making and active decision support applications. While rulemaking can be mainly based on retrospective incident-based data, decision support shall be developed on the basis of the dynamic state of the system. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the nature of the human element in the specific operation to build up proper technological and organizational barriers to prevent the forthcoming critical error.

9

Modelling the effectiveness index of digital marketing strategy oriented to increase the popularity of maritime education

Mickienė R., Valionienė E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

559--567

EN

Digitization of the maritime transport formed a paradoxical situation of an increased interest in informatics and data sciences among youth, whilst the level of interest of these programmes in the maritime education and training (MET) field remained relatively low. Based on theoretical modelling the solution to the problem is divided in two parts, one of which is related to adding data sciences to MET and the other refers to increasing intensity of digital advertising to solve the problem of low knowability index (KI) of MET. The research showed that KI is the output of effective digital marketing strategy. Thus, all parameters characterizing effectiveness could be divided into categories and by applying AHP methods the weight of each criteria could be assessed. Based on the weights and on the analytical measurements collected from monitoring tools the KI was calculated. Analysis of KI component and whole KI found out main ways of increasing MET popularity, which could be implemented through on increasing advertising intensity in the social networks the whole year and also by adding new content which are related within the digitization into MET study programmes’ modules.

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ISTLAB – new way of utilizing a simulator system in testing & demonstration of intelligent shipping technology and training of future maritime professionals

Ahvenjärvi S., Lahtinen J., Löytökorpi M., Marva M. M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

569--574

EN

Exploitation of new technology has a strong impact on the role of the human maritime professional. New knowledge and new skills are needed. This is a challenge for institutions responsible for education of the maritime professionals. The education system is challenged by the following facts: Firstly, the typical lifetime of a commercial ship is several times longer than the typical age of a generation of a computer-based system or application. Secondly, the graduating student should possess necessary skills and knowledge to work efficiently and safely on board a 30-year-old ship and a brand-new ship with the latest technology. Thirdly, the STCW convention by IMO must be strictly applied in education of seafarers, which makes it difficult for the education institutions to include necessary contents on the latest technology in the curriculum. In this paper, the challenge of education of maritime professionals is discussed and the possibilities of modern simulator technology in testing and demonstration of intelligent shipping solutions and in training of seafarers are presented. Satakunta University of Applied Sciences has established a simulator-based environment, called Intelligent Shipping Technology Test Laboratory (ISTLAB), for development of new applications and for training of maritime professionals to cope with emerging intelligent shipping solutions such as remote monitoring and control of ships and remote pilotage. The structure and functions of the ISTLAB system, remote pilotage as its primary use case, and possible ways of using it in research and education are presented. International co-operation in research of remote pilotage is discussed in the end of the paper.

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Effective learning from safety events reporting takes two: getting to the root & just culture

Carrera Arce M., Baumler R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

331--336

EN

SAFEMODE is an EU-funded project under the Horizon 2020 programme. The project brings together experience from the whole safety value chain including manufacturers, service providers, regulators, academia, and small-medium enterprises. This paper focuses on two core aspects the project is addressing: 1) the systematic collection, analysis, and categorization of Human Factors (HF) data from maritime and aviation safety events, and 2) the development of a Just Culture framework for maritime to encourage reporting of safety events and learning from them, and at which respondents feel they are treated in a fair and just manner when reporting. Learning from safety events is only possible if root causes of accidents and incidents are properly and systematically identified, analysed, and categorized, and reporters know that reporting is a “safe” and beneficial practice. The implementation of these two outcomes as part of the institutionalization strategy of the project includes recommendations to industry guidance and practice and proposals to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

12

Determining competences in MET of ship officers

Gundić A., Zupanovic D., Grbić L., Barić M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

343--348

EN

Organizational structure of a ship changes under the influence of technological development. Processes on board a ship change as well. Major change refers to the role of the crew and consequently leads to the change of a method of determining competences. Equipment and working processes are becoming more complicated. They have a strong impact on the crew, i.e. on their competences. Competences prescribed in STCW Convention are not in accordance with the changed role of the crew in the processes on board. In STCW Convention, competences have been grouped according to the ship’s functions at different levels of responsibility. Competences have not been prescribed on the basis of the working processes within a system. Such a situation has led to the absence of the proper upgrade of needed competences. Based on the analysis of the functional organizational structure of a ship, the paper suggests more elaborated approach to defining competences. Such an approach links competences with equipment and working processes on board a ship.

