Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Reconstruction of the Miocene depositional architecture of the Carpathian Foredeep basin based on geophysical data

Stefaniuk Michał, Florek Marzena, Maćkowski Tomasz, Hadro Piotr, Cygal Adam, Pieniądz Krzysztof, Łapinkiewicz Artur P., Wachowicz-Pyzik Anna

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2023

|

nr 1-2 (72-73)

68--69

EN

The Carpathian Foredeep in Poland is divided into two parts, eastern and western, with different tectonic frameworks and conditions of the Neogene sedimentary fill. The boundary is the so-called Krakow Ridge associated with the contact of two regional tectonic units: Upper Silesian and Malopolska blocks. The width of the Foredeep varies regionally and significantly differs in the western and eastern parts. It was developed within the epi-Variscan platform. Two zones can be distinguished in the Foredeep: the inner (older) zone and the outer zone. The subject of the presented work is the eastern part of the outer zone of Foredeep located in front of the head of the Carpathian thrust and filled mainly by autochthonous Miocene formations. The meridional width of this zone of the basin varies from about 10 km in the vicinity of Krakow to nearly 100 km in the central part. Its tectonic framework is defined from the south and south-west by marginal structures of the Carpathian overthrust and tectonic units of the folded Miocene. From the north-east and north-west, the border is marked by a system of faults in the foreground of Roztocze Upland and the Holy Cross Mountains. In the Sub-Cenozoic basement, a set of large faults of NW-SE length, with different times of formation and activity, is marked. These faults locally define horst structures and tectonic grabens. Some of the faults continue under the Carpathians, under which there is also a system of transversal faults in relation to the main axis of the orogeny. The influence of the tectonic structures of the basement is noticeable within the Miocene cover by faults disappearing towards the surface and continuous deformations of the adaptive type. The outer foreland basin is filled with marine molasse type deposits of the unfolded autochthonous Middle Miocene with a thickness of up to approx. 3.500 m. The complex of Miocene formations is formed, in the lower, south-western and central part, by strongly differentiated submarine fan deposits accompanied by basin plain formations and gravitational flow deposits, including turbidite deposits characteristic of flysch sedimentation. The outer part of the fans smoothly transitions into the zone of fine-clastic sedimentation of the basin plain. Above the complex of submarine fan sediments, there are thick complexes of sediments of deltaic origin, which are also intensively variable facies, creating a set of channel (coarse-grained) and extra-channel (finegrained) facies. The highest, relatively thin part of the sediments is formed by shallow coastal shelf formations. Submarine fans and river deltas developed mainly in the zone of the south-western and southern coasts of the Miocene reservoir, surrounded by river mouths providing an abundant supply of material from the rising and eroded Carpathians. In the north-eastern and locally even in the middle part of the basin, sediments may appear, for which the feeding area was located in the hinterland of the northern and north-eastern coast of the Miocene Sea. The limited scope of extraction of drill cores resulting from the exploratory and exploitation nature of drilling makes it necessary to use borehole and surface geophysical data to reconstruct the depositional architecture. Processing and interpretation of geophysical data for a complex of Miocene sediments with such characteristics are problematic and ambiguous. Numerous sources of sedimentary material supply in the form of river mouths and submarine channels cause a significant diversification of the depositional architecture of the Miocene basin, making it difficult to trace uniform stratigraphic and lithological and facies boundaries. Sedimentary conditions cause, on the one hand, a certain monotony of the sediments, dominated by clastic formations, enriched by evaporate sediments horizons, and on the other hand, great lateral and depth facies differentiation. Geophysical well-logging data allows to recognize the lithological and facies variability of sediments and to determine the sequence of changes along the borehole trajectory. Seismic reflection data was used to track lateral variability. For the seismic reflective method, the reflective boundaries, characterized by a significant, abrupt change in acoustic impedance, are of primary importance. Within the Miocene basin, numerous reflective boundaries with high lateral variability and non-obvious stratigraphic identification are observed. In a complex of siliciclastic deposits, seismic wave reflections are recorded from the boundaries separating fine-grained lithofacies and medium- and coarse-grained facies. Due to the dominance of deltaic sediments and submarine fans in the depositional architecture of the Miocene complex, the regional continuity of such boundaries is problematic, and their unambiguous stratigraphic identification is practically impossible. To sum up, intense lithological and facies variability of clastic deposits, both lateral and vertical, should be expected within the Miocene complex. The sediments of individual fragments of submarine fans and deltas overlap each other, and there may also be overlaps with the sediments of neighboring fans. Such characteristics of the complex translate into a variable seismic pattern with numerous reflective boundaries and intense lateral variability of the seismic signal characteristics

2

Przykład interpretacji sejsmostratygraficznej i tektonostratygraficznej utworów miocenu z obszaru centralnej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Łaba-Biel Anna, Urbaniec Andrzej, Filipowska-Jeziorek Kinga

