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EN
Metamorphic rocks of greenstone facies (phyllites) have been discovered quite recently in the Łysogóry region of the Holy Cross Mountains. The following minerals predominate in the mineral composition of these rocks: bright mica (sericite), quartz, chlorites, rutile, pyrophyllite, xenotime, pyrite, tourmaline, apatite and monacite, while chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are also present in mineral veins. The phyllites from Podmąchocice are intensely tectonically deformed, while their metamorphism displays a syndeformation character. The age of the tectonic-metamorphic processes has been initially estimated based on their relation to the silicification process. The phyllites are cut by numerous hydrothermal mineral veins, including quartz-chlorite-apatite ones. These veins occur as small post-tectonic and syntaxial forms, a few centimetres long and up to 1 cm thick. In the central parts of the veins, apatite forms colourless crystals, up to 1 mm long and up to 0.1mm thick. The age of the apatites was determined by means of the laser ablation system combined with the mass spectrometer. The results of isotopic measurements were reduced using the “Vizual Age” reduction program. The U-Pb age has been estimated to ~389 ± 18 Ma (upper intercept) that points to the maximum Devonian age (Eifelian/Givetian) of formation of the quartz-apatite veins. This is the first dating that point sto hydro thermal activity of th is age in the study area. As the veins cut discordantly the metamorphic rocks, the metamorphism itself may be older than the apatite age.
EN
The inanimate nature reserve Gagaty Sołtykowskie is located in the northern part of the Permian-Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, within the abandoned Odrowąż quarry. Trackways of dinosaurs have been printed on a sandstone bedding plane within the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) Zagaje Formation. The tracks are the oldest known evidence of a group life of the herbivore (plant-eating) sauropods andofa hunting group of predatory the ropods. After twenty years of being exposed to visitors, the sandstone layer had to be thoroughly renovated and conserved. On the basis of an evaluation of its state of preservation followed by laboratory examinations, the authors have prepared the program of conservation procedures and established a set of appropriate materials. The surface of the layer has been cleaned and its loose fragments fixed with the Injektionharz 100 (Remmers) glue. The layer has been impregnated and fractures sealed with an organosilicon compound KSE 100 and KSE 300 (Remmers). The tracks of dinosaurs have become more vivid due to their saturation with the mixture of the KSE 300 and a mineral pigment.
EN
The Chęiny-Kielce Geological Landscape Park was proposed to be created in 1991, in order to protect the geological heritage of supra regional value, as well for educational purposes and development of geotourism. It was established in 1996 as the Chęciny-Kielce Landscape Park (ChKLP). The key adjective (Geological) was missing from its name due to the lack of relevant legislation (despite this, the ChKLP was promoted as a geological park, i.a., during the International ProGEO workshops in 1997 and 2003). At the beginning of 21st century, when a Global Geoparks Network was being organized, the ChKLP, as meeting all UNESCO geopark requirements, was proposed to be included in the network. The Geopark Kielce Centre (an institution previously established for geoheritage promotion purposes) was crucial in the foundation of the new geopark (on the basis on ChKLP), and preparing an application according to UNESCO instructions. The Chęciny-Kielce Geopark, eventually called Holy Cross Mountains Geopark (as its area was extended) was established and included in the Global Geoparks Network in 2021. It should be emphasized that the Polish Geological Institute also played a key role in the whole process, because both innovative ideas (the geological landscape park and the centre of geological education) originated in its Holy Cross Mts. Branch.
