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1
Content available remote Charakterystyka termograwimetryczna procesu zgazowania wybranych rodzajów biomasy
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań termograwimetrycznych procesu zgazowania w atmosferze CO₂ trocin, łupin orzecha włoskiego, siana oraz kolb oczyszczonych z ziaren kukurydzy. Oznaczono reaktywność surowców, wskazano etapy zgazowania, a także obliczono parametry kinetyczne procesu. Największą energię aktywacji i szybkość reakcji zaobserwowano w przypadku karbonizatu siana (237,2 kJ/mol).
EN
Sawdust, walnut shells, cobs purified from corn grains and hay were gasified under CO₂ by thermogravimetry to det. process stages reactivity of raw materials and kinetic parameters of the gasification stage. The highest activation energy was obsd. by the gasification of hay carbonizate (237.2 kJ/mol) and surprisingly the reaction showed also the highest rate.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia krótki przegląd literatury dotyczącej zastosowań analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA) w badaniu żywności. Opisano także zasadę pomiaru, wykorzystywaną aparaturę, sposób prezentacji wyników otrzymanych w tej metodzie.
EN
The article presents a short review of the literature on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applications in food testing. The principle of measurement, the devices used and the presentation of the results obtained in this method are also described.
PL
Analiza termiczna jest szeroko stosowana w badaniach procesów spalania paliw stałych. Artykuł przedstawia przykład zastosowania technik analizy termicznej TG i DTA w badaniu procesu współspalania węgla i biomasy drzewnej. Wykonano badania fizykochemiczne węgla i stosowanej biomasy. Praca przedstawia analizę procesów współspalania węgla i biomasy drzewnej dla różnych ich mieszanek (udziałów wagowych) w atmosferze powietrza, modyfikowanej CO2, odzwierciedlonych na krzywych TG i DTA.
EN
Thermal analysis is widely used in studies of solid fuel combustion processes. The paper presents an ex-ample of thermal analysis techniques like TG and DTA in the study of coal and biomass combustion and co-combustion processes. The physical and chemical properties of studied fuels were carried out. The paper presents the thermal analysis of combustion and co-combustion of coal and biomass in different atmosphere taking into account the influence of CO2 addition. The results were presented in TG and DTA curves corresponding to mass changes and thermal effects.
4
Content available remote Toromierz DTG
PL
Elektroniczny system do przestrzennych pomiarów inwentaryzacyjnych geometrii urządzeń techniczno-eksploatacyjnych i torów w transporcie szynowym. Artykuł opisuje problematykę geodezyjno-diagnostycznych pomiarów urządzeń, jakimi są rozjazdy, skrzyżowania czy hamulce torowe. Przedstawiono w nim przykłady autorskich pomiarów rozjazdu zwyczajnego wykonanych wdrażanym w Polsce cyfrowym toromierzem elektronicznym typu DTG (Digital Track Gauge).
EN
Electronic system for 3D mapping of track rails geometry, track furnishing and along-track facilities in rail transporation. The paper discusses issues pertaining to surveys of geometry and diagnostics of rails and rail track facilities like switches, crossovers and wagon retarders. The discussion is supported by an example of survey of a standard track switch, made by the author with the use of the DTG (Digital Track Gauge), electronic device, just introduced in Poland.
EN
The NdPO4–Na3PO4–Na4P2O7 portion of the oxide Nd2O3–Na2O–P2O5 system was investigated using thermoanalytical, X-ray powder diffraction and light microscopy techniques, and its phase diagram has been proposed. In the composition range of interest one ternary compound occurs, Na3Nd(PO4)2, which melts incongruently at 1485C and exhibits a polymorphic transition at about 1040C. Two subsystems: NdPO4–Na4P2O7 and Na3Nd(PO4)2–Na4P2O7, which are quasi-binary only in the subsolidus regions, i.e. 944C and 967C, respectively, have been found. It has been shown that a ternary peritectic (tP = 967C) and a ternary eutectic (t = 961C) occur in the quasi-ternary NdPO4–Na3PO4–Na4P2O7 system.
EN
Quasibinary section NdPO4–Na3PO4 has been investigated by thermoanalytical methods (DTA, TG, DTG), X-ray powder diffraction and microscopy. Its phase diagram is proposed. It is found, that the parent orthophosphates react in the molar ratio 1:1 yielding an intermediate compound of Na3Nd(PO4)2. This phosphate melts incongruently at 1485C, giving NdPO4 and an Na3PO4-rich liquid. Na3Nd(PO4)2 compound is stable down to room temperature and exhibits a polymorphic transition at about 1040 graduate C.
EN
In the ternary system Nd2O3-K2O-P2O5 a partial system NdPO4-KPO3-Nd(PO3)3 was investigated by thermoanalytical methods, X-ray powder diffraction and microscopy in reflected light and its phase diagram was proposed. In the system a double metaphosphate KNd(PO3)4 appears. The compound forms in a side system Nd(PO3)3-KPO3. It has been established that the KNd(PO3)4 and NdPO4 form a section, which is a real system only in the subsolidus region. It is found, that a ternary peritectic (tP ~ 885°C) and a ternary eutectic (tE ~ 688°C) occur in the partial system NdPO4-KPO3-Nd(PO3)3.
EN
The quasi-binary section Nd(PO3)3-NaPO3 has been investigated by thermoanalytical methods (DTA, TG, DTG) and X-ray powder diffraction and its phase diagram was proposed. It was found that initial metaphosphates react at a 1:1 molar ratio, forming the intermediate compound NaNd(PO3)4. It was confirmed, that it melts incongruently at about 866_C, giving Nd(PO3)3 and a liquid rich in NaPO3. The phosphate NaNd(PO3)4 is stable to room temperature and does not exhibit polymorphic transitions.
EN
Exchange of mobile hydrogen atoms in 1,3-propanediammonium hydrogenphosphate for deuterium (OH-OD, NH-ND) affects the thermal stability of the salt. Additionally, (O,N)-deuteration induces some unexpected changes in the -CH2-vibrations in the IR spectrum of this compound. The structure of the title compound has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at 290 K (protonated as well as deuterated crystals) and at 25 K (deuterated crystal). In all cases, the crystals are monoclinic, space group, P21/c. The 1,3-propanediammonium dication has the extended all-trans conformation. The structure contains a three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds, in which all available proton donors are engaged. The phosphate groups are linked through relatively strong H bonds to form infinite chains along c. The water molecule is closely associated with these chains by donating H bonds to two consecutive phosphate units along the chain.
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