Nafta-Gaz

|

2022

|

R. 78, nr 8

565--579

PL

Szczegółowe rozpoznanie paleośrodowiska sedymentacji utworów formacji z Machowa w późnym badenie i sarmacie jest nadal stosunkowo niewielkie pomimo regionalnego rozprzestrzenienia i rozpoznania profilu tej formacji w licznych otworach wiertnicznych. Nowe dane sejsmiczne o wysokiej rozdzielczości, uzyskane w ramach zdjęcia sejsmicznego 3D wykonanego w roku 2015, pozwoliły na niekonwencjonalne podejście do interpretacji, oparte na założeniach metodyki stratygrafii sekwencji w powiązaniu z interpretacją tektonostratygraficzną oraz analizą atrybutów sejsmicznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań możliwe było wyeksponowanie całego szeregu informacji, które przy użyciu standardowych metod interpretacyjnych były najczęściej niedostrzegalne lub pomijane. Zaprezentowany w niniejszym artykule przykład tego typu interpretacji obejmuje środkową część profilu formacji z Machowa w centralnej części zapadliska przedkarpackiego (rejon usytuowany pomiędzy Dąbrową Tarnowską a Dębicą). Na podstawie interpretacji sejsmostratygraficznej możliwe było wskazanie elementów architektury depozycyjnej typowych dla klastycznych basenów sedymentacyjnych, które genetycznie powiązane są z ciągami systemów depozycyjnych. Interpretacja diagramu Wheelera wykazała istnienie wielu luk stratygraficznych, które są wynikiem erozji osadów lub odpowiadają okresom braku sedymentacji. W obrębie analizowanego segmentu mioceńskiego basenu sedymentacyjnego udokumentowano zmienny w czasie, transgresywno-regresywny charakter sedymentacji, związany zarówno z eustatycznymi zmianami poziomu morza, jak i z lokalną aktywnością tektoniczną. Generalnie największą masę dostarczanego materiału stanowiły osady transportowane z kierunku południowego, jednak w profilu obecne są także sekwencje zbudowane z heterolitów, w obrębie których dostawa materiału następowała naprzemiennie z dwóch różnych kierunków (tj. od N lub NW oraz od S). Interpretacja zapisu atrybutów sejsmicznych pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie różnego typu elementów paleośrodowiska, takich jak delty warkoczowe, delty stożkowe, kanały i loby rozwinięte w strefach wypłaszczeń skłonu czy też stożki basenowe. W obrębie badanej części profilu utworów formacji z Machowa wyróżniono kilkanaście jednostek tektonostratygraficznych różniących się pod względem budowy strukturalnej i stylu tektonicznego. W morfologii utworów miocenu w tej strefie uwagę zwraca pozytywny element strukturalny, sąsiadujący od strony NW i SE ze strefami obniżonymi. W obrazie chronostratygraficznym tego elementu widoczne są asymetryczne struktury kształtem przypominające fałdy oraz szereg drobnych uskoków, świadczących o niestabilności tektonicznej tego elementu. Zaproponowana metodyka oparta na analizie obrazu chronostratygraficznego i diagramu Wheelera, w połączeniu z interpretacją tektonostratygraficzną, pozwoliła na szczegółową rekonstrukcję paleośrodowiska sedymentacji oraz odtworzenie historii depozycyjnej i tektonicznej analizowanego segmentu basenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego.

EN

Recognition of the paleoenvironment of sedimentation of the Machów Formation during the Late Baden and Sarmatian is still poorly understood, despite its regional spreading and recognition of the profile of this formation in numerous wells. New high-resolution 3D seismic data acquired in 2015 allowed for an unconventional approach to interpretation, based on the assumptions of the sequence stratigraphy methodology in combination with tectonostratigraphic interpretation and seismic attribute analysis. The research revealed a range of information that was most often overlooked by standard interpretative methods. An example of this type of interpretation covering a middle part of the Machów Formation profile in the central part of the Carpathian Foredeep (the area between Dąbrowa Tarnowska and Dębica cities) is presented in this paper. Based on seismostratigraphic interpretation it was possible to identify elements of depositional architecture typical of clastic sedimentary basins that are genetically related to depositional systems tracts. Interpretation of the Wheeler diagram showed the existence of many hiatuses that are the result of sediments erosion or correspond to periods of no sedimentation. Within the analyzed segment of the Miocene sedimentary basin, a time-varying, transgressive-regressive character of sedimentation was evidenced, related to both eustatic sea-level changes and local tectonic activity. In general, the largest portion of delivered material was transported from the south; however, sequences composed of heteroliths are also present in the profile, where material was delivered alternately from two different directions (i.e., from N or NW and from S). Seismic attributes interpretation enabled identification of different types of paleoenvironmental elements such as braided-deltas, fan-deltas, intraslope channels and lobes, and basin fans. In the analyzed part of the Machów Formation profile several tectonostratigraphic units were distinguished that differ in their structural framework and tectonic style. The morphology of the Miocene formations in the study area is marked by a positive structural element adjacent to the NW and SE with depressed zones. The chronostratigraphic image shows asymmetric fold-like structures and a series of minor faults indicating tectonic instability of this element. The proposed approach based on chronostratigraphic image and Wheeler diagram analysis in combination with tectonostratigraphic interpretation allowed for detailed recognition of sedimentary paleoenvironment as well as reconstruction of depositional and tectonic history of the analyzed segment of the Carpathian Foredeep basin.

3

Coal and dispersed organic matter in the Miocene sediments of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) – new data