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Cross-section of ECDIS education and training worldwide and in the Republic of Croatia: Relations Between Programs and User Perceptions

Car M., Tominca-Coslovich S., Brčić D., Žuškin S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

267--277

EN

Besides its obvious benefits, the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) continues to develop as a sophisticated, complex system. With ever-growing features and the integration of external data and sources, it is nowadays normally considered as one among the compact elements forming a part of an even more complex Integrated Navigation System (INS). The ECDIS handling requires a certain level of technical knowledge and operational skills to be gained, besides the usual navigational background. In order to utilize the system efficiently and safely, the navigator has to obtain several levels of education. The Generic ECDIS Training (GT), as defined in the respective International Maritime Organization (IMO) Model Course, introduces the navigator with fundamental, required operational (however introductory) and theoretical knowledge. Apart from the GT, there is an optional, ECDIS manufacturer-approved Equipment Specific Training (EST). The latter represents a special type of training where the navigator improves its theoretical knowledge, understanding, and proficiency, together with competence demonstration on a specific approved ECDIS model. This paper elaborates the dynamics of worldwide regulations pertaining to the ECDIS Education and Training (EET) plan. The reference is given to training procedures in the Republic of Croatia, placing its educational framework in the broader context. Although it is of a non-mandatory nature, the EST is unofficially considered that way, and there is a stable and reasonable ground to consider the opinions and arguments of the navigators who prefer the EST. This is also supported by the fact that there is a large number of approved systems on the market. Apart from fulfilling the performance standards regulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), ECDIS models differ significantly regarding handling, interface, and interpretation of data and information, therefore biasing the required knowledge and the purposefulness of the system. The survey among navigational ranks was used to support the study and to relate the existing programs with the actual navigational situation. The motivation was the consideration of the current relationship between defined EET programs, their inequalities, and the actual user needs, referring to the systematisation of the fulfillment of the system as a basic navigation tool. The selected questions referred to the possession of ECDIS certificates and basic education and knowledge, and the navigational ranks’ opinions regarding the opportunity to enhance their knowledge during the EST. The latter considered lack of standardisation (including terminology), apart from different levels of education. As expected, the answers were not uniform, revealing differences in opinion as well as in basic system interpretation. The latter could have possible causes and relation to the particular education system in the first place. The current educational framework was discussed in terms of EET enhancements and the development of the navigation curricula. The study results have been presented and discussed systematically, leading to observations on the potential safety of navigation improvement.

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Case study of compare maritime and ocean educational style for under MET

Takimoto T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 1

101--107

EN

As an island nation, the topic of training and sending out seafarers is a present challenge in Japan. Awareness activities for elementary, junior high, and senior high school students are essential for securing future mariner job candidates. In this study, we conducted maritime and marine educational methods using various procedures to raise awareness about previous maritime industries. We also brought in maritime specialists for junior high school students who will be continuing to maritime educational institutions, and conducted a comparative study of the results. In this study, we compared three types of educational content: lectures on leadership techniques, observational field trips, and hands-on lessons. The results showed that students had the highest interest in the hands-on lessons, followed by observational field trips, then finally the lectures. These results demonstrated that when creating class content for maritime and marine education, this should be adapted to the identity of the young people who are to receive that education.

15

An integrative approach for digitalization challenges of the futuremaritime specialists: A case study of the Lithuanian Maritime Academy

Bartusevičienė I., Valionienė E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

349--356

EN

Rapid changes in technologies and digitalization challenges caused by Industry 4.0 with the integration of the AI, machine learning algorithms, internet of things’ technologies, introduction of maritime autonomous surface ships and the development of digital shipping and logistics processes require proper education and training of specialists working in maritime industry to ensure safety and security of people, oceans, goods and environment. The shipping and logistic processes and operations, including the decision-making processes, on the global scale and on the scale of whole-organisation ecosystems become more dependent on the manipulation of data from different unstructured open sources and private data sets, increased amount of data stream from sensorial systems. The specialists working with automated systems need competences to use and interpret special data, engineering and analysis algorithms, and skills in using modelling tools of optimised solutions in shipping and logistics. Educational institutions have to be ready to present effective solutions to educate quickly adaptable specialists able to meet volatile labour market needs able to meet digitalization challenges. The case study of the Lithuanian Maritime Academy (LMA) presented in the paper is based on the use of an integrative approach and work integrated learning with the aim of enabling the educational environment to develop proper competencies of the specialists of shipping and logistics information systems.