EN
The Holy Cross Mts. and their vicinities is a unique area on the geological map of Europe since rocks of all Phanerozoic systems, including the Cambrian to Quaternary, are exposed there. The variable rock types provide great cognitive and educational opportunities, but also stimulate the exploitation of various types of minerals. On the one hand, mining activities contributed to the recognition and better exposure of rocks, but on the other hand, they often threaten the natural environment and become burdensome for the inhabitants. The study of the balance between environmental protection and human mining activity is carried out by environmental geology, which is an important part of the activity in the Holy Cross Mts. Branch of the Polish Geological Institute (PGI), where various tasks in this field have been carried out for over half a century. The care for protection and promotion of the geological heritage of the Holy Cross Mts has been an important task of geologists working in the Kielce Branch of the PGI throughout its over 80-year history. It is manifested in the legal protection of the most interesting geological areas and geosites, and the promotion of geological knowledge in wide public opinion. The geological education in the Holy Cross Mts. plays a special role because the inanimate nature is a very valuable element of natural environment that distinguishes the Kielce region from other regions of Poland.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę braku ciągłości w architekturze regionalnej w Górach Świętokrzyskich i na Kielecczyźnie. Analiza wybranych historycznych budynków na świecie, w Europie, w Polsce i w Górach Świętokrzyskich oraz przykładów z współczesnej architektury regionalnej pozwala okreś- lić szereg ponadczasowych cech kształtujących architekturę regionalną. Jako podsumowanie autor przedstawia projekt domu w Masłowie, zrealizowany z uwzględnieniem wyżej wymienionych cech.
EN
The author analyses regional architecture all over the world, in Europe, in Poland and in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains Region in order to detect and describe features that have a strong impact on regional architecture. Finding such features enables to characterize different aspects of contemporary regional architecture. As a summary, the author presents the project of a contemporary regional house in Masłów in Świętokrzyskie Mountains that makes reference to these aspects.
EN
In the Gałęzice-Bolechowice-Borków region, located in the Holy Cross Mountains, several limestone and dolomite quarries are currently in operation. Deep drainage of these quarries caused the formation of a large regional depression cone that affected numerous groundwater intakes, including those supplying potable water for communes, and a large intake in the Dyminy quarter of Kielce. The range of the depression cone will increase in the future, both vertically and laterally, due to expanding extraction of industrial stones from continuously deepened mining levels. Prognoses of further changes of hydrologic conditions in the region and their impact on admissible volumes of groundwater resources available in particular intakes are calculated using the stationary mathematical model.
EN
Majority of ca. 90 sites ofsandstone crag groups and individual crags, occurring in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mts. region, represent the following crag-forming lithostratigraphic units: Cambrian Wiśniówka Formation, Devonian Barcza Fm and Zagórze Fm, Triassic Zagnańsk Fm and Krynki Beds, as well as Jurassic Skloby Fm and Ostrowiec Fm. Specific features of these rocks are the occurrence of sandstone series, up to 20 m thick, above more plastic, clayey or heterolithic series, high-energy depositional environments, and siliceous composition. The crag-forming sandstones differ in the amount of siliceous cement: from strongly cemented Paleozoic quartzitic sandstones to porous Mesozoic sandstones with poor cement, which determines diverse mechanical properties. Strongly cemented Paleozoic rocks display high rock strength and abrasion resistance, while porous and theoretically friable Mesozoic sandstones are characterised by high grain packing due to compaction. Regarding the principal role of gravitational disinte¬gration of rock massifs under the periglacial conditions in the Pleistocene, other factors constraining the crag formation and shaping are the tectonic situation of rocks (orientation of strata and joints), adequate joint spacing, and bed thickness. The interrelations between lithological and structural features of crag-forming sandstones and tectonics, conditioning erosion and weathering rates are specific for particular types of these sandstones.
EN
The area of the Świętokrzyski National Park is one of the most evident examples of structural morphology in Poland. Its relief is clearly determined by bedrock lithology: the hill ranges are composed of hard quartzitic sandstones of the upper Cambrian (Łysogóry Range) and the Lower Devonian (Klonowskie Range), while the depressions, usually vast and flat-bottomed, are distributed on outcrops of soft, easily weathered and eroded Ordovician and Silurian shales, greywackes and sandstones. The parallel pattern of hill ranges and depressions, as well as a mesh-grid pattern of river valley systems and the antecedent character of river gaps, reflects fold tectonics modified by transverse faults. Such a morphology developed during the Paleogene and Neogene under hot and then warm, gradually cooling climatic conditions. In the Pleistocene, principally under the periglacial conditions, block fields (symbols of the Świętokrzyski NP) and crags (crests, table-like forms, cupolas and spurs) were formed. The shape and spatial position of most crags are related to geological structures.