Krzeszowska Ewa, Gonera Małgorzata

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

|

2022

|

T. 38, z. 3

121--136

EN

The paper presents new data on the Miocene development within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The Miocene succession of the study area is characterized by high thickness and highly variable lithology. In the Miocene sediments of the studied area, the presence of organic matter in the form of a coal layer, coal crumbs, and dispersed organic matter has been found. The research focused mainly on the analysis of organic matter in terms of its origin, degree of coalification, and depositional environment. The degree of coalification of organic matter was determined by the huminite/vitrinite reflectance. The hard brown coal layer with a thickness of about eight meters was identified within the Kłodnica Formation. Based on the textural properties and degree of coalification, brown coal was classified as dull brown coal and bright brown coal. Organic matter in the form of coal crumbs and dispersed organic matter were found within a package clastic sedimentary. On the basis of petrographic analysis, two types of allochthonous organic matter with different degrees of coalification were identified. The coal clasts are mainly of Carboniferous origin, while the Miocene redeposited brown coal grains dominate within the dispersed organic matter. Coal fragments and dispersed organic matter derived from the Miocene brown coal were also found within the black claystones. The study of organic matter of the Miocene sediments in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin showed both its autochthonous and allochthonous origins.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nowe dane dotyczące rozwoju miocenu w obrębie Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. Sukcesję mioceńską na obszarze badań charakteryzuje duża miąższość i bardzo zmienna litologia. W osadach miocenu badanego obszaru stwierdzono obecność materii organicznej w postaci warstwy węgla, okruchów oraz rozproszonej materii organicznej. Badania koncentrowały się głównie na analizie materii organicznej pod kątem jej pochodzenia, stopnia uwęglenia oraz środowiska depozycji. Stopień uwęglenia materii organicznej oznaczono na podstawie refleksyjności huminitu/witrynitu. W obrębie Formacji Kłodnickiej zidentyfikowano warstwę twardego węgla brunatnego o miąższości około ośmiu metrów. Na podstawie właściwości teksturalnych i stopnia uwęglenia węgiel brunatny zaklasyfikowano jako węgiel brunatny twardy matowy i węgiel brunatny twardy błyszczący. Substancja organiczna w postaci okruchów węgla i rozproszonej substancji organicznej zidentyfikowana została w obrębie pakietu klastycznych skał okruchowych. Na podstawie analizy petrograficznej zidentyfikowano dwa rodzaje allochtonicznej materii organicznej o różnym stopniu uwęglenia. Okruchy węgla są głównie pochodzenia karbońskiego, natomiast w rozproszonej materii organicznej dominują redeponowane ziarna mioceńskiego węgla brunatnego. Okruchy węgla i rozproszoną materię organiczną pochodzącą z mioceńskiego węgla brunatnego stwierdzono również w czarnych iłowcach. Badania materii organicznej osadów mioceńskich w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym wykazały zarówno jej autochtoniczne, jak i allochtoniczne pochodzenie.

4

Mineralogical characteristics of the heterolithic formations from the Carpathian Foredeep Miocene sediments, south-eastern Poland

Przelaskowska Anna, Zagórska Urszula, Urbaniec Andrzej, Łykowska Grażyna, Klaja Jolanta, Grela Jacek, Kędracka Katarzyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2022

|

Vol. 48, no. 3

219--242

EN

Heterolithic complexes from the Carpathian Foredeep are a subject of growing attention as many natural gas accumulations of industrial importance have been discovered in such formations during the last decades. The aim of the presented work was to determine lithotypes of different lithology and mineralogical composition in the heterolithic sequences. Individual lithotypes were distinguished of macroscopic observations of cores, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence method (XRF). Preliminary distinction between the lithotypes was based on macroscopic observations of the core samples. Correlation plots between the contents of particular minerals (XRD analyses) and corresponding elements (XRF analyses) were used for verification of the lithotypes distinguished based on macroscopic observations. Swelling properties of the investigated rocks were determined using the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. The following lithotypes were identified: medium- to fine-grained sandstones, fine- to very fine-grained sandstones, clayey sandstones, sand-dominated heteroliths, heteroliths with approx. equal proportions of sandstones and mudstones, mud-dominated heteroliths, mudstones, clayey shales. Such division provides a basis for precise petrophysical characterization of the analyzed profiles, that is assignment of particular petrophysical parameters values to individual lithotypes. More reliable petrophysical parameters in the geophysical interpretation of heterolithic sequences allow for a more precise determination of zones characterized by good reservoir parameters.

5

Source rock potential of the Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Carpathian Foredeep of the Czech Republic

Geršlová Eva, Medvecká Lujza, Jirman Petr, Nehyba Slavomír, Opletal Vladimir

Geological Quarterly

|

2022

|

Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 1

EN

We determine the organic matter content, its thermal maturity, genetic type, and source rock potential of the Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Czech Carpathian Foredeep. In the Czech Republic the Carpathian Foredeep represents a peripheral foreland basin formed due to the tectonic emplacement and loading of the Alpine-Carpathian Thrust Wedge onto the passive margin of the Bohemian Massif. Random vitrinite/huminite reflectance measurements and maceral analyses were performed on 25 samples from the Carpathian Foredeep succession. Additionally, results of 135 TOC content measurements, 141 Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses and 27 vitrinite reflectance measurements were used to evaluate the regional distribution and depth trends for the entire Carpathian Foredeep. The thermal maturity of organic matter is between the immature part and peak of the oil window (Tmax = 413–448°C). Beneath the Western Carpathian Thrust Belt, the thermal maturity reaches higher values (Rr = 0.43–0.58%, Tmax = 429–448°C). The hydrocarbon generation potential is poor or fair, even if the total organic carbon values indicate good or even very good source rock potential. This is mainly due to the prevailing gas-prone Type III kerogen. The best source rocks were observed in the Miocene strata of the southern and central segments of the area discussed.

6

The geotouristic potential of the scenic underground routes in the “Wieliczka” and “Bochnia” Salt Mines (Carpathian Foredeep)

Dzięgiel Maciej

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

|

2021

|

nr 3-4 (66-67)

