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1

Multi-criteria evaluation of technological solutions to improve gas distribution station efficiency

Misevičiūtė Violeta, Tučkus Rapolas, Rogoža Artur

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2023

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Vol. 7, nr 4

109--120

EN

Due to the global energy crisis, rising energy demand, and climate change, there must be a way to recover energy that is not used for beneficial purposes, reduce primary and final energy consumption, and reduce emissions. The natural gas sector and its transmission networks, including gas distribution stations (GDSs), are an important component of Lithuania's energy sector. Because the gas pressure is reduced by the use of gas pressure regulators (GPR), the energy potential in high pressure gas is not used effectively, the need to heat natural gas is conducted with the use of natural gas boilers, and additional environmental pollution is caused by the use of GDS. The purpose of the study is to analyse GDSs, identify areas where the energy potential is not being exploited and the environment is polluted, and propose reasonable solutions. After reviewing the literature, alternative technological solutions were selected, including turbine expanders, gas preheating systems that were modified from gas boilers to geothermal heat pumps, solar collectors, and photovoltaic solar cells. To evaluate the potential of technological solutions to improve GDS efficiency and reduce emissions, the proposed solutions are analysed according to the multi-criteria analysis that consider solutions proposed from an energy, economic, and environmental perspective. Based on multi-criteria evaluation, the best alternative technological solution for GDS is recommended.

2

Theoretical aspects and numerical modelling of the GPR method to analyse its possibilities for the detection of leakages in urban water supply networks

Gołębiowski Tomisław

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 4

357--373

EN

Geophysical methods, especially selected electrical and electromagnetic ones, have been used for many years for the non-invasive detection of leakages from water supply networks. In this paper, the author focuses on theoretical aspects and numerical simulations to analyse the possibilities and limitations of the application of the selected electromagnetic method, i.e., the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method for the aforementioned purpose. Various measurement techniques are used in the GPR method but in the paper the author refers to the most commonly used technique known as short-offset reflection profiling (SORP). As demonstrated in the paper, the detection of water leakages into a homogeneous and isotropic geological medium using the GPR method is a simple matter. However, the detection of leakages occurring in heterogeneous ground subjected to strong anthropopression and with the presence of electromagnetic interference becomes a difficult task, and interpretation may be difficult or even impossible. An important issue analysed in the paper was the phenomenon of the scattering of electromagnetic waves on underground anthropogenic objects, which very often occurs in urbanised areas. The results of the numerical modelling carried out for various scenarios of water leakages into typical ground allowed the possibilities and limitations of using the GPR method for the detection of leakages from water supply networks to be determined.

3

GPR signal analysis for the exploration of loose zones in the near surface underground

Gołębiowski Tomisław

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2023

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T. 22

21--33

EN

In the paper, non-standard signal and image processing applied for the GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) data record for various antennae orientations was presented and discussed. The terrain surveys were carried out in the post-mining region in Poland where numerous sinkholes and subsidence areas were observed on the surface due to the former mining activity. The GPR surveys were conducted between two existing sinkholes and the aim of measurements was detection of loose zones in the ground created by suffosion process which caused the formation of the mentioned two sinkholes. In the paper, the Author proposed a new way of processing and analysis of radargrams based on three steps, i.e. 1D more advanced processing of signals/traces, 2D more advanced image processing of combined radarogram, visualisation and analysis of selected signal attributes.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono i omówiono niestandardowe metody przetwarzania sygnałówi obrazów georadarowych GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) dla różnych orientacji anten pomiarowych. Badania terenowe przeprowadzono na wybranym obszarze pogórniczym w Polsce, gdzie zaobserwowano na powierzchni terenu liczne zapadliska i strefy osiadań wywołane dawną działalnością górniczą. Badania GPR przeprowadzono pomiędzy dwoma istniejącymi zapadliskami. Celem pomiarów było wykrycie stref rozluźnień w gruncie powstałych w wyniku procesów sufozyjnych, który wcześniej spowodował powstanie wspomnianych dwóch zapadlisk. W artykule zaproponowano nowy sposób przetwarzania i analizy radarogramów oparty na trzech etapach, tj. bardziej zaawansowane przetwarzanie 1D sygnałów/tras, bardziej zaawansowane przetwarzanie 2D obrazu powstałego z połączenia radarogramów i finalnie wizualizację oraz analizę wybranych atrybutów sygnałów georadarowych.

