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1

Value engineering and lifecycle cost analysis to improve cost performance in green hospital project

Imron Ali, Husin Albert Eddy

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 67, nr 4

497--510

EN

In green concept hospital work, several provisions must be obeyed so that all processes, including material selection, project implementation, and building operations, must refer to green principles. Green building planning and construction costs higher than conventional by 10-20%. By using the Value Engineering (VE) method and combined with the Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), the researcher applies the green hospital concept to a project which is a case study but is still cost-effective even lower than the original Bill of Quantity. To see the strong influence of effectiveness on the hospital project, the researcher distributed a questionnaire to stakeholders. The results of the questionnaire were processed and analyzed using the Statistics Products and Solution Services (SPSS) tool. VE is implemented after first creating a Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) diagram, before and after adding functions for certain work items. It turns out that the use of the VE and LCCA methods is very influential in improving cost performance. From the calculation of the VE method, the resulting costs are up to 2.62% of the initial cost and LCCA shows the payback period of the Solar Power Plant with time = 9.64 years ≈ 9 years 7 months. The novelty of this research is the selection materials and the green concept of working methods is still cost efficient and the installation of Photovoltaics (PV) on the roof of Hospital reaches a payback period which is feasible for new investment.

2

Spark Plasma Sintering/Field Assisted Sintering Technique as a Universal Method for the Synthesis, Densification and Bonding Processes for Metal, Ceramic and Composite Materials

Laszkiewicz-Łukasik Jolanta, Putyra Piotr, Klimczyk Piotr, Podsiadło Marcin, Bednarczyk Kinga

Journal of Applied Materials Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 60, iss. 2-3

53--69

EN

This paper presents the technology of powder sintering by the spark plasma sintering method, also known as the field assisted sintering technique. The mechanisms, compared to other sintering techniques, advantages of this system, applied modifications and the history of the development of this technique are presented. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) uses uniaxial pressing and pulses of electric current. The direct flow of current through the sintered material allows high heating rates to be reached. This has a positive effect on material compaction and prevents the grain growth of sintered compact. The SPS mechanism is based on high-energy spark discharges. A low-voltage current pulse increases the kinetics of diffusion processes. The SPS temperature is up to 500 ◦C lower than the sintering temperature using conventional methods. The phenomena that occur during sintering with the Field Assisted Sintering Technology (FAST)/SPS method give great results for consolidating all types of materials, including those which are nonconductive. This method is used, among others, in relation to metals, alloys and ceramics, including advanced and ultra-high-temperature ceramics. Due to the good results and universality of this method, in recent years it has been developed and often used in research institutions, but also in industry.

3

Feature extraction and template matching algorithm classification for PCB fiducial verification

Fonseka C. L. S. C., Jayasinghe J. A. K. S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 86, nr 1

14--32

EN

Purpose: Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) systems that are extensively used in the industry of Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS), performs the inspection of Surface Mount Devices (SMD). One of the main tasks of such an AOI system is to align a given PCB to the parameters of the corresponding PCB positioning system by a process called fiducial alignment. However, no detailed analysis has been carried out so far on the methodologies that can be used to have a very precise identification of PCB fiducial points. In our research, we have implemented an AOI system for the inspection of soldering defects of Through Hole Technology (THT) solder joints, which can be integrated to a desktop soldering robotic platform. Such platforms are used in environments where no specific lighting conditions can be provided within a surrounded atmosphere. Therefore, an AOI system that is capable of performing fiducial alignment of any given PCB under varying lighting condition is highly preferred. In this paper, we have presented a detailed analysis on feature extraction and template matching algorithms that can be used to implement a very precise fiducial verification process under normal lighting condition. Design/methodology/approach: A detailed analysis and performance evaluation have been carried out in this paper on prominent image comparison algorithms that are extensively used in the field of image processing. Findings: According to the analysis carried out in this paper, it could be observed that the combination of feature extraction and template matching algorithms gives the best performance in PCB fiducial verification process. Research limitations/implications: This paper only presents the implementation of the front end of our proposed AOI system. The implemented methodologies for the automatic identification of soldering defects will be discussed in separate research papers. Practical implications: The methodologies presented in this paper can be effectively used to implement a very precise and robust PCB fiducial verification process that can be efficiently integrated to a desktop soldering robotic system. Originality/value: This research proposes a very accurate fiducial verification process that can be used under varying lighting conditions on a wide range of different PCB fiducial points.