17--45

EN

In this article, five scenic underground routes of historical salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia towns were the subject of comparative research, considered as very essential examples of geotouristic potential. In the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine, there are Touristic and Miners’ Routes, and in the “Bochnia” mine, there is a Multimedia Touristic route, as well as two Miners’: Natural and Historical ones. The routes lead through the parts of old mines. These salt deposits are a part of the Miocene evaporitic formations, as a fragment of the Carpathian Foredeep. A comparative geotouristic potential evaluation of all these routes was made to meet tourists’, educators’ and investors’ expectations and needs to raise their geotouristic development level. The statistical data of the annual number of visitors for the last few years at the described routes were also discussed. In general, interest in these routes has been growing, as the popularity of the industrial heritage in the “Wieliczka” and “Bochnia” Salt Mines has been regularly developing. They have become very widely known in Poland and around the world.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie porównawczej potencjału geoturystycznego pięciu tras podziemnych zabytkowych kopalń soli w Wieliczce i Bochni. Dwie z nich (turystyczna i górnicza) znajdują się w Wieliczce, a trzy pozostałe (multimedialna turystyczna i dwie górnicze: historyczna i przyrodnicza) w Bochni. Prowadzą one fragmentami dawnych wyrobisk kopalnianych. Opisywane złoża solne mają postać ewaporatowej formacji powstałej w miocenie, wchodzącej w skład zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Ocena porównawcza potencjału geoturystycznego poszczególnych tras została dokonana z uwzględnieniem potrzeb turystów, nauczycieli i inwestorów. Wzięto pod uwagę także dane statystyczne dotyczące frekwencji turystów w omawianych obiektach dla kilku ostatnich lat. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, zainteresowanie opisywanymi trasami podziemnymi systematycznie wzrasta do chwili obecnej, co jest skutkiem zwiększającej się z biegiem czasu popularności dziedzictwa przemysłowego w Wieliczce i Bochni, zarówno w Polsce, jak i na całym świecie.

7

The youngest deposits infilling the Gdów “embayment” (Carpathian orogenic front, south Poland) are not older than late Sarmatian-Pannonian

Wójcik Antoni, Garecka Małgorzata Katarzyna, Malata Tomasz, Pilarz Monika

Geological Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 22

EN

The Gdów “embayment” is the most pronounced deflection along the northern boundary of the Carpathians. It is filled by the sandy clay deposits which used to be named the Skawina Formation or Chodenice beds or, locally, conglomerates (of Sypka Góra). Their stratigraphic position according to studies of foraminifers had been determined as Badenian. New results obtained from micropalaeontological material sampled at three exposures near Wiatowice, Jawczyce (Giewont) and Gdów (Sypka Góra), and based on boreholes, indicate a much younger age of for the deposits infilling the Gdów “embayment”. These studies show that the surface deposits are not older than Late Sarmatian/Pannonian (Serravalian/Tortonian). They also suggest a much later time for the last stages of the thrusting of the Carpathian Mountains over the Carpathian Foredeep.

8

A 3D model of the thermal field within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep (S Poland)

Kudrewicz Rafał

Geological Quarterly

|

2021

|

Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 39

EN

Numerical 3D parametric models of temperature and thermal gradient distribution within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep are constructed for the interval between ground level and the 160°C isotherm. The model construction was preceded by detailed analysis of over 500 thermal logs from the area investigated and its closest vicinity. This analysis showed that the vertical changes in temperature and thermal gradient have a non-linear character with no regular pattern in the distribution of the parameters modelled, so a 3D modeling approach was chosen as the most appropriate method for their quantitative description. Furthermore, standardization of the thermal logs was recognized as mandatory so the influence of drilling process would be eliminated. Among a broad array of methods and their preconditions discussed, the Kukkonen-Szewczyk method was selected for the data collected in the study area. Modeling results show a close relationship between thermal gradient, lithology and petrophysical rock properties as well as a correlation between the distribution of positive thermal anomalies and yield of hydrocarbon accumulations within the Carpathian Foredeep. The accuracy of the model has been assessed as ~10%. The model was then used for discussion of hydrocarbon generation and prediction of formation temperature.

9

The application of volume texture extraction to three-dimensional seismic data – lithofacial structures exploration within the Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep

Łukaszewski Mariusz

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2020

|

Vol. 46, no. 4

301--313

EN

There are numerous conventional fields of natural gas in the Carpathian Foredeep, and there is also evidence to suggest that unconventional gas accumulations may occur in this region. The different seismic signatures of these geological forms, the small scale of amplitude variation, and the large amount of data make the process of geological interpretation extremely time consuming. Moreover, the dispersed nature of information in a large block of seismic data increasingly requires automatic, self-learning cognitive processes. Recent developments with Machine Learning have added new capabilities to seismic interpretation, especially to multi-attribute seismic analysis. Each case requires a proper selection of attributes. In this paper, the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix method is presented and its two texture attributes: Energy and Entropy. Haralick’s two texture parameters were applied to an advanced interpretation of the interval of Miocene deposits in order to discover the subtle geological features hidden between the seismic traces. As a result, a submarine-slope channel system was delineated leading to the discovery of unknown earlier relationships between gas boreholes and the geological environment. The Miocene deposits filling the Carpathian Foredeep, due to their lithological and facies diversity, provide excellent conditions for testing and implementing Machine Learning techniques. The presented texture attributes are the desired input components for self-learning systems for seismic facies classification.

10

Związek morfologii wybranych osuwisk z budową geologiczną Karpat i zapadliska przedkarpackiego w świetle analiz numerycznego modelu terenu

Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, nr 2

115--122

EN

This article presents the results of digital terrain model analysis and field observations related to occurrence of characteristic forms in landslide surface that may indicate the geological setting. Based on these observations, three characteristic structures were selected occurring on many landslides in the Carpathian Mountains and the Carpathian Foredeep. The former are the wrinkle structures visible on the digital terrain model associated with movement along the bedded surface. The other are the streak structures linked to the occurrence of gravels and sands on the clays. The third mogul type structures are related to cylindrical sliding surfaces formed in clay.