EN
The PGI-NRI conducts geological research on the documentation of occurrence of REE deposits in Poland. The deposit potential may be related to the formation of Lower Cretaceous phosphorites from the NE margin of the Holy Cross Mountains. Two phosphorite deposits were exploited in this region in the past: Chałupki (1936-1959) and Annopol (1952-1970). From the Chałupki old mine dump, 34 samples of fine-grained sand were collected. The pseudonodules were extracted from this sand. The sand from the dump is composed of quartz, francolite (carbonate-rich fluorapatite) Ca5(PO4,CO3)3F, illite and a small amount of feldspar, calcite and heavy minerals. The heavy fraction is composed of zircon, monazite and rutile. Sand has a low content of REE ranging from 47.56 to 185.26ppm. The phosphorite pseudonodules underwent a detailed mineralogical and chemical analysis. They are composed of francolite, quartz, illite, glauconite, feldspar and minor heavy minerals: zircon and monazite. For the first time, the whole spectrum of REE was analysed in pseudonodules. The I.REE content in the nodules ranges from 177.37 to 354.18ppm. This level of REE indicates a serious need for further exploration and research of phosphorite pseudonodules within the whole Lower Cretaceous phosphorite series and moreover, also in the Eocene phosphorite formation in the Lublin region.
PL
Województwo świętokrzyskie jest w kraju znaczącym obszarem pod względem wielkości zasobów i wydobycia surowców skalnych. To wiodący region w zakresie wydobycia wapieni i margli, gipsów i anhydrytów oraz surowców ilastych. Znaczne zasoby stanowią również kamienie łamane i bloczne. Stan i perspektywy wydobycia surowców skalnych w poszczególnych powiatach województwa są zróżnicowane. Istotną rolę odgrywają powiaty: kielecki, opatowski, jędrzejowski, staszowski i włoszczowski. Istniejący stan zasobów surowców skalnych uwarunkowany jest budową geologiczną województwa, w szczególności Gór Świętokrzyskich, w obrębie których rozwinęło się tzw. Białe Zagłębie.
EN
The article describes rock mining industry in Świętokrzystakie Province basing on state of minerals deposits in 2018. The Świętokrzystakie Province is a significant area in the country in terms of the volume of resources and extraction of rock raw materials. It is a leanding region in Poland with well-developed mining limestones and marl, gypsum and anhydrite as well as clays and crushed Stones. The following countries play an important role in mining: Kielce, Opatów, Jędrzejów, Staszów and Włoszczowa. The existing state of mineral deposits is determined by the geological structure of the province, in particular the Świętokrzyskie Mountaing where the so-called „White Stones Field” is located.
EN
The damage zones of exhumed strike-slip faults dissecting Jurassic carbonates in the south-western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt reveal second-order faults and fractures infilled with syntectonic calcite. The subsequent development of a structural pattern of microscopic fault-related structures and calcite infillings reflects the activity of strike-slip faults that began in the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) and lasted until the early Miocene (Langhian). The fabric of the syntectonic veins provides insights into the evolution of the permeable fault-related structures that were the main pathways for fluid flow during fault activity. Microstructural study of calcite veins coupled with stable isotope and fluid inclusion data indicates that calcite precipitated primarily in a rock-buffered system related to strike-slip fault movement, and secondarily in a partly open system related to the local activity of the releasing Chmielnik stepover or the uplift of the area. The presence of meteoric fluids descending from the surface into damage zones suggest that the strike-slip faulting might have taken place in a nonmarine, continental environment.
EN
The aim of this study was to reconstruct the location mechanism of a Triassic sandstone wedge within folded Palaeozoic rocks. A vertically oriented Buntsandstein succession (Lower Triassic) from Józefka Quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland), steeply wedged within folded Devonian carbonates, is recognised as an effect of normal faulting within a releasing stepover. The sandstone succession, corresponding to the Zagnańsk Formation in the local lithostratigraphic scheme, is represented by two complexes, interpreted as deposits of a sand-dominated alluvial plain (older complex), and coarse-grained sands and gravels of a braided river system (younger complex). The sandstone complex was primarily formed as the lowermost part of the several kilometres thick Mesozoic cover of the Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (HCFB), later eroded as a result of the Late Cretaceous/Paleogene uplift of the area. Tectonic analysis of the present-day position of the deformed sandstone succession shows that it is fault-bounded by a system of strike-slip and normal faults, which we interpret as a releasing stepover. Accordingly, the formation of the stepover in the central part of the late Palaeozoic HCFB is evidence of a significant role of strike-slip faulting within this tectonic unit during Late Cretaceous/Paleogene times. The faulting was probably triggered by reactivation of the terminal Palaeozoic strike-slip fault pattern along the western border of the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone.
