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1
Content available Using quasi-experimental designs for causal effects
EN
Purpose: This paper discusses the concept of identifying the causal effects using quasiexperimental methods and applies this method to investigate the impact of high license fees on the quality of mobile Internet in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: Quasi-experiment design, especially the difference-indifferences method and the interrupted time series design were used to examine the causal effects of spectrum fees in Poland. Data on the quality of mobile Internet in Poland and around the world published by Akamai and data provided by Ookla® under the agreement1 were used for analysis. Findings: The study did not confirm the impact of high spectrum fees on the quality of the Internet in Poland. Practical implications: The results obtained can help policymakers in Poland and other countries in making decisions on spectrum management. Originality/value: This is the first paper using the quasi-experimental method to examine the effects of the 4G auction in Poland.
EN
This extensive analytical article presents vehicles for disabled people, that were driving on the Polish roads in the years 1945-1990. Over the years, they have undergone detailed type-approval tests at the Motor Transport Institute in Warsaw, thanks to which the original technical characteristics and functional description of this type of vehicles have been analysed and presented for the first time. The material was illustrated with numerous photographs, drawings and tables, and appropriate conclusions were presented at the end.
PL
W tym obszernym analitycznym artykule zaprezentowano pojazdy dla osób niepełnosprawnych, które poruszały się po polskich drogach w latach 1945-1990. Na przestrzeni lat przeszły one szczegółowe badania homologacyjne w Instytucie Transportu Samochodowego w Warszawie dzięki czemu zachowała się oryginalna po raz pierwszy zanalizowana i zaprezentowana charakterystyka techniczna i opis funkcjonalny tego typu pojazdów. Materiał zobrazowano licznymi fotografiami, rysunkami i tabelami a na końcu zaprezentowano stosowne wnioski.
EN
This paper presents new functionalities for systems weighing vehicles in motion, which result from the integration of various measurement technologies and the use of a precise registration and data processing system. The utilized registration track provides accurate measurements of basic vehicle parameters such as axle load and vehicle speed and makes it possible to determine the location of the vehicle passing the weighing station, calculate the width of the tire tread, and detect twin (double) wheels. A key functionality is the assessment of the reliability of the measurement, taking into account, among other factors, vehicle movement dynamics and the ambient conditions during the measurements. For this purpose, additional measurements of road surface temperature and wind speed and direction were introduced. The technological solutions used and the proprietary data processing algorithms are described. Tests carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and to assess the significance of the influence of the isolated factors permitted confirmation of the validity of the proposed solutions.
PL
Zatłoczenie pasażerskie jest istotnym i powracającym problemem w systemach miejskiego transportu zbiorowego. Wśród rozwiązań ograniczających jego negatywne skutki coraz większego potencjału upatruje się w nowatorskich systemach informacji o napełnieniu (zatłoczeniu) pasażerskim, dostarczanej w czasie rzeczywistym (z ang. RTCI – real-time crowding information). Dostęp do takiej informacji pozwalałby pasażerom wybierać opcje podróży o wyższym komforcie i unikać nadmiernego zatłoczenia w autobusach, tramwajach czy pociągach. Obecny stan wiedzy nie pozwala jednak w pełni zrozumieć, jakie są potencjalne efekty i skuteczność systemów RTCI. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy analiz wpływu informacji RTCI na proces decyzyjny pasażera i funkcjonowanie systemu miejskiego transportu zbiorowego. W pierwszej części symulacje na modelu sieci transportu zbiorowego Krakowa ilustrują możliwe skutki (pozytywne, jak i też negatywne) powszechnego dostępu do informacji RTCI. W drugiej części badania ankietowe oraz opracowane modele wyboru dyskretnego ukazują, że informacja RTCI ma potencjalnie istotny wpływ na preferencje podróżowania pasażerów. W ostatniej części, na przykładzie modelu transportowego Warszawy, przedstawiono także potencjał zastosowania systemu RTCI jako instrumentu zarządzania mobilnością do poprawy komfortu podróży. Wyniki tych prac wskazują, że systemy RTCI mogą pozytywnie kształtować jakość podróży transportem zbiorowym w miastach i ograniczać skalę zatłoczenia pasażerskiego. Jednakże, dla osiągnięcia efektywności systemów RTCI niezbędne jest zapewnienie wysokiego stopnia ich dokładności (wiarygodności) w czasie rzeczywistym.