11

Paleokras w utworach górnej jury podłoża zapadliska przedkarpackiego i jego znaczenie złożowe

Miziołek Mariusz, Filar Bogdan

Nafta-Gaz

|

2019

|

R. 75, nr 6

330--343

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i analiz, jakie zrealizowano w N części zapadliska przedkarpackiego, których przedmiotem były przede wszystkim skały wapienne górnej jury. Badania miały charakter ściśle analityczny i dotyczyły reinterpretacji: opisów rdzeni wiertniczych z rejonu na północ od Tarnowa, dostępnych danych wiertniczych oraz obserwacji złożowych. W sumie przeprowadzono analizę kilkudziesięciu otworów i została ona wykonana pod kątem identyfikacji w badanych otworach paleokrasu, czyli pogrążonych dużych form krasu, takich jak: leje krasowe, studnie krasowe, jaskinie, korytarze itp. Identyfikacji form krasowych dokonano na podstawie kryteriów litologicznych, cech strukturalno-teksturalnych osadów, obserwacji wiertniczo-złożowych i kryteriów geofizycznych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły według autorów na identyfikację różnych form paleokrasu w 13 otworach. Rozpoznano szereg małych i średnich form o genezie tektoniczno-krasowej, jak np. szczeliny z różnorodnym wypełnieniem ilasto-piaskowcowym w kolorach: żółtym, rdzawym, czerwonym, zielonym, czarnym, ponadto małe kawerny i kanaliki wielkości od kilku do kilkunastu milimetrów oraz druzy i kawerny wielkości od kilku do kilkunastu centymetrów z wypełnieniem lub bez. Z dużych form krasowych zidentyfikowano struktury, które mogą reprezentować: leje krasowe, studnie krasowe, jaskinie, korytarze i jamy. Wobec lakonicznego opisu rdzeni, który całkowicie pomijał istnienie form krasowych, trudno było szczegółowo zaliczyć rozpoznane struktury do konkretnych form krasowych. W kilku przypadkach identyfikację wsparto pomiarami geofizycznymi i obserwacjami wiertniczymi, te ostatnie wykazały obecność pustek krasowych przewierconych przez odwiert. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań analitycznych potwierdziły występowanie form paleokrasowych zarówno w obrębie udokumentowanych złóż gazu i ropy, jak i poza nimi. Wobec tego została potwierdzona hipoteza, że część objętości porowej złóż występuje w postaci pustek krasowych. Obecność pustek krasowych tłumaczy niedoszacowanie pojemności porowej na wielu złożach oraz niezrozumiałe dotychczas, występujące w obrębie jednego złoża silne zróżnicowanie ciśnień złożowych. Kras w strefie złożowej może tworzyć jeden połączony system krasowy lub dwa albo więcej takich systemów niezależnych od siebie. Wielkość poszczególnych systemów krasowych może być różna. W rejonie Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej występuje wiele jaskiń i systemów krasowych, a objętość poszczególnych jaskiń wynosi od kilkudziesięciu metrów sześciennych do nawet 12 tys. m3 , a pojedynczych komór do 4,5 tys. m3 . Identyfikacja paleokrasu na złożach jurajskich będzie miała duże znaczenie dla właściwej oceny zasobów złóż, zarówno istniejących, jak i nowych, gdyż bez uwzględnienia pojemności form krasowych obliczone zasoby będą niepełne. Obecność struktur paleokrasu na złożu będzie też miała istotne znaczenie w procesie poszukiwań, wiercenia i eksploatacji złóż ropy i gazu. Przedstawiony problem jest zatem bardzo ważny i wymaga dalszych prac, badań i analiz.

EN

This article presents the results of research carried on Cenomanian sandstones and mainly the Upper Jurassic limestone rocks located in the north part of the Carpathian Foreland. The research was strictly analytical and focused on the reinterpretation of the drilling core descriptions and drilling data observations collected from the Tarnów area. In general, the analysis was carried out on several dozen wells and it was performed in order to identify paleokarst phenomena or deep karst formations, such as: karst, karstic wells, caves, corridors, etc. The identification of karst formations was based on lithological criteria, structural-textural sediments features, drilling observations, and geophysical criteria. The author identified the paleokarst phenomena on 13 wells. A number of small and medium-sized forms with tectonickarst genesis were identified, such as natural channels with various clay-sandstone fillings in the following colors: yellow, rusty, red, green, and black. Channels with a few to several millimeters apart and cavities from a few to several centimeters with or without filling were observed. Large karst formations, such as karstic wells, caves, corridors and cavities were also identified. Due to the laconic description of the cores, which completely disregarded the existence of karst forms, it was difficult to recognize karst form structures in detail; however, in several cases, identification supported by geophysical measurements and drilling observations showed the presence of karst voids in the drilled well. The results of the analytical tests confirmed the presence of paleokarst forms within the documented gas and oil fields and outside of them. Based on the analysis, the hypothesis that part of the pore volume of the oil and gas reserves is located in the karst forms was confirmed. The presence of karst voids explains the underestimation of the pore volume of many oil and gas fields and the strong variations of the well pressure during production. The karst in the deposit zone may form one combined karst system or more karst systems independent of each other. The size of individual karst systems can vary. In the area of the Krakow–Wielun Upland there are many caves and karst systems, and the volume of caves ranges from several to even 12.000 m3 , with the volume of the individual chambers attaining 4.5 thousand m3 . The significance of the karst forms identification for proper assessment of reserves and production resources is very important and requires further research.

12

Badanie wpływu zawartości minerałów ciężkich na naturalną promieniotwórczość skał miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego

Zagórska Urszula, Sikora Aleksandra, Łykowska Grażyna

Nafta-Gaz

|

2019

|

R. 75, nr 2

77--82

PL

W skałach miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego zauważono zjawisko zawyżania pomiarów promieniotwórczości naturalnej rejestrowanych w otworze wiertniczym dla mułowców. To zjawisko powoduje problemy w rozróżnianiu na podstawie profilowania naturalnej promieniotwórczości tych skał od iłowców, które charakteryzują się gorszymi parametrami petrofizycznymi. W niniejszej pracy badano kolejne możliwe źródło podwyższonej radioaktywności skał mułowcowych, to jest zawartość minerałów ciężkich, które wykazują tendencję do gromadzenia pierwiastków promieniotwórczych – uranu i toru. Minerały ciężkie, należące do grupy minerałów akcesorycznych, takie jak cyrkon, apatyt, monacyt, rutyl, granat i tytanit, charakteryzują się podwyższoną promieniotwórczością ze względu na podstawienia w sieci krystalicznej U i Th. Na testowych próbkach wykonano pomiar naturalnej promieniotwórczości metodą spektrometrii gamma, przy wykorzystaniu aparatu RT-50 firmy Georadis. Następnie z próbek skał wydzielono minerały ciężkie, przy użyciu cieczy ciężkiej, uprzednio rozdzielając próbki na frakcje ziarnowe, w celu ułatwienia separacji frakcji ciężkiej. Poszczególne frakcje ziarnowe pozbawione minerałów ciężkich złączono z powrotem i wykonano ponowny pomiar zawartości uranu, toru i potasu. Wykonano także obserwacje mikroskopowe w celu jakościowej analizy składu mineralogicznego wydzielonej frakcji ciężkiej. W badanych próbkach zidentyfikowano między innymi ziarna cyrkonu, turmalinu, granatu, rutylu, apatytu, chlorytu czy tytanitu. Przeprowadzone wyniki pomiarów naturalnej promieniotwórczości, przed i po wydzieleniu minerałów ciężkich, nie dają jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na postawiony problem zawyżonych wskazań sondy gamma. Konieczne jest zwiększenie ilości analizowanych próbek. Zaobserwowano trend spadku ilości U i Th w próbkach, z których wydzielono frakcję ciężką. Jednak zmiany promieniotwórczości są na tyle niewielkie, że nie pozwalają na wyciągnięcie ostatecznych wniosków. Dodatkowe analizy są potrzebne, aby ocenić wpływ pozostałych źródeł uranu i toru w badanych skałach, takie jak zawartość materii organicznej czy udział toru we frakcji ilastej.

EN

In the Miocene rocks of the Carpathian Foredeep, the occurrence of overestimating the measurements of natural radioactivity logs for mudstones was noticed. This phenomenon causes problems with recognition on the basis of natural radioactivity profiling of these rocks from claystones, characterized by inferior petrophysical parameters. In this study, another possible source of increased radioactivity of mudstone rocks, i.e. the content of heavy minerals that tend to accumulate radioactive elements - uranium and thorium - was investigated. Heavy minerals, belonging to the accessory minerals, such as zircon, apatite, monazite, rutile, garnet and titanite, are characterized by increased radioactivity due to substitutions of U and Th in the crystal lattice. Natural radioactivity of the test samples was measured using the gamma spectrometry method with the RT-50 device from the Georadis company. The heavy minerals were then removed from the rock samples using a heavy liquid, previously separating the samples into grain fractions to facilitate the separation of the heavy fraction. The individual grain fractions deprived of heavy minerals were put back together and the uranium, thorium (and potassium) content was remeasured. Microscopic observations were also made to qualitatively analyze the mineralogical structure of the separated heavy fraction. In the tested samples, among others: zircon, tourmaline, garnet, rutile, apatite, chlorite or titanite grains were identified. The results of the measurements of natural radioactivity, before and after the separation of heavy minerals, do not give a clear answer to the problem of excessive indications of the gamma logs. It is necessary to increase the number of analyzed samples. The trend of decreasing amounts of U and Th in the samples from which the heavy fraction was isolated was observed. However, changes in radioactivity are so small that they do not allow to draw final conclusions. Additional analyzes are needed to assess the impact of other sources of uranium and thorium in analyzed rocks, such as the content of organic matter or Th content in clays.

13

Results of the comprehensive interpretation of well logs in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks – similarities and differences in the case studies of selected formations

Waszkiewicz Sebastian, Alvarez Ronal Barcala, Jarzyna Jadwiga

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2019

|

Vol. 45, no. 3

163--182

EN

This paper was made using geological and well logging data from the Cuban oilfield area and the Polish Carpathian Foredeep gas deposit to compare the interpretation process and underline similarities and differences between data analysis from two reservoir rocks of different lithology. Data from conventional hydrocarbon deposits, i.e. the Mesozoic Cuban carbonate formation and Miocene shaly-sandy sediments were processed and interpreted using Techlog (Schlumberger Co.) software. Selected approaches were used to determine the step by step volume of shale, total and effective porosity, water/hydrocarbon saturation (Quanti) and for the comprehensive interpretation of well logs (Quanti Elan). Brief characteristics of the carbonate and siliciclastic formations were presented to indicate that the interpretation methodology oriented to the determination of petrophysical properties depends strongly on the type of reservoir. Cross-plots were presented for primary mineral composition recognition, determination of m exponent and resistivity of formation water in the Archie equation. Effective intervals for the carbonate reservoir were calculated according to the Cumulative Hydrocarbon Column methodology. Finally, the results of the interpretation of well logs were presented as continuous curves of mineral composition, including shaliness, porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. The conclusions included recommendations for the effective comprehensive interpretation of well logs in the carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs.

14

Verification of bright spots in the presence of thin beds by AVO and spectral analysis in Miocene sediments of Carpathian Foredeep

Cichostępski K., Kwietniak A., Dec J.

Acta Geophysica

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, no. 6

1731--1745

EN

Twin structural traps that lie within the Miocene strata of the Carpathian Foredeep that are localized above Cierpisz and Mrowla-Bratkowice highs exhibit identical bright-spot seismic anomalies, but only those associated with the Cierpisz high are profitable gas reservoirs. Bright spots can be a result of weak gas or water saturation, but also seismic interference known as tuning effect. For these reasons, it is crucial to differentiate between seismic anomalies. In this article, we present the possibilities of verification of seismic anomalies that occur within the siliciclastic Miocene sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep with the application of AVO analysis and spectral decomposition. AVO methodology enabled to limit the number of anomalies that are present in the post-stack seismic data. These anomalies, however, may also be a result of tuning which is common for the heterolithic sequences in the Miocene sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep. For classification of anomalies in the view of the above, spectral decomposition based on the Basis Pursuit algorithm was applied. Spectral decomposition enabled to divide AVO anomalies in those that are the result of gas saturation and the tuning effect. Gas-saturated zones are characterized by higher spectral amplitudes of the lower frequency range, whereas tuning effect yields higher spectral amplitudes for the higher frequency content. This relation is visible for the data set and enables qualitative differentiation for the set of seismic anomalies.