4

Landslide survey at Cam Mountain (An Giang, Vietnam) by seismic refraction and GPR methods

Nguyen Giang Van, Nguyen Dung Quang, Le Thanh Ngoc

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 4

603--620

EN

Cam Mountain in An Giang Province, Vietnam, is a granite peak that is severely fractured and eroded on its slopes and summit. Trees cover the top of the mountain and around the side of the mountain. The roads are the primary means of transportation for indigenous people and tourists daily. Recently, there has been a phenomenon of large-sized boulders rolling down from the top of the mountain, causing an accident and killing tourists. To investigate the internal causes of landslides on a 2.3 km road stretch, geophysical profiles using GPR and seismic refraction methods were conducted to clarify the current status of geological structures beneath the road surface. The refractive seismic data analysis revealed four distinct layers based on elastic wave propagation velocity. Velocity values range from 1000 to 3000 m/s for the 2 upper layers corresponding to the weathered, broken, and highly fractured rock layers and in the lower 2 layers from 3000 to more than 4500 m/s, respectively corresponding to less fractured rock on the depth of more than 50 m. According to GPR data, the structural cross-section to an average depth of 30 m is a more complex picture. Detected 6 layers with different degrees of fracture cracking and showing different structural zones. In a few places are the drainage creeks from the mountain. These places need to be monitored regularly to have a basis for predicting landslides and rockfalls in the area of Cam Mountain. Landslides occur in geological rocks which are of different ages: claystone, mudstone, siltstone, shale, or marlstone. The rock-falls occur in more compact rocks: metamorphic or igneous rocks.

5

Evaluation of the performance of data-driven approaches for filling monthly precipitation gaps in a semi-arid climate conditions

Katipoğlu Okan Mert

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 5

2265--2285

EN

Missing data cause problems in meteorological, hydrological, and climate analysis. The observation data should be complete and cover long periods to make the research more accurate and reliable. Artificial intelligence techniques have attracted interest for completing incomplete meteorological data in recent years. In this study the abilities of machine learning models, artificial neural networks, the nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model, support vector regression, Gaussian processes regression, boosted tree, bagged tree (BAT), and linear regression to fill in missing precipitation data were investigated. In developing the machine learning model, 70% of the dataset was used for training, 15% for testing, and 15% for validation. The Bayburt, Tercan, and Zara precipitation stations, which are closest to the Erzincan station and have the highest correlation coefficients, were used to fill the data gaps. The accuracy of the constructed models was tested using various statistical criteria, such as root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), and determination coefficient (R2) and graphical approaches such as scattering, box plots, violin plots, and Taylor diagrams. Based on the comparison of model results, it was concluded that the BAT model with R2: 0.79 and NSE: 0.79 and error (RMSE: 11.42, and MAE: 7.93) was the most successful in the completion of missing monthly precipitation data. The contribution of this research is assist in the choice of the best and most accurate method for estimating precipitation data in semi-arid regions like Erzincan.

6

Radomsko: koncepcja urbanistyczna jako wsparcie programowania rewitalizacji

Cichocki Michał, Spadło Katarzyna

Przegląd Komunalny

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2022

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nr 6

68--72

PL

Procesy rewitalizacji uruchamiane na miejskich terenach zdegradowanych wymagają sprawnej koordynacji nie tylko na etapie wdrażania działań, ale również na wczesnym etapie ich programowania. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ użycia instrumentów urbanistyki operacyjnej na jakość zarządzania przestrzenią w procesach rewitalizacji, wykorzystując doświadczenia wynikające z projektu „Nowy model urbanizacji w Polsce - praktyczne wdrożenie zasad odpowiedzialnej urbanizacji oraz miasta zwartego (NewUrbPact)”, w ramach którego wdrożony został pilotaż modelowych rozwiązań na rzecz odpowiedzialnej urbanizacji dla kurczącego się miasta.