4

Localization of component lead inside a THT solder joint for solder defects classification

Fonseka C. L. S. C., Jayasinghe J. A. K. S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 83, nr 2

57--66

EN

Purpose: Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) systems, used in electronics industry have been primarily developed to inspect soldering defects of Surface Mount Devices (SMD) on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). However, no commercially available AOI system exists that can be integrated to a desktop soldering robotic system, which is capable of identifying soldering defects of Through Hole Technology (THT) solder joints along with the soldering process. In our research, we have implemented an AOI platform that is capable of performing automatic quality assurance of THT solder joints in a much efficient way. In this paper, we have presented a novel approach to identify soldering defects of THT solder joints, based on the location of THT component lead top. This paper presents the methodologies that can be used to precisely identify and localize THT component lead inside a solder joint. Design/methodology/approach: We have discussed the importance of lead top localization and presented a detailed description on the methodologies that can be used to precisely segment and localize THT lead top inside the solder joint. Findings: It could be observed that the precise localization of THT lead top makes the soldering quality assurance process more accurate. A combination of template matching algorithms and colour model transformation provide the most accurate outcome in localizing the component lead top inside solder joint, according to the analysis carried out in this paper. Research limitations/implications: When the component lead top is fully covered by the soldering, the implemented methodologies will not be able to identify the actual location of it. In such a case, if the segmented and detected lead top locations are different, a decision is made based on the direction in which the solder iron tip touches the solder pad. Practical implications: The methodologies presented in this paper can be effectively used to have a precise localization of component lead top inside the solder joint. The precise identification of component lead top leads to have a very precise quality assurance capability to the implemented AOI system. Originality/value: This research proposes a novel approach to identify soldering defects of THT solder joints in a much efficient way based on the component lead top. The value of this paper is quite high, since we have taken all the possibilities that may appear on a solder joint in a practical environment.

5

Influence of Silk-Like Finishing ProcessVariables on Fabric Properties

Carrera-Gallissà E., Capdevila X., Valldeperas J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2017

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Vol. 25, no. 4 (124)

82--88

EN

A 100% PES woven fabric was subjected to a silk-like finishing treatment using a two-factor (soda concentration and vaporisation time), three-level experimental design on a pilot plant in order to examine the influence of process variables on fabric drape and hand, and also to relate weight loss to the properties of the finished fabric. Weight loss in the fabric was significantly related to the process variables studied. By contrast, the vaporisation time affected no drape indicator, even though it interacted significantly with the soda concentration, which influenced three of the five indicators examined. Also the vaporisation time affected no FAST property, but its interaction with the soda concentration had a significant effect on all drape-related FAST parameters. Regression equations accurately predicting drape indicators and physico-mechanical properties of the fabric studied from its weight loss are proposed.

PL

Tkaninę poliestrową poddano obróbce mającej na celu nadanie „efektu jedwabiu”. W tym celu zastosowano metodę napawania parowego, która obejmowała: kadzi impregnacyjną, strefę odparowywania, zespół myjący i strefę suszenia. Głównym celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu parametrów procesu wykańczania tkaniny na jej układalność, a także związek pomiędzy utratą masy a własnościami gotowej tkaniny. Przemysłowy proces obróbki nadającej „efekt jedwabiu” jest kontrolowany głównie poprzez utratę masy tkaniny w wyniku obróbki sodą. Stwierdzono, że utrata masy tkaniny jest znacząco związana z badanymi zmiennymi procesowymi. W przeciwieństwie do tego, czas odparowania nie wpływa na układalność tkaniny. Zaproponowano równania regresji precyzyjnie przewidujące układalność i właściwości fizyko-mechaniczne tkaniny.