EN
Passenger congestion is a significant and recurring problem in urban public transport systems. Meanwhile, novel solutions such as realtime crowding information (RTCI) may offer an increasing potential of mitigating its negative effects. RTCI availability would allow passengers to make more informed choices and avoid overcrowding in public transport vehicles. However, the state-of-the-art research does not allow for a full understanding of the prospective ramifications and effectiveness of RTCI systems. This article focuses on analysing the impacts of RTCI on passengers’ decision-making process and resultant urban public transport system performance. In the first part, simulations on a real-world public transport network model (Krakow) illustrate the possible consequences of ubiquitous access to the RTCI. In the second part, SP surveys and discrete choice models reveal how the RTCI can induce new and potentially significant travel behaviour phenomena. The final part of this study investigates the potential applicability of RTCI systems as travel demand management tool, aimed at improving the travel experience and system performance, on the real-world model of a busy bus corridor (Warsaw). Findings from this study reveal that RTCI systems can positively influence the quality of travel experience in urban public transport and mitigate the passenger overcrowding risks. However, certain challenges have also to be addressed in practical implementation of RTCI solutions – particularly ensuring a high degree of RTCI accuracy and reliability for prospective users.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applicability of the description of use cases and the UML language that takes them into account in the process of designing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). These systems are built using standardized solutions and devices, but the system itself and the individual organizational solutions used therein are individually tailored to the needs of the employer - the manager of the road network on which the system is implemented. The first stage of the project may include verbal descriptions of the requirements, proposals for solutions, relations between system elements, contents of databases, etc. However, the next stages of the work should involve the use of tools to formalize the record so that it is understandable to the entire project team, the contractors of the system elements, and then form the basis for the development of design and detailed documentation. The tools that can be used in the design process of an ITS solution are, described in the paper use cases that define the interaction of system users (“actors”) with the system, and the UML language used in the design of information systems. The paper describes the legal basis for ITS solutions, ways of defining use cases, the UML, including use case diagrams, behavioural diagrams and structural diagrams. Examples of the application of the UML to describe the design of an ITS system are also presented.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza możliwości zastosowania opisu „przypadków użycia” i uwzględniającego je języka UML w procesie projektowania Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych (ITS). Systemy te budowane są z użyciem znormalizowanych i ustandaryzowanych rozwiązań i urządzeń, jednak sam system i poszczególne rozwiązania organizacyjne w nim zastosowane są indywidualnie dostosowywane do potrzeb zamawiającego – zarządcy sieci dróg na których został zaimplementowany system. Pierwszy etap projektu może zawierać słowne opisy wymagań, propozycje rozwiązań, relacji między elementami systemu, zawartości baz danych itp. Jednak kolejne etapy prac powinny polegać na użyciu narzędzi umożliwiających sformalizowanie zapisu, tak aby był on zrozumiały dla całego zespołu projektowego, wykonawców elementów systemu, a następnie stanowił podstawę do opracowania dokumentacji projektowej i wykonawczej. Narzędziami, które mogą być zastosowane w procesie projektowania rozwiązania ITS są, opisane w artykule, „przypadki użycia” definiujące interakcję użytkowników systemu („aktorów”) z systemem oraz stosowany w projektowaniu systemów informatycznych język UML. W artykule opisano podstawy prawne funkcjonowania rozwiązań ITS, sposób definiowania „przypadków użycia”, język UML, w tym diagramy przypadków użycia, diagramy behawioralne i diagramy strukturalne. Przedstawiono również przykłady zastosowania języka UML do opisu projektu systemu ITS.
EN
Recent years have witnessed increased attention towards vehicular communications as a part of an overall modernization trend towards the emergence of a reliable, less human-dependent, and more efficient Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) conjugated with the rapid growth of smart cities. ITS imposes better safety and security through the employment of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) to reduce the possibility of accidents caused due to human intervention. The application of autonomous vehicles to the traditional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) has paved the way for the development of a newer networking paradigm called the Internet of Autonomous Vehicles (IoAV). IoAV enjoys several advantages over VANET in terms of robustness, security, and scalability. However, due to the gradual transition from existing vehicles to autonomous ones, both types may be going to coexist together in the same environment. Therefore, a reliable, fast responsive, and flexible infrastructure is necessary to serve both kinds in such a hybrid setting until the transition to all AV is completed. In this context, this paper represents a concise review of the architecture of IoAV infrastructure, its communication modules, message dissemination, protocols and services that comprise the main body of the IoAV framework, in addition to further remarks and research challenges.