PL
Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest przepisom dotyczącym budownictwa wiejskiego, które obowiązywały w regionie doliny rzeki Kamiennej od początku XIX wieku do końca pierwszej wojny światowej. W okresie tym bodajże, największe znaczenie miały przepisy wydane przez Komisję Rządową Przychodów i Skarbu Województwa Sandomierskiego obowiązujące we wsiach dóbr rządowych. Badania form oraz rozwiązań technicznych budynków z drugiej połowy XIX wieku, wsparte dokumentami archiwalnymi dowodzą, iż niektórych aspektów tych przepisów przestrzegano starannie, podczas gdy przeforsowanie innych, napotykało na duże trudności. Jednoznaczne określenie, do jakiego stopnia przepisy te wpłynęły na rozwój budownictwa wiejskiego regionu, nie jest możliwe ze względu na niewielką ilość zachowanych obiektów z okresu poprzedzającego ich wprowadzenie. Z pewnością jednak potwierdzić można występowanie obiektów odpowiadających wymogom tychże przepisów, począwszy od momentu ich obowiązywania.
EN
Results of palynological studies of the Lower Devonian siliciclastic deposits of the Barcza Beds (Upper Pragian-Lower Emsian) from two abandoned quarries at Barcza in the Holy Cross Mts. is presented. Based on miospores, the biostratigraphic position of the tuffite horizon from the Barcza profile was defined as the early Emsian AB (annulatus-bellatulus) palynological Zone.
EN
Amongst the materials collected from the Cambrian outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains by priest professor Włodzimierz Sedlak, there is a holotype and only specimen of Helcionella polonica, as well as a rock fragment with casts of medusoids on its surface. We decided to revise these materials for their importance to discussions on the early molluscs’ size and the medusae fossil record; as well as for the critical nature of previously published revisions of taxa erected by Sedlak.
PL
Nieczynny kamieniołom dolomitów Zachełmie, położony w miejscowości Zagnańsk, 12 km na północ od Kielc, jest wyjątkowym miejscem na mapie geologicznej Gór Świętokrzyskich. Zobaczyć tu można skały powstałe w dwu etapach rozwoju geologicznego Ziemi. Etap starszy reprezentują szare dolomity i iłowce dolomityczne środkowego dewonu, nachylone stromo ku północy. Zostały one sfałdowane w karbonie i permie, podczas orogenezy waryscyjskiej. Etap młodszy obejmuje zróżnicowane utwory permu (?) i dolnego triasu, nachylone ku wschodowi pod kątem około 10°. Zostały one zaburzone w paleogenie, podczas ruchów tektonicznych orogenezy alpejskiej. W północnych ścianach kamieniołomu dobrze widoczny jest kontakt obu tych kompleksów skalnych, rozdzielonych powierzchnią niezgodności tektoniczno-erozyjnej, która dokumentuje waryscyjskie ruchy orogeniczne, a kontaktujące ze sobą skały dzieli luka czasowa, obejmująca około 140 mln lat. Dolomity powstały w środowiskach lagun i płytkiego szelfu powolnie pogłębiającego się morza. Można w nich zaobserwować skamieniałości typowe dla tych środowisk dewońskich, m.in. stromatolity, amfipory, muszle ramienionogów i skamieniałości śladowe. W południowej ścianie kamieniołomu można zobaczyć unikalną powierzchnię z licznymi strukturami uznanymi za najstarsze na świecie ślady lądowych kręgowców – tetrapodów. Ponadto, w dolomitach w północno-wschodniej części kamieniołomu, można znaleźć takie minerały jak kalcyt, hematyt, dolomit, syderyt, ankeryt, kwarc i baryt. Powstały one w spękaniach utworzonych podczas waryscyjskich ruchów górotwórczych. Utwory permskie (?) i triasowe, o brunatno czerwonej barwie, odsłonięte w północnych ścianach wyrobiska, stanowią wypełnienie wąskiej, kopalnej doliny (wąwozu), wyrzeźbionej w powierzchni stropowej dolomitów. Ich profil rozpoczynają brekcje i zlepieńce złożone głównie z okruchów skał dewońskich, zachowane w zagłębieniach na dnie kopalnego wąwozu, a w części będące osadem pokryw stokowych na jego zboczach. Brekcje i zlepieńce leżące wyżej są osadem gwałtownych spływów gruzowych, które ku górze profilu są całkowicie zastąpione przez piaskowcowo-mułowcowe