6

Moisture Responded Transformable Property Of Intelligent Coolness Knitted Fabrics For Sportswear Clothings

Ah Kim H., Kim S.

Autex Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 17, no. 3

250--258

EN

The present study examined the physical properties related to the intelligent coolness characteristics including the wearing comfort of Huvis elastic fiber (HEF) knitted fabrics. For this purpose, three kinds of covered filament yarn specimens, such as PET-HEF, Aerocool-HEF, and PET-spandex, were prepared, and their knitted fabric specimens were made using these covered yarn specimens. These knitted fabric specimens were dyed at different dyeing temperatures and times to analyze the dyeing characteristics. The moisture absorption rate, drying, and hygral expansion of the three kinds of knitted fabric specimens were measured and compared with the yarn characteristics to determine the wearing comfort of HEF knitted fabrics.

7

Czasoprzestrzeń miasta. FAST: rozpoznanie i planowanie dla zrównoważonego rozwoju

Barełkowski R., Barełkowska K., Chlasta L., Janusz J., Wardęski Ł.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2016

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nr 25

151--186

PL

Artykuł przedstawia badania związane z poszukiwaniem metody pozwalającej na oszacowanie tempa rozwoju zabudowy rezydencjonalnej w oparciu o analizę struktury czynników ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uwarunkowań lokalnych. Próba badawcza skoncentrowana jest na puli obszarów dedykowanych pod obiekty mieszkaniowe, z silnym naciskiem na jednorodzinnej, objęte w okresie obserwacji planami miejscowymi. Odnosi się to do diagnozy silnego wpływu aktów normatywnych i planowanych inwestycji, często pomijanych w prognozach bazujących na ekstrapolacji.

EN

The paper focuses on the search for assessment method determining the pace of the development of residential areas on multi-factor analysis acknowledging local conditions of an area. The research examines areas assigned for the construction of residential buildings, particularly single-family detached housing, and having master plan during the period of their observation. It aims at diagnosing the strong influence of legal acts and planned developments, which are often omitted in extrapolation-based forecasts.

8

Structural and thermal properties of tetrahedrites prepared by FAST method

Chetty R., Wojciechowski K.

Mechanik

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2016

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R. 89, nr 5-6

510--511

EN

In this investigation, a parent compound Cu12Sb4S13 and doped compound Cu11ZnSb4S13 is prepared by solid state synthesis followed by the Field Assisted Sintering Technique. XRD reveals tetrahedrite as a main phase and trace amount of impurity phases. Effect of doping on thermal conductivity of tetrahedrite is discussed.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania czystego tetraedrytu o skła-dzie Cu12Sb4S13 oraz domieszkowanego Cu11ZnSb4S13 otrzymanego na drodze syntezy w stanie stałym, a następnie prasowanego techniką FAST. Badania XRD potwierdziły obecność głównej fazy o strukturze tetraedrytu oraz śladową ilość zanieczyszczeń. Omówiono wpływ domieszkowania na przewodność cieplną tetraedrytu.

9

Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Modelling the Drape Behaviour of Woollen Fabrics Treated with Dry Finishing Processes

Kursun B. S., Kalaoğlu F., Jevšnik S., Eryuruk S. H., Saricam C.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2015

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Vol. 23, no. 2 (110)

90--99

EN

The relationship between fabric drape, low stress mechanical properties and finishing processes is relatively complex. This paper demonstrates the possibility of using artificial neural networks to identify the fabric drape of woollen fabrics treated with different dry finishing processes (stenter, decatising, superfinish, formula, KADE strong/weak - autoclave decatizing). The mechanical and surface properties of woollen fabrics were measured by both the KES-FB and FAST systems, and then the results obtained were applied to artiicial neural network (ANN) modelling. ANN models were compared by verifying the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Correlation coefficient (R-value). The results indicated that each model is capable of making quantitatively accurate drape behaviour predictions for wool fabrics (Rmin = 0.92, MSEmin = 0).