EN
Purpose: This study evaluates the acceptance of GPS/GPRS-based telematics technology in freight road transport companies registered in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The evaluation is based on a survey of 500 representative road transport companies carried out in 2020. The Technology Acceptance Model was estimated, and its results were checked for robustness. The scope of the information collected in telematics systems is defined in terms of its perceived utility and perceived ease of use at the operational management level. The latent factors affecting technology use are defined and implemented. Findings: Most respondents (80%) claimed that telematics systems had a considerable influence on the effectiveness and efficiency of the whole company's operation. It contributed to a higher number of orders executed per time unit, more effective use of the driver's working time, and increased the entrepreneurs' trust in the company. The companies employing more workers recognize the higher usefulness of telematics systems and are motivated to use the technology more widely than smaller enterprises. TAMs estimated separately for small and medium-sized enterprises did not significantly differ among the parameter estimates. Research limitations/implications: The Technology Acceptance Model is a useful analytical tool for evaluating telematics technology acceptance by the road transport sector. The study is based on a random sample of enterprises observed once in 2020. It is recommended to monitor them in two or three waves to compare the dynamics of the telematics usage process. It is planned to continue the study in that direction. Practical implications: The outcomes are valuable in practice twofold. Firstly, the extension of telematics systems use is interesting for final users, i.e., road transport companies that will find scope for their application. Secondly, the results are helpful for system providers who get knowledge on telematics perception from enterprise management. Originality/value: Although widely applied to other IT systems, the TAM model has not been used to evaluate the use of telematics in road transport companies. The paper justifies TAM's categories at the operational management level in road transport enterprises, contributing to understanding managers' behavioral aspects of decision-making.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania z zakresu ITS w miejskim transporcie zbiorowym wprowadzone w latach 2018-2019 w Stalowej Woli. Omówiony został system informacji pasażerskiej, system biletu elektronicznego oraz system nadzoru ruchu. Opisano rozwiązania funkcjonujące przed wprowadzeniem nowoczesnych systemów informatycznych, zakładane cele po wdrożeniu nowych rozwiązań oraz skutki ich wprowadzenia. Omówione zostały korzyści osiągnięte po wprowadzeniu nowoczesnych technologii, które mają wpływ na jakość obsługi pasażerów oraz zarządzanie taborem autobusowym. W artykule wskazano na problemy, które pojawiają się w trakcie eksploatacji systemów informatycznych oraz urządzeń, z których systemy są zbudowane.
EN
The article presents ITS solutions in urban public transport introduced in 2018-2019 in Stalowa Wola. The passenger information system, electronic ticketing system and traffic surveillance system were discussed. The solutions in operation before the introduction of modern ITS systems, the assumed goals after the implementation of the new solutions and the effects of their introduction were described. The benefits achieved after the introduction of modern technologies that affect the quality of passenger service and bus fleet management are reviewed. The article points out problems that arise during the operation of IT systems and the devices from which the systems are constructed.