7

Integrated ground penetrating radar and DGPS method for the continuous and long-distance GPR survey in the rugged terrain

Zhang Di, Gong HuiLi, Li JiaCun, Wu ZhongHai, Liu ShaoTang

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 2

537--546

EN

The integrated ground penetrating radar (GPR) and global positioning system (GPS) survey has been extensively used to investigate the subsurface materials or buried-objects with the geographical information. However, when the GPR was pulled quickly, there was inadequate that the GPS signal receiver cannot real-time update its geographical coordinates by the serial com-port or USB port on the laptop. In this study, the integration of GPR and differential GPS (DGPS) was realized to acquire GPR image with the geographical information, especially for a continuous and long-distance GPR survey in the rugged terrain. When the operator with GPR system is moving on the ground surface, the pulse signals of the survey wheel were applied to trigger the GPR control unit and the GPS signal receiver at the same time. Meanwhile, the GPR data and the geographical coordinates were obtained by the GPR system and the GPS signal receiver, respectively. In addition, the time synchronization algorithm was proposed to combine each trace of the GPR image with the geographical coordinates of the GPS signal receiver. To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of the integrated GPR and DGPS method, the 250 MHz and 500 MHz GPR profiles were performed in the four survey sites along the Litang fault. The difference between the pulse events on GPS and the GPR traces number, whether 250 MHz and 500 MHz GPR antenna, it indicates that the differences slightly increase when the distance increases on the graphs. The study results demonstrate that the integrated GPR and DGPS method has the capable of obtaining the GPR data with high-precision geographical information for a continuous and long-distance measurement in the rugged terrain. What’s more, the methodology that we introduce also offers the chance for comprehensive application of GPR data with other spatial data, such as the high-resolution remote sensing image, unmanned aerial vehicle, airborne LiDAR and so on.

8

Geophysical tools to study the near surface distribution of the tailings in the Smaltjärnen repository, south-central Sweden; a feasibility study

Tavakoli Saman, Rasmussen Thorkild Maack

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 1

141--159

EN

Two geophysical field works were conducted during a feasibility study in the Smaltjärnen tailing repository of the abandoned Yxsjöberg mine, located in south-central Sweden. The aim of these studies was to evaluate the applicability of the geophysical methods in tailing characterizations i.e. to (I) identify the approximate level of the underground water table, (II) understand the vertical and lateral distribution of the tailings and (III) image the variations within the internal stratigraphy of the tailings. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data with medium–low-frequency antennas (300, 250 and 100 MHz) and Self-Potential (SP) data using the Streaming Potential Phenomena (SPP) were collected to characterize the top few meters of the subsurface and understand the water flow direction. Results from the mineralogical and geochemical studies of the drill-core samples were incorporated in the study to complement the interpretations of the geophysical data. Three distinct layers had been earlier identified based on the interpretations of the geochemical data which agreed well with the GPR interpretations in this study: (I) oxidized tailing (new), (II), transition zone and (III) old tailing which is located under the water table. The SP data, unexpectedly, indicated that the groundwater flows from the lake i.e. lower altitudes, towards the higher altitudes which probably is related to the uncertainties resulted from 2D data while the actual water flow direction can be best studied in 3D, or, dominant effect from the metal contents. Complementary geophysical studies including a 2D-SP survey and Direct Current (DC) electrical resistivity measurements are suggested to improve the present understanding of the morphology of the site.

9

Przykłady zastosowania GPR do badań na lotniskach

Szynkiewicz Adam

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2021

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R. 76, nr 9/10/11

18--22

PL

Badania GPR wykonano dla potrzeb rozbudowy portu lotniczego „Fryderyk Chopin” na Okęciu w Warszawie. Na lotnisku istniały: stare i nowe nawierzchnie. Profilowania GPR prowadzone były po wybranych liniach. Dla potrzeb badań, w nawierzchniach lotniska, zostały wykonane wiercenia rdzeniowane i wiercenia rdzeniowane w gruntach. Geologiczną interpretację danych GPR wykonano na podstawie danych z wierceń. Opracowano 6 modeli GPR dla badanych nawierzchni lotniska. Wyniki badań każdej linii przekrojowej GPR były porównywane z rezultatami badań HWD. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie nieniszczącej metody GPR do monitoringu nawierzchni lotnisk powoduje: redukcję ilości wierceń w nawierzchniach, minimalizacje przerwy w ruchu samolotów, szybki i efektywny monitoring stan nawierzchni lotnisk.