PL

Związek pomiędzy układalnością tkaniny, właściwościami mechanicznymi przy niskich naprężeniach a procesami wykańczalniczymi jest stosunkowo skomplikowany. Artykuł ten wskazuje na możliwość wykorzystania sztucznych sieci neuronowych do identyfikacji układalności tkanin wełnianych poddanych procesom suchego wykańczania. Właściwości mechaniczne i powierzchniowe wełnianych tkanin zmierzono za pomocą KES-FB i FAST, a następnie otrzymane wyniki wprowadzono do sztucznej sieci neuronowej (ANN). Modele ANN porównano przez weryfikację blędu średniokwadratowego i współczynnika korelacji. Wyniki wykazały, że każdy model może być wykorzystany do utworzenia ilościowo dokładnych prognoz układalności dla tkanin wełnianych.

10

Automatyczny system zapobiegania gołoledzi

Szczerbiński J., Antosz M.

Drogownictwo

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2014

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nr 4

117--123

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasady działania systemu FAST (ang. Fixed Automated Spray Technology) służącego do automatycznego zapobiegania powstawaniu oblodzenia na newralgicznych odcinkach dróg takich jak mosty, tunele, podjazdy etc., poprzez spryskanie nawierzchni środkiem odladzającym. Autorzy opisali techniczną stronę działania tego typu systemów, ze szczególnym naciskiem na różnorodność docelowych rozwiązań i miejsca ich stosowania. Ponadto przybliżono walory ekonomiczne i ekologiczne stosowania systemów FAST oraz ich funkcjonalność i wpływ na bezpieczeństwo. Odniesiono się także do rozwiązań alternatywnych oraz do praktyki stosowania tych systemów w Polsce. W związku z niewielką znajomością zagadnienia w Polsce, autorzy podjęli uzasadnioną próbę przybliżenia przedmiotowych rozwiązań i wskazali na wytyczne i inne źródła standaryzacyjne mogące pełnić funkcję rekomendacyjną.

EN

Article presents the principles of operation of Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) used for automated spraying of deicer on road pavement to prevent ice formation on critical road sections such as bridges, tunnels, ramps etc. Authors describe technical functioning of such systems with an emphasis on the diversity of the final solutions and their fields of application. Moreover economic and ecological values of the use of FAST and its functionality and impact on road safety were brought closer. Alternative solutions and use practice of these systems in Poland were recognized. Due to the small knowledge of this issues in Poland, authors made a reasonable attempt to approximate these solutions and point out the guidelines and other sources of standardization that could become recommendation.

11

Bezinwazyjne metody pomiaru momentu obrotowego

Sadowski A., Żółtowski B.

Logistyka

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2012

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nr 6

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zależności charakteryzujące moment obrotowy wykorzystywany do napędu maszyn. Wyszczególniono celowość monitorowania jego poziomu w maszynach w aspekcie gospodarki energetycznej w celu obniżenia kosztów, a także zwiększenia efektywności napędu maszyn przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu norm bezpieczeństwa. Przedstawiono i scharakteryzowano metody pomiarowe wykorzystujące techniki bezkontaktowe oraz wyznaczono różnice dzielące je od tradycyjnego podejścia do pomiarów momentu obrotowego.

EN

In this paper depending on the torque used to drive machines. Detailed monitoring of its level of desirability of the machines in the aspect of energy management to reduce costs and drive efficiency while maintaining the machinery safety standards. Presents the measurement methods and characterized using non-contact technique and determination of the differences between them and the traditional approach for measuring torque.