9
Content available remote Testing of asphalt mixtures containing an addition of reclaimed asphalt shingles
EN
The article presents test results of chosen properties of asphalt concrete mixtures with addition of asphalt shingle offcuts (reclaimed asphalt shingles, RAS). The presented research supplements previous works on the subject. Asphalt concrete AC 16 W 50/70 was adopted as the reference mixture. Results obtained for laboratory-produced mixture containing 4% RAS and plant-produced mixture containing 1% RAS were compared with the results of the reference mixture. Statistical analysis of void content in asphalt mixtures did not indicate significant differences; therefore, performance properties of mixtures may be compared without concern about the influence of physical properties. The research confirmed a significant increase in mixture stiffness with an increase in RAS content, especially at medium (15°C) and high (30°C) service temperatures. Compared to the reference mixture, mixtures incorporating RAS displayed an increase in indirect tensile strength as well. Lower temperature sensitivity of mixtures with RAS was also observed, both in terms of stiffness modulus and indirect tensile strength. Fatigue tests confirmed the positive effect of RAS on the obtained value of strain corresponding to fatigue life of 1 million load cycles.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wybranych właściwości betonu asfaltowego z dodatkiem ścinków bitumicznych gontów papowych (RAS), będące uzupełnieniem wcześniejszych prac. Jako mieszankę referencyjną przyjęto AC 16 W 50/70, do której odniesiono wyniki uzyskane dla mieszanki laboratoryjnej z dodatkiem 4% RAS oraz mieszanki z dodatkiem 1% RAS (wyprodukowanej w wytwórni). Analiza statystyczna w zakresie zawartości wolnych przestrzeni w mieszankach mineralno-asfaltowych nie wykazała istotnych różnic, co pozwala porównać cechy eksploatacyjne mieszanek bez obciążenia wpływem cech fizycznych. Badania potwierdziły istotny wzrost sztywności mieszanek wraz ze zwiększeniem dodatku RAS, zwłaszcza w średnich (15°C) wyższych (30°C) temperaturach użytkowych. Mieszanki z dodatkiem RAS wykazały wzrost w stosunku do mieszanki referencyjnej także w zakresie wytrzymałości na rozciąganie pośrednie. Jednocześnie stwierdzono mniejszą wrażliwość termiczną mieszanek z RAS, zarówno w aspekcie modułu sztywności jak i wytrzymałości na rozciąganie pośrednie. Badania zmęczeniowe potwierdziły pozytywny efekt dodatku gontów papowych do mieszanki na uzyskaną wartość odkształcenia odpowiadającego trwałości 1 miliona cykli obciążeń.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę możliwości zastosowania badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie pośrednie (ITS) do oceny odporności mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych na koleinowanie, wyrażanej przez parametry proporcjonalnej głębokości koleiny (PRDAIR) i szybkości przyrostu koleiny (WTSAIR). Próbki mieszanki przygotowane z wykorzystaniem ubijaka Marshalla uzyskały istotną korelację wyników ITS w temperaturze 40°C z parametrami koleinowania, co umożliwia wykorzystanie powszechnie dostępnej w laboratoriach drogowych prasy Marshalla z wkładką ITS do szybkiej i taniej oceny odporności mieszanki na deformacje trwałe. Przeprowadzona analiza regresji wyników pozwoliła na zaproponowanie kryteriów klasyfi kacji odporności mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych na koleinowanie na podstawie wyników testu ITS.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the applicability of the indirect tensile strength test (ITS) to assess the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures, expressed by the parameters of the proportional rut depth (PRDAIR) and the wheel tracking speed (WTSAIR). The mixture samples prepared with the use of a Marshall hammer obtained a signifi cant correlation of the ITS results in 40°C with rutting parameters, which allows for the use of a Marshall press with an ITS jaw, commonly available in road laboratories, for the quick and cheap evaluation of the resistance of a mixture to permanent deformation. The performed regression analysis of the results has made it possible to propose criteria for the classifi cation of the resistance of asphalt mixtures to rutting on the basis of the ITS test results.
EN
As the fundamental part of other Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications, short-term traffic volume prediction plays an important role in various intelligent transportation tasks, such as traffic management, traffic signal control and route planning. Although Neural-network-based traffic prediction methods can produce good results, most of the models can’t be explained in an intuitive way. In this paper, we not only proposed a model that increase the short-term prediction accuracy of the traffic volume, but also improved the interpretability of the model by analyzing the internal attention score learnt by the model. we propose a spatiotemporal attention mechanism-based multistep traffic volume prediction model (SAMM). Inside the model, an LSTM-based Encoder-Decoder network with a hybrid attention mechanism is introduced, which consists of spatial attention and temporal attention. In the first level, the local and global spatial attention mechanisms considering the micro traffic evolution and macro pattern similarity, respectively, are applied to capture and amplify the features from the highly correlated entrance stations. In the second level, a temporal attention mechanism is employed to amplify the features from the time steps captured as contributing more to the future exit volume. Considering the time-dependent characteristics and the continuity of the recent evolutionary traffic volume trend, the timestamp features and historical exit volume series of target stations are included as the external inputs. An experiment is conducted using data from the highway toll collection system of Guangdong Province, China. By extracting and analyzing the weights of the spatial and temporal attention layers, the contributions of the intermediate parameters are revealed and explained with knowledge acquired by historical statistics. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art model by 29.51% in terms of MSE, 13.93% in terms of MAE, and 5.69% in terms of MAPE. The effectiveness of the Encoder-Decoder framework and the attention mechanism are also verified.