EN

The GPR tests were carried out for the needs of the expansion of the "Fryderyk Chopin" airport in Okęcie in Warsaw. There were old and new surfaces at the airport. USAR profiling was conducted on selected lines. For the purposes of the research, core drillings and ground core drillings were performed in the airport pavements. The geological interpretation of the GPR data was made on the basis of drilling data. Six GPR models were developed for the tested airport pavements. The results of each USAR cross-sectional line were compared with the results of the HWD study. It was found that the use of the non-destructive GPR method for monitoring airport pavements causes: reduction of the number of drilling in pavements, minimization of interruption in aircraft traffic, quick and effective monitoring of the condition of airport pavements.

10

Wpływ współczesnych ruchów pionowych podłoża na zmiany parametrów geotechnicznych gruntów spoistych, niespoistych i organicznych

Kaszubowski Leszek Józef

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 12

812--824

EN

The author presents the results of engineering-geological research carried out along of the Sierpowa St. in the area of Ostrów Grabowski in Szczecin, and along Nowomyśliwska St in Międzyzdroje. The analysis relates to geological drillings and soundings carried out using an SL for non-cohesive soils and the results of tests with the PSO-1 field rotary probe in organic soils. Additionally, the author presents examples of various geophysical investigations to recognize the influence of present-day vertical movements of the soil substrate, which have a significant effect on the instability of many parts of the existing civil engineering infrastructure, and can contribute to serious accidents or even disasters. The phenomenon of modern vertical movements of the soil substrate could have an impact on changing the geotechnical parameters of cohesive, non-cohesive and organic soils, such as the index of density (degree of density), the volume density, angle of internal friction and shear strength in the zones of compacting soils (ZDS). This dangerous phenomenon can have a negative impact on the stability of current or planned roads and highways, and building constructions. An important research element is also to learn about the characteristics of the formation of zones of decompacting soils, including the diversity of their internal structure. In the existing zones of decompacting soils, the values of the geotechnical parameters decrease. It should be noted that the genesis of the formation of modern vertical movements of the soil substrate in the micro scale, analysed by the author is not well understood and requires further detailed research.

11

Skanowanie konstrukcji, wykorzystanie metody prądów wirowych i georadarowej do celów lokalizacji i detekcji zbrojenia

Giryn Stefan

Przegląd Budowlany

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2021

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R. 92, nr 10

54--57

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zyskujące w ostatnim czasie na popularności i znaczeniu elektromagnetyczne metody nieniszczące badań (skanowania konstrukcji), indukcję elektromagnetyczną zwaną też metodą prądów wirowych (Eddy Current) i metodę georadarową (GPR). Przybliżono ich zasadę działania, możliwości i ograniczenia, a przede wszystkim porównano uzyskane nimi wyniki na podstawie przeprowadzonych przez autora skanowań.

EN

Article presents the recently gaining popularity and importance electromagnetic nondestructive concrete scanning methods, electromagnetic induction (also known as eddy current or Foucault’s currents) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). It discusses their principle of operation, possibilities and limitations, and above all compares the obtained results based on the scans performed by the author.

12

A Review on Impulse RADAR

Kumar Saket, Kumar Amit, Singh Vikrant, Singh Abhishek Kumar

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2021

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Vol. 67, No. 4

579--587

EN

RADAR plays a vital role in military applications since its origin in the 2nd world war. Recently it has been used in surface inception, health monitoring, infrastructure health monitoring, etc. In these applications, Ultra-wideband RADAR systems are more popular than traditional RADAR systems. Impulse RADAR is a special kind of ultra-wideband RADAR, which is mostly used for surface penetration, through-wall imaging, antimissile detection, anti-stealth technology, etc. because of its high resolution and low center frequency. Out of all these applications, impulse RADAR has been used intensively as a ground-penetrating RADAR for the detection of land mines, underlying pipelines, buried objects, etc. This report has attempted to provide the steps for designing the impulse ground penetrating RADAR (GPR) as well as provides the value of crucial parameters required in the design process of commercial GPR systems.