12

Investigation of the mechanics and performance of woven fabrics using objective evaluation techniques. Part I, The relationship between FAST, KES-F and Cusick’s Drape-Meter parameters

Tokmak O., Berkalp O. B., Gersak J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2010

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Vol. 18, no. 2 (79)

55--59

EN

In this study, mechanical and performance analyses of woven fabrics were carried out using objective evaluation techniques. The KES-FB Auto system, the FAST system and Cusick’s Drape Meter were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the fabrics. The shear, bending, extension, and compression parameters were measured using KES-FB and FAST instruments, and the drape coefficient was measured using Cusick’s Drape Meter. It was found that the KES-F and FAST systems have a good correlation between each parameter, although they use different measurement principles. Another conclusion obtained from this work concerns the dependence of bending and shear parameters on the fabric drape property. It was found that the drape of a fabric is primarily dependent on the fabric’s bending and shear properties.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania właściwości mechanicznych i użytkowych tkanin za pomocą obiektywnych metod testowania. W tym celu zastosowano FAST, KES-F oraz miernik Cusick’s Drape. Parametry ścinania, zginania, rozciągania i ściskania były mierzone przy użyciu systemów KES-FB i FAST a współczynnik układalności był mierzony za pomocą miernika Cusick’s Drape. Stwierdzono, że wyniki uzyskane za pomocą systemów KES-FB i FAST wykazują dobrą korelację dla wszystkich mierzonych wielkości mimo różnych zasad przeprowadzania pomiarów. Kolejnym wnioskiem, który można wyciągnąć jest istnienie dobrej korelacji między właściwościami zginania i ścinania a parametrami układalności co oznacza, że układalność tkaniny przede wszystkim zależy od tych dwóch parametrów.

13

Porównanie sprzętowych implementacji dwóch popularnych detektorów cech punktowych

Kraft M., Fularz M.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2009

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R. 55, nr 8

618-620

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano sprzętowe implementacje dwóch detektorów narożników - detektora Harrisa i detektora FAST - w strukturach FPGA. Prędkość przetwarzania nie ustępuje prędkości uzyskiwanej na współczesnych komputerach osobistych, jednakże zastosowanie niedrogich układów FPGA umożliwia ograniczenie poboru mocy, a także kosztu oraz wymiarów kompletnego systemu. W artykule zawarto opis obu algorytmów, schematy blokowe ich sprzętowych implementacji, a także podsumowanie i porównanie ilości zasobów układu FPGA wykorzystywanych przez obie implementacje. Wykonano również wstępną analizę wyników uzyskanych przez zastosowanie zaimplementowanych detektorów na sekwencji obrazów.

EN

Many contemporary computer and machine vision applications require finding corresponding points in image sequences. For that purpose many point feature detectors have been developed. Most of them detect corners, i.e. points that mark object boundaries, or boundaries of significant object parts as features. In this paper there are presented the implementations of two popular corner detectors - the Harris [2] and FAST [3] corner detector - in FPGA structure. The proposed solutions enable processing of 512x512 pixel, 8-bit grayscale image data with the speed of over 400 frames per second (FAST), and over 350 frames per second (Harris). The processing speeds are the same or even better than those that can be achieved using modern high-performance PCs. FPGA implementations, however, are less power-hungry, relatively inexpensive and more compact, which is critical in many applications. Our implementations are targeted at applications in mobile robotics. The paper contains a short description of the implemented algorithms, block diagrams of the implemented architectures, as well as the summary of the FPGA resources required by both implementations. A preliminary analysis of performance of the implemented algorithms with regards to feature repeatability is also carried out. The results show that the implementation of the FAST algorithm has better performance in terms of speed. Also, the FAST algorithm performs better on image sequences with strong structure - urban, interiors etc. The Harris detector implementation, although in general slower and a little more resource-hungry than the FAST implementation (requires hardware multipliers), demonstrates better performance on poorly structured scene sequences - grass, dirt roads etc. These conclusions are consistent with the results of research carried out before [3, 4].