osady leniwego strumienia. W okresach zaniku przepływu w jego korycie powstawały wysychające jeziorka, wypełniane iłami. W osadach tej części profilu widoczne są drobne struktury prądowe, rzadziej spotyka się szczątki roślinne i szczeliny z wysychania. Odkryto tu najstarsze tropy pozostawione przez dinozaura. Najwyższą część odsłoniętego profilu tworzą szare, gruboławicowe piaskowce, powstałe w kanałach rzek roztokowych. Ze względu na wyjątkowe walory geologiczne wschodnią część kamieniołomu i przewężenie w części środkowej objęto ochroną, tworząc tam rezerwat przyrody nieożywionej. Fragment północnej ściany tego przewężenia, z powierzchnią niezgodności tektoniczno-erozyjnej, stanowi pomnik przyrody. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na wyżej wymienione walory geologiczne kamieniołomu oraz zaproponowanie działań zwiększających atrakcyjność już istniejącej infrastruktury geoturystycznej, w postaci umieszczania dodatkowych tablic informacyjnych z opisami zjawisk i procesów geologicznych.
EN
The Abandoned Zachełmie quarry, a unique place on the geological map of the Holy Cross Mountains, is located in Zagnańsk, about 12 km northwards from Kielce is. Deposits of two stages of geological development, separated by tectonic movements, are exposed in the section. The older complex is represented by the Middle Devonian grey dolomites and dolomitic claystones, steep inclined to the north. They were folded in the Carboniferous and Permian by the Variscan tectonic movements. The younger complex comprises various Permian-Lower Triassic deposits, inclined about 10° eastwards. They were deformed during the Paleogene by Alpine tectonic movements. Contact of both complexes, well exposed in the northern walls of the quarry, suggests Variscan orogenic movements, while the tectonic-erosion gap, separating them, amounts to about 140 million years of development. Dolomites originated in the shelfal and lagoonal environments of the slowly deepening sea. Fossils typical for their Devonian environment may be found: stromatolites, amphipores, brachiopod shells and trace fossils. The unique surface with numerous structures interpreted as tetrapod trucks, the oldest in the world, is exposed in the southern wall of the quarry. Moreover, minerals occur in the north-eastern part of the quarry: calcite, hematite, dolomite, siderite, ankerite, quartz and barite. They originated in fissures cutting dolomites during the Variscan orogenic movements. The Permian (?) and Triassic, red-brown deposits crop out in the northern walls of the quarry. They represent infilling of a narrow palaeo-valley/ravine, cut in the surface of Devonian dolomites. Their section is commenced with dolomite breccia and conglomerates that fill cavities in an uneven surface of ravine basement. These conglomerates represent a debris cover lain on its sides. The breccia and conglomerates laying further above, originated as abrupt debris flow deposits. In the upper parts of the section, they were intercalated and eventually entirely substituted with sandstones and mudstones being deposits of fine creeks. Periods of the flow extinction are documented with clays deposited in temporal ponds. Fine current structures, scarce flora remains and desiccation cracks may be distinguished in that part of the section. The oldest trace fossils of dinosaurs were found here. The thick-bedded grey sandstones distinguished in the uppermost part of section were deposited in alluvial channels of braided rivers. The unique values of the object are protected in a natural reserve formed in the eastern part of the quarry and in the narrow passage in the central part. The fragment of the wall in the passage with exposition of a tectonic-erosion unconformity is a natural monument. Authors intend to present the unique geological values of the quarry and to suggest how to improve the actual geotouristic infrastructure  – location of several information boards with descriptions of geological phenomena and processes.