EN
This article contains results of studies on the applicability of data from Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for the purposes of geographical studies regarding the spatial mobility of inhabitants within a big city. The article focuses on the option of applying two types of sub-systems – induction loops and automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR) – and includes examples of analyses based on the resulting data, which can serve as a basis for mobility studies. The area on the example of which the capabilities of application of ITS data have been presented is Lodz – a large city in central Poland. The conducted research shows that ITS systems offer an enormous potential in providing data for spatial mobility studies. In order to fully exploit its worth, however, it is imperative to expand the research procedure by including, for instance, the results of qualitative research. Also, the interpretation of results obtained on the basis of ITS data ought to be performed with an awareness of numerous significant preliminary and simplifying assumptions.
EN
Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are undoubtedly an opportunity for the sustainable development of smart cities today. ITS is based on advanced transport technologies that help minimise the emission of harmful substances to the environment. Smart mobility and ITS are related to the use of ICT. The implementation of technologically advanced ITS is associated with several benefits, barriers and difficulties. However, transport, ITS and smart mobility (as a component of a smart city) are indicated as the most desirable option for sustainable urban transport systems. The article aims to identify barriers related to the implementation of ITS in cities from the point of view of people responsible for the organisation of urban transport representing the local government of selected voivodship cities in Poland. The goal formulated in this way allowed to identify the following research question: what are the problems and barriers of implementing ITS in the city from the local government’s perspective? To achieve the paper’s aim, the author based their analysis on a qualitative technique of collecting empirical data. Ten individual in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of local governments (vice-mayors and members of urban transport organisers) in voivodship cities, which represented six Polish macro-regions. Research results and findings indicate the main categories and subcategories of barriers related to the ITS implementation. The identified barriers are grouped into the following categories: economic, social, organisational, technological and legal. The contribution is twofold: first, in the presentation of the theoretical and practical barriers to ITS in juxtaposition; and second, in identifying the intelligent transportation impact, which affects the provision of being a smarter city. The findings can positively influence as important factors for local governments to focus on intelligent transport.
PL
W kręgu inżynierów ruchu i szerzej – osób zajmujących się ruchem drogowym na co dzień, ogólnie znanym faktem jest możliwość zwiększenia przepustowości na skrzyżowaniach z sygnalizacją świetlną poprzez wydłużenie cyklu sygnalizacji. Metoda ta jednak nie jest zwykle skuteczna w odniesieniu do komunikacji tramwajowej. W artykule omówiono dlaczego tak się dzieje i jakie kroki można podjąć, gdy na skutek awarii sytuacja ruchowa wymusza zwiększenie przepustowości w ruchu tramwajowym.
EN
Traffic engineers or generally - people working with road traffic, it is generally knows that on the intersections with traffic lights the way to increase capacity is extend the signal cycle. However, this method is usually not effective for tram traffic. The article discusses why this phenomenon occurs and what steps can be taken when, as a result of a failure, the situation makes an increase of tram traffic capacity necessary.
EN
The microalga Dunaliella has been the focus of attention over recent decades owing to its high biotechnological potential for the production of β-carotene, biofuels and even as a good expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Different species of this genus have unique features, biological characteristics and biotechnological potential. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear and reliable taxonomic method to identify different species of Dunaliella. Although several taxonomic systems are available for Dunaliella based on morphological, physiological and molecular features, none of these methods are reliable enough and some controversies exist over different classification systems. In the current study, molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools have been used to re-assess the phylogenetic position of Dunaliella species based on 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA), ITS and rbcL regions. The overall findings based on these markers provide a new and more reliable tool for phylogenetic analysis of Dunaliella species/strains.
PL
W artykule opisano rozwiązania z zakresu C-ITS, które były uwzględnione w analizach przeprowadzonych dla potrzeb projektu RID 4D, pt. „Wpływ stosowania usług Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych na poziom bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego”, zrealizowanego na zlecenie Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad oraz Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju (umowa nr DZP/RID-I41/7/NCBR/2016). Rozwiązania z zakresu C-ITS stanowią kolejny etap rozwoju Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych. Dane z tych systemów mogą być wykorzystywane w ramach tzw. lokalnych map dynamicznych, które stanowią narzędzie łączące statyczne informacje o drogach, infrastrukturze drogowej i przydrożnej, z dynamiczną informacją drogową. Zakres danych dynamicznych obejmuje przesyłane do pojazdów informacje m. in. o incydentach drogowych czy awaryjnym hamowaniu, a ich wykorzystanie może się przyczynić do wzrostu bezpieczeństwa drogowego. Ponadto zwiększenie liczby dostępnych danych umożliwi precyzyjniejsze reagowanie na zagrożenia przez systemy wspomagania kierowcy w sytuacjach awaryjnych, w tym przez systemy stosowane w pojazdach autonomicznych. W artykule opisano również możliwość wsparcia rozwoju elektromobilności przez rozwiązania z zakresu ITS, głównie dzięki sprawniejszemu informowaniu kierowców o możliwości ładowania akumulatora trakcyjnego samochodu i zastosowaniu inteligentnych plenerów podróży, uwzględniających poziom naładowania akumulatora, ale również rozmieszczenie i dostępność punktów ładowania.