13

GPR imaging of trafc compaction efects on soil structures

Akinsunmade Akinniyi

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 2

643--653

EN

Spatial and depth variability of soil characteristics greatly infuence its optimum utilization and management. Concealing nature of soil subsurface horizons has made the traditional soil investigations which rely on point information less reliable. In this study, an alternative use of ground penetrating radar (GPR)—a near-surface geophysical survey method—was tested to address the shortcomings. The focus of the study was on assessment of characteristics variability of soil layers at a test site and evaluation of efects of compaction caused by machinery trafcs on soil. GPR methods utilize electromagnetic energy in the frequency range of 10 MHz and 3.0 GHz. Fourteen profles GPR data were acquired at the test site-a farmland in Krakow, Poland. Compaction on parts of the soil was induced using tractor movements (simulating trafc efects) at difer ent passes. Data were processed using basic fltering algorithms and attributes computations executed in Refexw software. Attempt made in the study was on use of GPR geophysical technique for soil assessment. The method allows delineation of the soil horizons which depicts characteristic depth changes and spatial variability within the horizons. Moreover, trafc efects that caused compaction on parts of the soil horizons were discernable from the GPR profle sections. Thus, similar densifcation like hardpan that may develop in natural setting can be investigated using the method. The results have shown the suitability of the method for quick, noninvasive and continuous soil investigation that may also allow assessment of temporal soil changes via repeated measurement.

14

Ocena warunków geotechnicznych metodą GPR w nadkładzie płytkich wyrobisk górniczych - studium przypadku z rejonu Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego

Siwek Sławomir

Przegląd Górniczy

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2020

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T. 76, nr 5

28--33

PL

Tereny dawnej płytkiej eksploatacji górniczej na obszarze Górnego Śląska są szczególnie zagrożone deformacjami nieciągłymi. Staje się to szczególnie istotne na obszarach już zabudowanych oraz takich, gdzie planuje się ich zabudowę. Jednym z obszarów dawnej intensywnej płytkiej eksploatacji węgla są tereny w obrębie miasta Chorzów. Zostały one zabudowane w XIX i XX wieku, często w rejonach położonych nad płytko zalegającymi chodnikami lub innymi wyrobiskami podziemnymi. Stateczność takich wyrobisk oraz nadległych skał stropowych zabezpieczała w przeszłości ich obudowa. Niestety pod wpływem różnych procesów z czasem następuje utrata jej własności nośnych, czego przejawem są lokalne zawały stropu, a następnie deformacje dochodzące do powierzchni terenu. Stateczność takiego podłoża, a także możliwość zabezpieczenia konstrukcji obiektu budowlanego, jest zależna od jego aktualnych cech strukturalnych. Jedną z metod pozwalających na szczegółowe rozpoznanie struktury podłoża na terenach występowania płytko położonych wyrobisk górniczych jest metoda georadarowa. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości i analizę wyników badań wykonanych tą metodą na terenie pogórniczym, gdzie planowana jest budowa nowego obiektu, który to teren w przeszłości był już objęty pracami uzdatniającymi.

EN

The areas of Upper Silesia are threatened by possible deformations caused by old shallow mining. This becomes particularly important in areas already built-up and those that are planned. to be built-up. Chorzów City is one where shallow mining exploitation was very intensive. In the past, the stability of such galleries and a rock mass were protected by housing of these galleries. Under the influence of weathering processes, the housing lose its properties what is the reason of local roof falls occurrence and deformations of the surface. The stability of such a substrate as well as the possibility of securing the structure of a building object depends on its current structural features. The GPR method is one of the methods that allows detailed identification of the structure of the ground with shallow mining pits. The article presents an analysis of the results of research using this method for post-mining area on which the construction of a new facility is planned and which in the past was already covered by treatment works.

15

Agricultural Tile Drainage Detection within the Year Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Karásek Petr, Nováková Eva

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

203--211

EN

The aim of this study was to identify the tile drainage systems within the year (from spring to autumn) using the ground penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical method. The measurements were performed in the experimental locality Dehtáře in the Bohemo-Moravian Highland (Czech Republic) in the years 2016 and 2017. The profiles located in the drained area were repeatedly measured together with the drainage discharges, soil moisture and groundwater level. The best visibility of tile drains was observed during snowmelt (in March and April) when the drainage discharges usually reach their maximum. In other months, the visibility of the drains was variable, but mostly worse. For a reliable detection of individual drains, the measurements above the drainage must be performed in several profiles. Under the conditions of the Czech Republic, the best results were obtained by a 500 MHz frequency antenna.