PL
Badania zawartości wybranych pierwiastków przenośnym spektrometrem XRF (p-XRF) są obecnie jedną z najbardziej rozwijających się instrumentalnych metod badawczych. Jego niewielkie rozmiary i waga, łatwość obsługi i szybkość wykonywania analiz umożliwiają zastosowanie spektrometru zarówno w laboratorium, jak i w pracach terenowych. Metodę wykorzystano do oznaczenia zawartości wybranych pierwiastków w glebach z rejonu góry Strużnej w Krajnie (Góry Świętokrzyskie). Do oznaczenia zawartości badanych pierwiastków zastosowano spektrometr OLYMPUS Delta X Premium (anoda tantalowa 4W, 40 kV, natężenie 200 μA, tryb ”soil”, 135 sekund). Przed rozpoczęciem analiz p-XRF był standaryzowany z użyciem materiałów referencyjnych NIST 2710a i NIST 2711a. Mapy zawartości otrzymanych dla: K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As i Pb wykonano w programie SURFER 7.0 z wykorzystaniem procedury krigingu. Zarówno dobra zbieżność średnich zawartości uzyskanych dla badanego obszaru w porównaniu ze średnimi wartościami dla gleb Gór Świętokrzyskich, uzyskanymi wcześniej przez różnych autorów z zastosowaniem standardowych wówczas metod analizy chemicznej, jak również dobra zgodność rozkładu zawartości badanych pierwiastków z budową geologiczną rejonu góry Strużnej pozwalają stwierdzić, że wybrana metoda fluorescencji rentgenowskiej jest odpowiednia dla tego typu badań. Wysoka dokładność uzyskanych oznaczeń z użyciem spektrometru p-XRF Olympus Delta X dowodzi, że urządzenie to jest efektywnym narzędziem zarówno dla prac środowiskowych, jak i geochemicznych.
EN
The analysis of chemical composition using the portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (p-XRF) is recently rapidly developing instrumental research method. This method was applied to analyze the content of selected elements in soil samples from the Strużna region of the Holy Cross Mountains. The Olympus Delta Premium p-XRF spectrometer (4W Ta anode X ray tube, 40 kV, 200 μA current beam, “soil” mode, 135 seconds) was used. Prior to analyze the soil samples, the NIST 2710a and NIST 2711a reference standards were utilized in order to calibrate the p-XRF spectrometer. The maps showing obtained results of K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were constructed using the SURFER 7.0 software with kriging procedure. The obtained results show arithmetic means similar to the previously obtained using traditional methods of chemical analysis for the soils of Holy Cross Mountains. These results combined with the high accuracy of measurements obtained by using the p-XRF Olympus Delta X spectrometer proved this device to be the effective tool for environmental and geochemical studies.
PL
W górnictwie odkrywkowym bardzo często sięga się po zasoby kopaliny poniżej zwierciadła wód podziemnych. Odwodnienie wyrobisk oddziałuje na zasoby eksploatacyjne ujęć wód i chociaż powoduje to tylko czasowe zmiany, to w sytuacji, gdy trwają one kilkadziesiąt lat miejscowa ludność jest zmuszona modernizować istniejące lub wręcz budować nowe ujęcia wód podziemnych. Kopalnie zrzucają wodę do rzek, a lokalni mieszkańcy mają problemy z zaopatrzeniem w wodę. Gmina może nie zgodzić się na odwodnienie, lecz wówczas ogranicza to działalność przemysłu wydobywczego. Dlatego niezmiernie istotne jest wcześniejsze rozpoznanie nie tylko zawodnienia wyrobisk górniczych, lecz także zakresu zmian hydrodynamicznych i ich wpływu na urządzenia do poboru wód podziemnych. Podstawowym narzędziem obliczeniowym do prognozowania skutków wydobycia kopalin poniżej zwierciadła wody powinien być poprawnie skonstruowany model matematyczny odwadnianej struktury wodonośnej. Model powinien mieć charakter stacjonarny i służyć do opracowywania kolejnych prognoz i oceny szkód wywołanych działalnością górnictwa, w zależności od postępu w eksploatacji kopalin. Pozwoli to na podjęcie wyprzedzających działań w celu pokrycia ewentualnych strat w zaopatrzeniu ludności, rolnictwa i miejscowego przemysłu w wodę. Autorzy przedstawiają ten problem i próby takiego działania na przykładach z rejonów Gałęzice–Bolechowice–Borków i Łagów w Górach Świętokrzyskich, gdzie są zlokalizowane liczne kopalnie odkrywkowe wapieni i dolomitów dewońskich.