15

Wykorzystanie modelowania przestrzennego do wyznaczania stref pod odwierty eksploatacyjne dla PMG działających w obrębie wyeksploatowanych złóż konwencjonalnych

Cierzniak M., Miziołek M.

Nafta-Gaz

|

2018

|

R. 74, nr 6

465--470

PL

Exploited conventional reservoirs located in the south-eastern part of Poland, characterized by favorable petrophysical parameters, are being used for underground gas storage under appropriate technological and economic conditions, as exemplified by UGS Husow, Strachocina, Swarzow or Brzeznica. The use of subsurface modeling software for visualizing spatial reservoir parameters’ distribution within old gas fields, is associated with a significant degree of uncertainty resulting from a wide variation in time of data acquisition and factors affecting its representativeness. The article presents the concept of using modeling adapted for old, conventional gas reservoirs, assuming the selection and processing of reinterpreted gamma ray logs to create pseudo-facies classification. Visualization of its elements, along with geological and reservoir interpretation, can be used for further analysis, including decision making in the aspect of picking out predisposed zones for new wells associated with increasing UGS total storage capacity. Modeling was conducted with the use of the Baker Hughes JewelSuite™ Subsurface Modeling software.Słowa kluczowe: modelowanie 3D, Karpaty, zapadlisko przedkarpackie, podziemne magazynowanie gazu.

EN

Exploited conventional reservoirs located in the south-eastern part of Poland, characterized by favorable petrophysical parameters, are used for underground gas storage under appropriate technological and economic conditions, which can be exemplified by UGS Husow, UGS Strachocina, UGS Swarzow or UGS Brzeznica. The use of subsurface modeling software for visualizing spatial reservoir parameters’ distribution within old gas fields is burdened with significant uncertainty related to wide range of time diversity of data acquisition and factors affecting its representativeness. The article presents the concept of using modeling adapted for old, conventional gas reservoirs, assuming the selection and processing of reinterpreted gamma ray logs to create pseudo-facies classification. Visualization of its elements, along with geological and reservoir interpretation, can be used for further analysis, including decision making in the aspect of typing perspective zones for new wells associated with increasing UGS total storage capacity. Modeling was conducted with an use of Baker Hughes JewelSuite™ Subsurface Modeling software.

16

Salt tectonics in front of the Outer Carpathian thrust wedge in the Wieliczka area (S Poland) and its exposure in the underground salt mine

Burliga S., Krzywiec P., Dąbroś K., Przybyło J., Włodarczyk E., Źróbek M., Słotwiński M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2018

|

Vol. 44, no. 1

71--90

EN

Salt deposits in the Wieliczka area (Wieliczka Salt Deposit – WSD) in southern Poland comprise salt-rich strata belonging to an evaporite succession that originated in the Carpathian Foredeep basin in the Middle Miocene Badenian (Serravallian) times, ca 13.81–13.45 Ma. Although they have been mined since the 13th century and decades of investigations provided abundant data on their origin and structure, some aspects of their geological evolution are still not fully understood. This study presents current concepts on the lithostratigraphy and tectonics of the WSD. The salt-bearing facies developed near to the southern basin margin, delineated by the Carpathian orogenic front. Such a location triggered the redeposition of sediments and gravity-driven deformation followed by tectonic deformation related to the forelandward advancement of the Carpathian thrusts. As a result, the WSD consists of folds and slices composed of two main salt members: (1) the stratified salt member, with intercalating salt, sulphates and siliciclastics, and (2) the boulder salt member, built of clays with large, isolated blocks of salt. The stratified member contains abundant meso-scale tectonic structures recording the soft-sediment deformation and deformation related to the northward tectonic push exerted by the advancing Carpathian thrust wedge. The boulder member originated due to the syntectonic erosion of evaporites along the basin margins and their redeposition during progressive northward migration of the Carpathian front. Recent interpretations of seismic data imply that the WSD constitutes the core of a triangle zone developed at the contact of the Carpathian orogenic wedge with the backthrust-displaced foredeep sedimentary fill. Meso-scale examples of sedimentary and tectonic structures in the salt-bearing succession exposed in the underground Wieliczka Salt Mine are described and their formation modes discussed.

17

Radioisotopic age and biostratigraphic position of a lower Badenian tuffite from the western Polish Carpathian Foredeep Basin (Cieszyn area)

Bukowski K., Sant K., Pilarz M., Kuiper K., Garecka M.