16

GPR as a support tool in determining the causes of failure of objects built in the “white box” technology

Lejzerowicz A., Wutke M.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 66, nr 3

173--189

EN

From the construction made in the “white box” technology, first of all tightness is required - on the structural elements there should not be any cracks or scratches, through which water could penetrate, which in consequence may lead to deformation of structural elements and even loosing of their load-bearing capacity. Among the methods enabling the location of weakened places in watertight concrete, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method is effective because the local occurrence of water in the structure evokes a clear and unambiguous anomaly on the radargram. In addition, the GPR method allows you to indicate places where water flows without the necessity of excluding the object from use and interference in the construction layers. The designation of such locations will make it possible to undertake technical activities that can facilitate the takeover of water and thus ensure the desired load-bearing capacity and usability of the object. Using the GPR method, you can also designate places that have already been deformed – discontinuities or breaking. The article presents a case study of investigations that determine the causes of leakage of tunnels made in the “white box” technology in: twice within the bottom slab of the tunnel (1 GHz air-coupled and 400 MHz ground-coupled antenna) and once in the case of tunnel walls (1.6 GHz ground-coupled antenna).

PL

Od konstrukcji wykonanej w technologii "białej wanny" wymagana jest przede wszystkim szczelność - na elementach konstrukcyjnych nie powinno być żadnych pęknięć ani zadrapań, przez które woda może przenikać, ponieważ to w konsekwencji może prowadzić do deformacji elementów konstrukcyjnych, a nawet utraty ich nośności. Wśród metod umożliwiających lokalizację osłabionych miejsc w wodoszczelnym betonie, metoda georadarowa (ang. ground penetrating radar - GPR), jest skuteczna, ponieważ lokalne występowanie wody w strukturze wywołuje wyraźną i jednoznaczną anomalię na otrzymanym obrazie (radargramie). Ponadto metoda GPR pozwala wskazać miejsca, w których woda przepływa bez konieczności wyłączania obiektu z użytkowania i bez ingerowania w warstwy konstrukcyjne. Wyznaczenie takich miejsc umożliwia podjęcie działań technicznych, które mogą ułatwić przejęcie wody, a tym samym zapewnić pożądaną nośność i użyteczność obiektu. Za pomocą metody GPR można również wyznaczyć miejsca, które zostały już zdeformowane – miejsca nieciągłości lub ugięć czy spękań. Artykuł przedstawia studium przypadku oraz badania, które umożliwiły określenie przyczyny wycieku w obrębie tunelu wykonanego w technologii "białej wanny" - w obrębie płyty dennej tunelu (z wykorzystaniem anteny o częstotliwości 1 GHz sprzężonej z powietrzem oraz z wykorzystaniem anteny o częstotliwości 400 MHz sprzężonej z ziemią), jak również w przypadku ścian tunelu (antena o częstotliwości 1,6 GHz sprzężona z ziemią).

17

Metoda modelowania czujnika wizyjnego do zmiennych czasowo i wielocelowych procesów chemicznych opartego na ulepszonym podejściu wielomodelowym

Li Longhao, Dai Yongshou

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 11

1811--1816

PL

Aby poprawić działanie czujnika wizyjnego w procesach chemicznych, zaproponowano metodę jego modelowania opartą na ulepszonym podejściu wielomodelowym, w którym nie tylko wybrano zmienne modelowania o największym wpływie na zmienne dominujące na podstawie podobieństwa cosinusa, lecz także określono model czujnika wizyjnego. Przygotowane zmienne modelowania połączono za pomocą maszyny wektorów wspierających metodą najmniejszych kwadratów w celu oszacowania zmiennych elementów badanej próbki. Ponieważ mechanizm wyboru zmiennych modelowania wykorzystywał informację dynamiczną o procesach chemicznych, metoda ta okazała się bardziej od innych odpowiednia do szacowania danych. W celu weryfikacji modelu zastosowano rzeczywiste dane z urządzenia do odzysku siarki. Wyniki potwierdziły skuteczność zaproponowanej metody.

EN

To improve the soft sensor performance in chem. processes, a soft sensor modeling method based on improved ensemble learning that not only selected modeling variables with the highest influences on dominant variables by cosine similarity but also established the multi-target soft sensor model was proposed. The prepd. modeling variables were combined via the least squares support vector machine to predict the variable elements of the query sample. Because the variable selection mechanism of modeling used the dynamic information of chem. processes, this method was more suitable for data prediction than the other ones. Real data from a S recovery unit were used for model verification to evaluate the performance of the proposed soft sensor modeling method. The results confirmed its effectiveness.