EN
Opencast mining industry very often extracts mineral resources below the groundwater table. Dewatering of excavations affects exploitable groundwater resources. It causes only temporal changes, but if they last several tens of years, local population is forced to modernize existing or even build new groundwater intakes. Mines discharge water into rivers, and local residents have problems with water supply. The municipality has the right not to agree for dewatering, but then it limits the activities of the mining industry. Therefore, it is very important to recognize not only the mining excavations affected by water inflow, but also the scope of hydrodynamic changes and their impact on groundwater intake facilities. The basic computational tool for prediction the effects of extraction of mineral resources below the water table should be a properly constructed mathematical model of a dewatered aquifer. The model should be stationary and should be used to prepare further forecasts for the assessment of damage caused by mining operations, depending on the progress in the exploitation of minerals. This will allow anticipating actions to cover possible losses in water supply to people, agriculture and the local industry. The authors present this problem and the attempts of such operations, based on the examples from the Gałęzice–Bolechowice–Borków and Łagów regions in the Holy Cross Mountains where numerous opencast mines of the Devonian limestones and dolomites are located.
EN
A huge isolated accumulation, more than 3 m thick and 10 m wide, of densely packed, uncrushed brachiopods has been found in Józefka Quarry within the Middle/Upper Devonian Szydłówek Beds deposited in a relatively deep environment of an intrashelf basin (Kostomłoty facies zone, western Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The low-diversity assemblage is strongly dominated by the atrypide Desquamatia globosa jozefkae Baliński subsp. nov. and, to a lesser degree, by the rhynchonellide Coeloterorhynchus dillanus (Schmidt, 1941), which constitute 72.8% and 22.1% of the fauna, respectively. Less frequent are specimens representing the genera Hypothyridina, Schizophoria and Phlogoiderynchus. According to the conodont fauna found within the coquina bed, the stratigraphic position of the shell accumulation is close to the Givetian/ Frasnian boundary. The brachiopods are associated with numerous crinoids and less frequent bryozoans, receptaculitids (Palaeozoic problematica), sponges and solitary corals. Although it is difficult to entirely exclude the autochthonous nature of the brachiopod coquina member, its allochthonous origin and redeposition of the brachiopod shells to the deep basin by gravity flows is much more probable. Such conclusion is supported by the following facts: (1) the position of the complex in a succession of deep-marine basinal facies impoverished in oxygen; (2) its lateral thinning-out and composite internal stratification; (3) the lensshaped geometry of the coquina bed in the section perpendicular to the bedding dip; (4) high variability of the sediments preserved within the shells; and (5) the preferred orientation of the shells. The brachiopods mixed with crinoidal debris were probably transported by low-velocity, high-density, gravity-induced debris flows. Lack of fossils typical of the Middle Devonian shallows, such as massive stromatoporoids, amphiporoids and tabulates, indicates that the source area of the bioclastic material was not located in the shallowest part of the shelf, but most probably on a submarine sea-mount to the north of present-day Józefka, as suggested by earlier investigators. The triggering mechanism of the allochthonous deposition was an earthquake rather than storm activity. The enormous thickness of the brachiopod complex is probably caused by the sinking of bioclastic material, transported in succeeding depositional multi-events, in a soft, muddy bottom, typical of the Szydłówek Beds deposition.
EN
A new species of heterobranch gastropods, the hammerhead Chelidonura radwanskii sp. nov., found in the socalled Pleurotoma-clays of middle Miocene (Langhian) age in the environs of Korytnica, southern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, is described. It is the first fossil representative of Chelidonura A. Adams, 1850. This tiny gastropod is named in honour of the late Professor Andrzej Radwański.
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