Geological Quarterly

|

2018

|

Vol. 62, No. 2

303--318

EN

The early Badenian interval in the Central Paratethys realm is characterized by a major marine transgression into the Pannonian and Carpathian Foredeep basins. In the western part of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep, Badenian sedimentation started generally with conglomerates (Dębowiec Formation) passing into a thick succession of claystones and mudstones with rare sandstone interbeds (Skawina Formation). Profiles containing a full sequence of lower Badenian strata are relatively rare, and are mainly known from boreholes. In this paper, we present new results on samples taken from such a borehole (Kaczyce K2/07) located near the town of Cieszyn. We focus on reconstructing the chronology of the lower Badenian marine sediments at the beginning of the transgression in the Carpathian Foredeep (lower Skawina Fm.) using radio-isotopic dating (40Ar/39Ar) of a volcanoclastic layer (tuff and tuffite) and biostratigraphy of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifera.The weighted mean 40Ar/39Ar age for sanidine separates from the tuff provided an age of 14.27 ± 0.03 Ma. This age is consistent with the NN5 and MNN5a nannofossil zones determined in this study. Our foraminiferal assemblages show that the basal beds of the Skawina Formation up to the tuffites correspond to the Orbulina suturalis–Praeorbulina glomerosa Zone (according to Cicha et al., 1975) and cover the interval of the Lower Lagenidae Zone–lowermost Upper Lagenidae Zone (Grill, 1941). The petrographic data from the tuffite allow correlation of the tuffite from the Kaczyce K2/07 borehole to the level of the Chełmek Tuffite Bed (Alexandrowicz, 1997) providing a regional correlation horizon for future studies.

18

Reinterpretation of the results of the two-cycle reservoir test of the Mesozoic water-bearing deposits in the W-3 well in terms of assessing the changes in rock permeability in the zones tested with a drill stem tester

Dubiel S., Rzyczniak M., Solecki M. L.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

|

2018

|

Vol. 35, no. 1

57--68

EN

The article presents the results of the reinterpretation of the results of the two-cycle DST of the Mesozoic strata in the W-3 well to assess the changes in permeability of reservoir rocks in the test zone. Two-dimensional diagrams of the first and second pressure restoration curves in the semi-logarithm coordinate system were taken into account. The determined linear regression equations of these sections give simultaneously the extrapolated value of the reservoir pressure and the directional coefficient. The “logarithmic approximation” method used in hydrogeology was used to determine the radius of the perimeter zone with altered permeability of the water-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic.

19

Pułapki złożowe zapadliska przedkarpackiego w czołowej strefie nasunięcia Karpat

Miziołek M., Filar B., Cierzniak M.

Nafta-Gaz

|

2017

|

R. 73, nr 8

551--557

PL

W południowej strefie zapadliska przedkarpackiego mającej bezpośredni kontakt z nasunięciem karpacko-stebnickim powstał szereg złóż gazu ziemnego o odmiennej genezie. Zasadniczy wpływ na utworzenie się tych pułapek miały różne procesy, najważniejsze z nich to: morfologia podłoża podmioceńskiego, środowisko i warunki sedymentacji oraz nasunięcie się płaszczowin karpackich na utwory miocenu autochtonicznego. Współoddziaływanie tych czynników doprowadziło w efekcie końcowym do powstania złóż gazu ziemnego w pułapkach o charakterze: litologicznym, tektonicznym, facjalnym i stratygraficznym. W warunkach kompresji tektonicznej wytworzyły się też w strefach szczytowych złoża gazu z wodą podścielającą, poniżej których stwierdzono ponownie strefy gazowe – co wydaje się być pozornie nielogiczne. W artykule zaprezentowano koncepcję przedstawiającą prawdopodobny proces i mechanizm tworzenia się takich pułapek oraz pułapek na izolowanych lub częściowo izolowanych grzbietach podłoża prekambryjskiego w warunkach sedymentacji na podmorskim stożku napływowym. Znajomość genezy tego typu pułapek jest bardzo istotna dla właściwej oceny zasobów oraz rozwiercania i eksploatacji złóż.

EN

A number of gas fields which are connected with various sedimentary conditions, have accumulated in the southern part of the Carpathian Foredeep contacting directly with the Carpathian-Stebnik overthrust. Various processes have an influence on the evolvement of reservoir traps but the most important ones are: the morphology of the under-Miocene substrate, sedimentary environment and the overlap of the Carpathian nappes on the autochthonous Miocene strata. The interaction of these factors have resulted in gas reservoirs formation in lithological, tectonic and stratigraphic traps. Under conditions of tectonic compression, gas reservoirs with underlying water have developed, where other gaseous areas in the same trap have been found. The article shows the conception describing probable mechanisms having an influence on the process of reservoir traps development in the area of isolated or partially isolated Precambrian ridges connected with submarine fan’s environment. Determining the origins of these types of traps is crucial for proper reservoir resources assessment and subsequent exploitation.

20

Triasowy zbiornik wód termalnych w północnej strefie Tarnowa – parametry hydrogeotermalne i perspektywy wykorzystania

Bujakowski W., Barbacki A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

|

2016

|

nr 92

325--336

PL

W artykule przedstawiono studium dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania energii geotermalnej w obszarze znajdującym się na obszarze zapadliska przedkarpackiego w rejonie Tarnowa. Podano informację na temat budowy geologicznej analizowanej strefy oraz dokonano charakterystyki triasowego zbiornika wód termalnych, najbardziej interesującego w tym rejonie. Analiza została wykonana na podstawie parametrów hydrogeotermalnych (temperatura, mineralizacja, porowatość, przepuszczalność, wydajność), które uzyskano z otworów geologicznych i naftowych zlokalizowanych w strefie miasta oraz na terenach przyległych. W wyniku analizy oszacowano potencjalne zasoby energetyczne. Wykazano, że najlepsze perspektywy dla rozwoju geotermii w analizowanym obszarze stwarza wykorzystanie tego zbiornika głównie w aspekcie balneorekreacji.

EN

This work is a study on the possibility of using geothermal energy in the area of the Carpathian Foredeep in the Northern area of Tarnów. The information presents the geological structure of the analyzed area along with the characteristics of the Triassic thermal water reservoir, the most interesting in the region. The analysis was conducted on the basis of hydrogeothermal parameters (temperature, mineralization, porosity, permeability, efficiency), which were obtained from the geological and petroleum wells located in the zone of the city and adjacent areas. The analysis estimated potential energy resources. It was pointed out that the best prospects for the development of geothermal energy in the analyzed reservoir makes use in terms of balneo-recreation.