EN
The article describes C-ITS solutions that were included in the analyzes carried out for the purposes of the RID 4D project, entitled "Impact of the use of Intelligent Transport Systems services on the level of road safety" implemented at the request of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways and the National Center for Research and Development (contract no. DZP/RID-I41/7/NCBR/2016). C-ITS solutions are the next stage in the development of Intelligent Transport Systems. Data from these systems can be used as part of the so-called Local Dynamic Maps, which are a tool combining static information about roads, road and roadside infrastructure with dynamic road information. The dynamic data range includes information sent to vehicles, including about road incidents or emergency braking, and their use can contribute to increasing road safety. In addition, increasing the amount of data available will enable more accurate response to threats by driver assistance systems in emergency situations, including systems used in autonomous vehicles. The article also describes the possibility of supporting the development of electromobility by ITS solutions, mainly due to more efficient information to drivers about the possibility of charging a car traction battery and the use of intelligent outdoor locations, taking into account the battery level, as well as the location and availability of charging points.
EN
The novelmachine learning technique Random Forest (RF) was used to test if the genetic differentiation of populations of marine species maybe related to any of the key environmental variables known to shape species distributions. The study was performed in North and Baltic Sea characterized by strong gradients of environmental factors and almost continuous distributions of Mytilus mussel populations. Assessment of the species identity was performed using four nuclear DNA markers, and previously published single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. A general pattern of cline variation was observed with increasing Mytilus trossulus share towards the eastern Baltic Sea. Average allele share rose to 61% in Höga Kusten, Gulf of Bothnia. All Baltic Sea samples revealed a strong introgression of Mytilus edulis and a limited introgression of M. trossulus through the Danish Straits. The studied environmental variables described 67 and 68% of the variability in the allele frequencies of M. edulis and M. trossulus. Salinity defined over 50% of the variability in the gene frequencies of the studied Mytilus spp. populations. Changes along this environmental gradient were not gradual but instead a significant shift from gene dominance was found at a salinity of 12 PSU. Water temperature and the trophic status of the sea area had only moderate association with the gene frequencies. The obtained results showed that the novel machine learning technique can be successfully used for finding correlations between genetic differentiation of populations and environmental variables and for defining the functional form of these linkages.
PL
Architektura inteligentnych systemów transportowych (ITS) pozwala na planowanie realizacji współpracujących ze sobą aplikacji i usług. Ze względu na uwarunkowania formalne i praktyczne powinna to być architektura wypełniająca potrzeby użytkowników, wymagania funkcjonalne, techniczne, komunikacyjne oraz w zakresie bezpieczeństwa. Nagromadzona wiedza, doświadczenia i opracowania, w szczególności związane z europejską ramową architekturą ITS (FRAME) stają się pożytecznym punktem wyjścia zarówno do opracowania systemu bezpieczeństwa transportu drogowego towarów niebezpiecznych, jak i przyjęcia rozwiązań instytucjonalnych. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia możliwości obecne jak i przyszłościowe w zastosowaniu ITS w transporcie towarów niebezpiecznych.