18

Geometryzacja form zjawisk krasowych na podstawie badań metodą georadarową

Ortyl Łukasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 4

252--269

EN

Recognition of subsoil in areas threatened with discontinuous deformation associated with the existence of natural and mining voids can be implemented by various geophysical methods. The purpose of such research, apart from confirming the existence of voids, is to determine their spatial extent. This is not a simple issue, regardless of the geophysical method used. This paper discusses the possibilities of geometrization of karst phenomenon localization using the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method by the example of a karst cave as a natural void. The area of data acquisition is located on limestone formations with numerous karstforms. The study object is the main hall of the karst cave with a height of up to 3 m, located at a depth of 3 to 7 m below the surface. Such location and shape of the subsurface structure made it possible for the author to perform a wide range of research. Their original aspects are presented in this paper. The shape of the hall was obtained using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The GPR data were obtained employing the 250 MHz shielded antenna that was directly positioned using a robotized total station with the option of automatic target tracking. Thus, the GPR and geodetic data were immediately achieved in a uniform coordinate system. The accuracy of the data obtained in this way is discussed in this paper. The author’s original algorithm for processing of GPR data into a point cloud is presented. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to compare the GPR signal, which represents the shape of the cave hall, in relation to its image in the form of a point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning. A unique part of this paper is the selection of filtration procedures and their parameters in optimal GPR data processing, which were widely discussed and documented in a way beyond the standard filtration procedures. A significant contribution is the analysis that was carried out on the data obtained in the field and on the model data generated using the finite difference method. Modeling was carried out for two wave sources: exploding reflector and point. The presented methodology and discrimination between the actual shape of the cave, GPR field data and model data made it possible for the author to draw many conclusions related to the possibilities of shape geometrization of the subsurface voids determined by the GPR method.

19

Ground penetrating radar prototype based on a low-cost software defined radio platform

Jendo Jacek, Pasternak Mateusz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

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R. 95, nr 9

36--39

EN

Utilizing the software-defined radio (SDR) technique is very common for developing ground penetrating radar (GPR) prototypes. A lowcost SDRs neither allow phase difference estimation between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). Consequently, direct exploitation of cheap SDRs for GPR is inaccessible. In the paper, an additional calibration step is taken in order to avoid phase difference measurement. The obtained imaging confirms that construction of a simple low-cost subsurface radar is feasible on the basis of the proposed approach.

PL

Wykorzystanie radia programowalnego (SDR – ang. Software Defined Radio) do prototypowania radarów penetracji gruntu (GPR – ang. Ground Penetrating Radar) jest bardzo powszechne. W tanich platformach SDR różnica fazy pomiędzy torem nadawczym i odbiorczym nie jest znana. Dlatego bezpośrednie zastosowanie tanich SDR do GPR jest niemożliwe. W artykule zastosowano dodatkowy krok kalibracyjny w celu uniknięcia pomiaru różnicy faz. Otrzymane zobrazowania potwierdzają możliwość konstrukcji taniego radaru do sondowań podpowierzchniowych.

20

Burial crypts in solid rock – a geophysical case study of a small church with a unique polychrome in Szydłów (S Poland)

Zieliński Artur, Łyskowski Mikołaj, Mazurkiewicz Ewelina, Lubarska Kinga Wiktoria

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 2

89--97

EN

Lesser Poland (Małopolska) is a historic region of Poland. The presented case study was undertaken in the All Saints’ Church in the town of Szydłów, in which conservation and restoration works were carried out to preserve Gothic wall paintings by identifying and eliminating the causes of their degradation, and these efforts were supported by geophysical surveying. The conducted studies constitute a step not only to determine the age of the construction of the Szydłów temple, but also to improve knowledge of medieval architecture and mural paintings in Lesser Poland. The geophysical research with application of GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) helped to locate previously unknown structures under the temple floor. This survey indicated four, possibly connected, structural objects clearly visible in GPR profiles. Carried out works confirmed that anomalies visible on radargrams mark two crypts. This discovery of the hidden construction elements emphasizes and strengthens the earlier suppositions of the unique character of this temple.