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Stability of vessels in an ice-free Arctic

Johansen K., Sollid M. P., Gudmestad O. T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

663--671

EN

One consequence of the declining ice cover in the Arctic is increased areas of open seas. These new open sea areas lead to some challenging aspects related to ship stability. Longer fetch lengths, associated with build-up of larger waves followed by increased conditions for sea spray icing on vessels is one aspect. Open seas in combination with cold atmospheric temperatures is a prerequisite for polar low pressures to occur. Polar lows may represent an additional aspect of increased icing on vessels by heavy snow in addition to extensive sea spray ice accretion. Over the last decades, different formulas for prediction of sea spray ice accretion rate on ships were developed to form basis for ice accretion warnings. Some of these formulas seem to have certain limitations and appear to be conservative. Important limitations of some formulas are considerations regarding heat flux, relationship between wind and waves, and ice accretion related to Polar lows. This paper will take a closer look at the accuracy and the realism of different ice accretion formulas and, related to this aspect, we will also discuss whether ship officer candidates receive sufficient maritime education and training (MET) related to realistic ice accretion and ship icing aspects.

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A suggestion of an application of blended learning in MET through a harmonized STCW Model

Pipchenko O. D., Kovtunenko D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

545--548

EN

The article addresses the problem of modern maritime education and training in the perspective of computer technologies development, especially the internet. Computer-based training is being a standard for the maritime industry for almost 25 years, but there is still no unified approach on the use of this teaching method in MET. Authors suggest to open a conversation on harmonization of standards regarding CBT in the industry and wider implementation of this teaching method into STCW training process via a blended learning approach, where theoretical part of the course may be taken online, while the practical part is taken in the training facility.

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Simulation Training for Replenishment at Sea (RAS) Operations: Addressing the Unique Problems of ‘Close-Alongside’ and ‘In-line’ Support for Multi-Streamer Seismic Survey Vessels Underway

Doyle E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 2

263--268

EN

Modern siesmic survey vessels in ‘production’, may tow twelve or more streamers, each of which can be six to eight kilometres long. Together with associated paravanes, tail-buoys and acoustic ‘guns’, the streamer spread width of such wide-tow configurations can extend to 1200 metres. The physical deploy-ment and recovery of such an extensive array is time-consuming and expensive. The entire survey operation requires the constant attendence of a suitable offshore support vessel (OSV) to act in the role of ‘chase ves-sel’, but more critically, to provide close replenishment support underway and, when required, rapid emer-gency towing assistance. While naval crews rightly claim a near monopoly on the skills-set necessary for underway replenishment, the naval RAS exercise almost never involves the supply and receiving vessels engaging ‘close-alongside’. The seismic/OSV replenishment operation, on the other hand, frequently necessitates such a demanding and stressful manoeuvre. This paper presents a training solution involving the use of a 360°full-mission bridge simulator.

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Methodological Approaches to the Design of Business Games and Definition of Marine Specialists Training Content

Moyseenko S., Meyler L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 2

257--261

EN

Knowledge owned by marine specialists demand only in rare cases of extreme navigation situa-tions. In this regard, the development of training game methods for actions in such situations is a very actual problem. The complex of professional business games is elaborated in the Baltic Fishing Fleet State Academy (BFFSA). The scenario of the business game is being developed in line with given objectives. For example, the main goal of the business game "Safety ensuring of shipping” is formation of abilities and skills for man-agement processes of safety ensuring in the field of cargo transportation.

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A Door Opener: Teaching Cross Cultural Competence to Seafarers

Chirea-Ungureanu C., Rosenhave P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 4

527--532

EN

The importance of developing cultural competence in maritime professionals is increasingly being recognized. Seafarers seek knowledge to help them cope with the growing diversity of their employers, leaders and colleagues. However, even though requirements designed to address cultural competence are incorporated into maritime school curricula, the institutional culture of maritime education systematically tends to foster static and essentialist conceptions of “culture” as applied to seafarers. Many questions emerge when we try to teach in a way that brings alive the humanity of mariners. These questions are waiting for their answers, so in our paper we shall try to find and explain some approaches and ways of teaching and research as the goal is to provide maritime professionals with practical wisdom in comprehending what is the seafarers’ life on board ship.