EN
The article discusses the location of selected production enterprises in relation to the Eastern Poland road network. Road infrastructure is one of the most important factors during the process of location of enterprises. During its activity, entrepreneurs must use existing road infrastructures. The aim of the article is to emphasize the impact of good quality road infrastructure on business operations, which is revealed, among others by reducing transport costs. Last decade was a period of dynamic development of the highest category roads in Poland, but in the east of the country these changes are slower. The first part of the article describes the transport factor. This is one of the most important factor from the group of location factors. Network of the most important roads in the eastern region was briefly discussed. The second part of the article is a description of three production companies from this region and an analysis of their location in relation to the current and planned road network.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienie oceny rozwiązań w zakresie logistyki miejskiej w Polsce, z punktu widzenia mieszkańców i władz samorządowych. Przedstawione przez autorkę artykułu wyniki badań dowodzą, że sprawność funkcjonowania miejskiej sieci logistycznej w nie musi wiązać się wyłącznie z kosztownym rozwojem infrastrukturalnym. Optymalizacja działań logistycznych na obszarach zurbanizowanych powinna być prowadzona przede wszystkim w oparciu o zmiany organizacyjne systemu transportowego, przyzwyczajeń i wzorców zachowań jego użytkowników oraz zmiany funkcji wybranych przestrzeni miejskich. Takie podejście jest najbliższe poglądom wyrażanym przez mieszkańców polskich miast, ale stoi często w sprzeczności z interesami pozostałych interesariuszy systemu, w szczególności władz samorządowych. Autorka opisuje bariery w planowaniu i wdrażaniu nowoczesnych, miejskich rozwiązań logistycznych. Artykuł zawiera również wnioski i rekomendacje w zakresie logistyki miejskiej. Autorka podkreśla, że w Polsce nadal brakuje długoterminowych planów inwestycyjnych w zakresie przewozów towarowych. Podkreśla jednocześnie, że wszelkie zmiany w zakresie układów transportowych miast, czy szerzej rozumianej polityce mobilności wymagają szerokiej partycypacji społecznej na etapie konsultacji i projektowania usprawnień. Niezbędne jest również wsparcie organizacyjne i finansowe, wraz z tworzeniem systemu zachęt.
EN
Dynamic growth of automotive indicator and increasing level of freight being carried in the Polish cities are causing serious transport problems. Migration to the cities is a trend observed still in Poland that is expected to continue. Bottlenecks, delivery obstacles, congestion, traffic jams and air pollutions require prompt organizational and technological intervention. The article starts a discussion about the condition of the urban logistics in Poland, comparing various models from the local government authorities point of view and inhabitants. The author outlines the barriers and obstacles in the planning and implementing of the modern urban logistical solutions. The majority of municipal and local government authorities, despite the declared enthusiasm for the smart city concept, prefer traditional infrastructure investments, instead of joint and interdisciplinary planning of the combined organizational and technological solutions tailored to the needs of a specific city. There is an urgent need to introduce regulations limiting freight traffic in the Polish cities, road tolls depending on emissivity, payloads, parking infrastructure. There should be rules planned determining time windows in the urban transport, organizing in-city consolidation centres, etc. The paper includes recommendations for creating Urban Vehicle Access Regulation Schemes for the Polish cities. The article includes also the findings and recommendation for the Polish cities in the field of urban logistics. The author emphasizes, however, that there is still a lack of long-term investment plans in the field of logistics and freight transport in so-called smart cities. The paper demonstrates that the efficiency of the functioning of Poland’s urban logistics network does not necessarily imply costintensive infrastructural development. The optimisation of logistics activities should be brought about in urbanised areas primarily based on the organisational changes in the transportation system, customs, habits and behavioural patterns of its users as well as the altered functions of selected. Such an approach is the closest to the views expressed by the inhabitants; however, it all too often proves contradictory to the interests of the other stakeholders of the system. Any changes to the city’s transport layouts or systems, or mobility policies (as a broader concept), call for a broad public contribution when it comes to consulting projects and designing the improvements. Organisational and financial support is likewise indispensable, along with the development of an incentives system. The author also pointed out a need to monitor comprehensively the solutions in the field of urban logistics and urban freight transport of the Polish cities using socio-economic analysis tools. The selected methods of evaluating the urban logistics solutions, incl. comparative best practices analysis, have been discussed.
EN
In the paper, 5G communication technologies implemented for Intelligent Transport Systems are discussed. Firstly, the essence of the 5G system concept is presented, and the problem of network functions virtualization (NFV) is analyzed. Moreover, the principle of virtualization is explained. Secondly, the analysis of network slicing is performed, from the point of view of transport systems implementation in the future 5G networks. The important part is the analysis of architecture proposals for the 5G communications system, implemented as ITS, for various scenarios of its work. The aim of this paper is the study on practice architecture of the 5G communication network for the ITS system, introduced as physical radio-informatics system implementation.
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